Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass: Technological Status, Costs, and Environmental Impacts

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Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass: Technological Status, Costs, and Environmental Impacts (2009)
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
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. "Appendix H: Background Information on the Economic and Environmental Assessment of Biomass Supply." Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass: Technological Status, Costs, and Environmental Impacts. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009.

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Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass: Technological Status, Costs, and Environmental Impacts

TABLE H.10 Carbon Inputs to Biomass Refining, Including Transportation of Biomass

Source of Input (g CO₂ eq/L)^a	Corn Ethanol	Cellulosic
Transport of feedstock to biorefinery	49	51
Primary energy	—	—
Diesel	—	5
Coal	885	—
Natural gas	365	—
Electricity	—	—
Biomass	—	—
Capital (plant, equipment)	8.8	29
Process water	25	19
Effluent restoration (BOD at PWTPs^b)	20	20
Transportation of chemicals to plant	—	—
Total biorefinery phase	1,353	124
Coproduct credits	525	106
Total biorefinery phase accounting for coproduct	828 g CO₂ eq/L	18 g CO₂ eq/L
Conversions:
Initial value
[0.4/0.4]/0.38 L/kg	828 g CO₂ eq/L	18 g CO₂ eq/L
[8,746/8,389]/13,450 kg/ha	~331.2 g CO₂ eq/kg	~6.84 g CO₂ eq/kg
0.405 ha/acre	~2,896,675 g CO₂ eq/ha	~91,998 g CO₂ eq/ha
0.001 kg/g	~1,173,153 g CO₂ eq/ac	~37,259 g CO₂ eq/ac
	~1,173 kg CO₂e/ac	~37.3 kg CO₂ eq/ac
TOTAL (agriculture phase + biorefinery)	4,307 lb CO₂ eq/ac	964 lb CO₂ eq/ac
Conversion per ton: (assume 4 tons/acre)	—	241 lb CO₂ eq/ton
^aUnless noted otherwise. ^bBiochemical oxygen demand of effluent at wastewater treatment plants. Source: Farrell et al., 2006.