Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page R1
UPDATED VERSION
Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: An Update
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
Division on Earth and Life Studies
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
OCR for page R2
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, N.W. • Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the
National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the
committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for
appropriate balance.
This study was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under grant number DE-FG02-08ER15932;
the National Institutes of Health under contract number N01-OD-4-2139, TO #200; and the National
Science Foundation under grant number CHE-0740356. Additional support was received from Air
Products and Chemicals, Inc.; the American Chemical Society; E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company;
Eastman Chemical Company; the Howard Hughes Medical Institute; and PPG Industries.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of
the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided
support for the project.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Prudent practices in the laboratory : handling and management of chemical hazards / Committee on
Prudent Practices in the Laboratory, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Division on Earth
and Life Studies. — Updated ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-309-13864-2 (hardback)
ISBN-10: 0-309-13864-7 (hardback)
ISBN-13: 978-0-309-13865-9 (pdf)
ISBN-10: 0-309-13865-5 (pdf)
1. Hazardous substances. 2. Chemicals—Safety measures. 3. Hazardous wastes. I. National
Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory.
T55.3.H3P78 2011
660’.2804—dc22
2010047731
Additional copies of this report are available from The National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W.,
Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan
area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2011 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R3
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate
that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr.
Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is
autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The
National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting
national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve-
ments of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to
secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of
policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibil-
ity given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser
to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care,
research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916
to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes
of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance
with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal
operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy
of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and
engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the
Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair,
respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
OCR for page R4
OCR for page R5
COMMITTEE ON PRUDENT PRACTICES IN
THE LABORATORY: AN UPDATE
Co-Chairs
William F. Carroll, Jr., Occidental Chemical Corporation, Dallas, Texas
BarBara l. Foster, West Virginia University, Morgantown
MeMbers
W. emmett Barkley, Proven Practices, LLC, Bethesda, Maryland
susan H. Cook, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
kennetH P. Fivizzani, Nalco Company, Naperville, Illinois
roBin izzo, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
kennetH a. JaCoBson, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
karen mauPins, Eli Lilly & Company Drug Discovery, Indianapolis, Indiana
kennetH moloy, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, Delaware
randall B. ogle, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
JoHn Palassis, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Cincinnati, Ohio
russell W. PHiFer, WC Environmental, LLC, West Chester, Pennsylvania
Peter a. reinHardt, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
levi t. tHomPson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
leyte WinField, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia
NatioNal researCh CouNCil staff
dorotHy zolandz, Director
andreW CroWtHer, Postdoctoral Fellow
kevin kuHn, Mirzayan Fellow
katHryn HugHes, Responsible Staff Officer
tina m. masCiangioli, Senior Program Officer
kela masters, Senior Program Assistant (through October 2008)
JessiCa Pullen, Administrative Coordinator
sHeena siddiqui, Research Associate
sally stanField, Editor
lynelle vidale, Program Assistant
v
OCR for page R6
BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Co-chairs
ryan r. dirkx, Arkema Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
C. dale Poulter, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Members
zHenan Bao, Stanford University, Stanford, California
roBert g. Bergman, University of California, Berkeley, California
Henry e. Bryndza, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, Delaware
emily Carter, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
PaBlo deBenedetti, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
mary Jane Hagenson, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC,
The Woodlands, Texas
Carol J. Henry, George Washington University School of Public Health and
Health Services, Washington, District of Columbia
Jill HruBy, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
CHarles e. kolB, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts
JoseF miCHl, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
mark a. ratner, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
roBert e. roBerts, Institute for Defense Analyses, Washington, District of
Columbia
darlene J. solomon, Agilent Laboratories, Santa Clara, California
erik J. sorensen, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
Jean tom, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New York, New York
William C. trogler, University of California, San Diego, California
david Walt, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
National Research Council Staff
dorotHy zolandz, Director
katHryn HugHes, Program Officer
tina m. masCiangioli, Senior Program Officer
eriCka m. mCgoWan, Program Officer
amanda Cline, Administrative Assistant
sHeena siddiqui, Research Associate
raCHel yanCey, Program Assistant
vi
OCR for page R7
Preface
In the early 1980s, the National Research Council (NRC) produced two major
reports on laboratory safety and laboratory waste disposal: Prudent Practices for
Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories (1981) and Prudent Practices for Disposal
of Chemicals from Laboratories (1983). In 1995, the NRC’s Board on Chemical Sciences
and Technology updated, combined, and revised the earlier studies in producing
Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals . More than 10
years later, the Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology initiated an update
and revision of the 1995 edition of Prudent Practices.
In 2007, the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, and the
National Institutes of Health, with additional support from the American Chemi-
cal Society, Eastman Kodak Company, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company,
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., and PPG
Industries, commissioned a study by NRC to “review and update the 1995 publi-
cation, Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals .” The
Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: An Update was charged to
• review and update the 1995 publication, Prudent Practices in the Laboratory:
Handling and Disposal of Chemicals;
• modify the existing content and add content as required to reflect new fields
and developments that have occurred since the previous publication;
• emphasize the concept of a “culture of safety” and how that culture can be
established and nurtured;
• consider laboratory operations and the adverse impacts those operations
might have on the surrounding environment and community.
The Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: An Update was estab-
lished in June 2008. The first meeting was held in August 2008, and two subsequent
meetings were held, one in October 2008 and the other in February 2009. All meet-
ings were held in Washington, D.C.
The original motivation for drafting Prudent Practices 1981 and Prudent Practices
1983 was to provide an authoritative reference on the handling and disposal of
chemicals at the laboratory level. These volumes not only served as a guide to
laboratory workers, but also offered prudent guidelines for the development of
regulatory policy by government agencies concerned with safety in the workplace
and protection of the environment.
Pertinent health-related parts of Prudent Practices 1981 are incorporated in a non-
mandatory section of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Laboratory Standard (29 CFR § 1910.1450, “Occupational Exposure to Hazardous
Chemicals in Laboratories,” reprinted in this edition as Appendix A). OSHA’s
purpose was to provide guidance for developing and implementing its required
Chemical Hygiene Plan. Since their original publication in the early 1980s, these
reports have been distributed widely both nationally and internationally. In 1992,
the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the World Health
Organization published Chemical Safety Matters, a document based on Prudent
Practices 1981 and Prudent Practices 1983, for wide international use.
The next volume (Prudent Practices 1995) responded to societal and technical
developments that were driving significant change in the laboratory culture and
laboratory operations relative to safety, health, and environmental protection.
vii
OCR for page R8
viii PREFACE
The major drivers for this new culture of laboratory safety included an increase in
regulations regarding laboratory practice, technical advances in hazard and risk
evaluation, and an improvement in the understanding of the elements necessary
for an effective culture of safety.
Building on this history, the updated (2011) edition of Prudent Practices in the
Laboratory also considers technical, regulatory, and societal changes that have
occurred since the last publication. As a reflection of some of those changes, it
provides information on new topics, including
• emergency planning,
• laboratory security,
• handling of nanomaterials, and
• an expanded discussion of environment, health, and safety management
systems.
Throughout the development of this book, the committee engaged in discussions
with subject matter experts and industrial and academic researchers and teachers.
The goal of these discussions was to determine what the various constituencies
considered to be prudent practices for laboratory operations.
Public support for the laboratory use of chemicals depends on compliance with
regulatory laws, respect by organizations and individuals of the concerns of the
public, and the open acknowledgment and management of the risks to personnel
who work in laboratory environments. Addressing these issues is the joint respon-
sibility of everyone who handles or makes decisions about chemicals, from ship-
ping and receiving clerks to laboratory personnel and managers, environmental
health and safety staff, and institutional administrators.
The writers of the preface to the 1995 edition stated that, “This shared responsi-
bility is now a fact of laboratory work as inexorable as the properties of the chemi-
cals that are being handled,” and we restate that sentiment here. Organizations and
institutions must create environments where safe laboratory practice is standard
practice. Each individual influences the “culture of safety” in the laboratory. All
of us should recognize that the safety of each of us depends on teamwork and
personal responsibility as well as the knowledge of chemistry. Faculty, research
advisors, and teachers should note that a vital component of chemical education
is teaching students how to identify the risks and hazards in a laboratory. Such
education serves scientists well in their ultimate careers in government, industry,
academe, and the health sciences.
The promotion of a “culture of safety” has come a long way since 1995; however,
in some ways, the “culture of chemistry” is still at odds with that of safety. Some
of us may have witnessed unsafe behavior or minor accidents, and yet, rather than
viewing these incidents with concern and as opportunities to modify practices and
behavior, we often have failed to act upon these “teachable moments.” Ironically,
however, we shudder when, even today, we hear of accidents—some fatal—that
might have been our near misses.
Rigorous practitioners argue that, in principle, all accidental injuries are prevent-
able if systems and attitudes are in place to prevent them. Even in these days of
technological advancements, tracking of near misses and adaptation of systems to
eradicate them is inconsistent across the enterprise. Within the research and teach-
ing communities, less rigorous practitioners seem to accept different safety toler-
ances for different environments. It is common during a discussion of laboratory
safety to hear the statement, “Industry is much stricter on safety than academia.
Things happen in academic research labs that would never be allowed where I
work.” This is often accompanied by a “when I was a student . . .” story. The path
to failure illustrated by this colloquy should be obvious and unacceptable. To fully
OCR for page R9
ix
PREFACE
implement a culture of safety, even with improved technology, everyone who is
associated with the laboratory must be mindful of maintaining a safe environment.
Prudent Practices (1995) has been used worldwide and has served as a leading
reference book for laboratory practice. The committee hopes that this new edition
of the book will expand upon that tradition, and that this edition will assist the
readers to provide a safe and healthy laboratory environment in which to teach,
learn, and conduct research.
OCR for page R10
OCR for page R11
Acknowledgments
Many technical experts provided input to this book. Their involvement, by
speaking to the committee or by providing technical reviews of material prepared
by the committee, greatly enhanced this work. The Committee on Prudent Practices
in the Laboratory: An Update thanks the following people for their contributions
to this revision of Prudent Practices.
Chyree Batton, Spelman College
Kevin Charbonneau, Yale University
Jasmaine Coleman, Spelman College
Dennis Deziel, Department of Homeland Security
Michael Ellenbecker, Toxic Use Reduction Institute, University of
Massachusetts–Lowell
Drew Endy, Stanford University
Dennis Fantin, California Polytechnic State University
Charles Geraci, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Lawrence Gibbs, Stanford University
Laura Hodson, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Barbara Karn, Environmental Protection Agency
Cathleen King, Yale University
Robert Klein, Yale University
Stanley K. Lengerich, Eli Lilly & Company
Thomas J. Lentz, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Clyde Miller, BASF Corporation
John Miller, Department of Energy
Richard W. Niemeier, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Todd Pagano, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tammy Stemen, Yale University
Cary Supalo, Pennsylvania State University
Candice Tsai, Toxic Use Reduction Institute, University of Massachusetts–Lowell
Bryana Williams, Spelman College
xi
OCR for page R12
OCR for page R13
Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their diverse
perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by
the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this
independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the
institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that
it meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the
study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to
protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following
for their review of this report:
Robert J. Alaimo, Proctor & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, retired
Bruce Backus, Washington University
Janet Baum, Independent Consultant
L. Casey Chosewood, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Rick L. Danheiser, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Louis J. DiBerardinis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Charles L. Geraci, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health
Lawrence M. Gibbs, Stanford University
Stephanie Graham-Sims, West Virginia University
Scott C. Jackson, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
Donald Lucas, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Edward H. Rau, National Institutes of Health
Robin D. Rogers, University of Alabama
Timothy J. Scott, The Dow Chemical Company
Robert W. Shaw, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, retired
Erik A. Talley, Cornell University
William C. Trogler, University of California, San Diego
Douglas B. Walters, KPC, Inc.
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and
suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations,
nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this
report was overseen by Stanley Pine, University of California, San Diego. Ap-
pointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making certain
that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with
institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered.
Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authors
and the institution.
xiii
OCR for page R14
OCR for page R15
Contents
1
1 The Culture of Laboratory Safety
1.A Introduction, 2
1.B The Culture of Laboratory Safety, 2
1.C Responsibility and Accountability for Laboratory Safety, 2
1.D Special Safety Considerations in Academic Laboratories, 3
1.E The Safety Culture in Industrial and Governmental Laboratories, 4
1.F Other Factors That Influence Laboratory Safety Programs, 5
1.G Laboratory Security, 7
1.H Structure of the Book, 7
1.I Summary, 7
9
2 Environmental Health and Safety Management System
2.A Introduction, 10
2.B Chemical Hygiene Plan, 14
2.C Safety Rules and Policies, 15
2.D Chemical Management Program, 20
2.E Laboratory Inspection Program, 23
2.F Emergency Procedures, 27
2.G Employee Safety Training Program, 29
31
3 Emergency Planning
3.A Introduction, 33
3.B Preplanning, 33
3.C Leadership and Priorities, 37
3.D Communication During an Emergency, 38
3.E Evacuations, 39
3.F Shelter in Place, 30
3.G Loss of Power, 40
3.H Institutional or Building Closure, 41
3.I Emergency Affecting the Community, 42
3.J Fire or Loss of Laboratory, 42
3.K Drills and Exercises, 43
3.L Outside Responders and Resources, 43
45
4 Evaluating Hazards and Assessing Risks in the Laboratory
4.A Introduction, 47
4.B Sources of Information, 47
4.C Toxic Effects of Laboratory Chemicals, 53
4.D Flammable, Reactive, and Explosive Hazards, 65
4.E Physical Hazards, 74
4.F Nanomaterials, 77
4.G Biohazards, 79
4.H Hazards from Radioactivity, 79
83
5 Management of Chemicals
5.A Introduction, 84
5.B Green Chemistry for Every Laboratory, 84
5.C Acquisition of Chemicals, 88
xv
OCR for page R16
xvi CONTENTS
5.D Inventory and Tracking of Chemicals, 90
5.E Storage of Chemicals in Stockrooms and Laboratories, 94
5.F Transfer, Transport, and Shipment of Chemicals, 101
105
6 Working with Chemicals
6.A Introduction, 107
6.B Prudent Planning, 107
6.C General Procedures for Working with Hazardous Chemicals, 108
6.D Working with Substances of High Toxicity, 122
6.E Working with Biohazardous and Radioactive Materials, 126
6.F Working with Flammable Chemicals, 127
6.G Working with Highly Reactive or Explosive Chemicals, 130
6.H Working with Compressed Gases, 140
6.I Working with Microwave Ovens, 141
6.J Working with Nanoparticles, 141
147
7 Working with Laboratory Equipment
7.A Introduction, 149
7.B Working with Water-Cooled Equipment, 149
7.C Working with Electrically Powered Laboratory Equipment, 149
7.D Working with Compressed Gases, 164
7.E Working with High or Low Pressures and Temperatures, 170
7.F Using Personal Protective, Safety, and Emergency Equipment, 175
7.G Emergency Procedures, 181
183
8 Management of Waste
8.A Introduction, 185
8.B Chemical Hazardous Waste, 186
8.C Multihazardous Waste, 201
8.D Procedures for the Laboratory-Scale Treatment of Surplus and
Waste Chemicals, 209
211
9 Laboratory Facilities
9.A Introduction, 213
9.B General Laboratory Design Considerations, 213
9.C Laboratory Ventilation, 219
9.D Room Pressure Control Systems, 242
9.E Special Systems, 243
9.F Maintenance of Ventilation Systems, 248
9.G Ventilation System Management Program, 249
9.H Safety and Sustainability, 250
9.I Laboratory Decommissioning, 253
255
10 Laboratory Security
10.A Introduction, 256
10.B Security Basics, 256
10.C Systems Integration, 259
10.D Dual-Use Hazard of Laboratory Materials, 259
10.E Laboratory Security Requirements, 260
10.F Security Vulnerability Assessment, 261
10.G Dual-Use Security, 262
10.H Security Plans, 262
OCR for page R17
xvii
CONTENTS
265
11 Safety Laws and Standards Pertinent to Laboratories
11.A Introduction, 267
11.B Regulation of Laboratory Design and Construction, 272
11.C Regulation of Chemicals Used in Laboratories, 273
11.D Regulation of Biohazards and Radioactive Materials Used in
Laboratories, 276
11.E Environmental Regulations Pertaining to Laboratories, 276
11.F Shipping, Export, and Import of Laboratory Materials, 278
11.G Laboratory Accidents, Spills, Releases, and Incidents, 281
283
Bibliography
Appendixes
289
A OSHA Laboratory Standard
307
B Statement of Task
309
C Committee Member Biographies
Index
Supplemental Materials on CD
1. Sample Inspection Checklist
2. ACS Security and Vulnerability Checklist for Academic and Small
Chemical Laboratory Facilities
3. Chemical Compatibility Storage Guide
4. Chemical Compatibility Storage Codes
5. Sample Incident Report Form
6. Laboratory Closeout Checklist
7. Laboratory Emergency Information Poster
8. Laboratory Hazard Assessment Checklist
9. Environmental Protection Agency (40 CFR Parts 261 and 262) Standards
Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Waste; Alternative Requirements
for Hazardous Waste Determination and Accumulation of Unwanted
Material at Laboratories Owned by Colleges and Universities and
Other Eligible Academic Entities Formally Affiliated With Colleges and
Universities; Final Rule
10. Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries
11 Blank Form for Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries
12. Procedures for the Laboratory Scale Treatment of Surplus and Waste
Chemicals
13. Electronic Copy of Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and
Management of Chemical Hazards
OCR for page R18
OCR for page R19
Tables, Figures, Boxes,
and Vignettes
FIGURES
2.1 Overview of environmental health and safety management system, 11
2.2 Accident report form, 30
3.1 Impact/Likelihood of occurrence mapping, 34
4.1 GHS placards for labeling containers of hazardous chemicals, 49
4.2 A simple representation of possible dose-response curves, 56
4.3 The fire triangle, 67
4.4 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) system for classification of
hazards, 68
4.5 U.S. Department of Energy graded exposure risk for nanomaterials, 78
5.1 Compatible storage group classification system, 97
5.2 Recommended inner packaging label for on-site transfer of
nanomaterials, 103
6.1 U.S. Department of Energy graded exposure risk for nanomaterials, 143
7.1 Representative design for a three-wire grounded outlet, 150
7.2 Standard wiring convention for 110-V electric power to equipment, 151
7.3 Schematic diagram of a properly wired variable autotransformer, 155
7.4 Example of a column purification system, 160
8.1 Flowchart for categorizing unknown chemicals for waste disposal, 188
8.2 Example of Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest, 200
9.1 Open versus closed laboratory design, 215
9.2 Specifications for barrier-free safety showers and eyewash units, 218
9.3 Laminar versus turbulent velocity profile, 226
9.4 Effect of baffles on face velocity profile in a laboratory chemical
hood, 227
9.5 Effect of sash placement on airflow in a nonbypass laboratory chemical
hood, 229
9.6 Effect of sash placement on airflow in a bypass laboratory chemical
hood, 230
9.7 Diagram of a typical benchtop laboratory chemical hood, 232
9.8 Diagram of a typical distillation hood, 233
9.9 Diagram of a typical walk-in laboratory chemical hood, 234
9.10 Schematic of a typical laboratory chemical hood scrubber, 235
9.11 Fume extractor or snorkel, 238
9.12 Diagrams of typical slot hoods, 238
9.13 Example of a Class II biosafety cabinet, 246
9.14 Examples of postings for laboratory chemical hoods, 250
9.15 Carbon inventory of a research university campus, 251
10.1 Concentric circles of physical protection, 257
xix
OCR for page R20
xx TABLES, FIGURES, BOXES, AND VIGNETTES
TABLES
4.1 Acute Toxicity Hazard Level, 59
4.2 Probable Lethal Dose for Humans, 60
4.3 Examples of Compounds with a High Level of Acute Toxicity, 60
4.4 NFPA Fire Hazard Ratings, Flash Points (FP), Boiling Points (bp),
Ignition Temperatures, and Flammable Limits of Some Common
Laboratory Chemicals, 67
4.5 Additional Symbols Seen in the NFPA Diamond, 69
4.6 Examples of Oxidants, 69
4.7 Functional Groups in Some Explosive Compounds, 71
4.8 Classes of Chemicals That Can Form Peroxides, 72
4.9 Types of Compounds Known to Autooxidize to Form Peroxides, 72
Examples of β Emitters, 81
4.10
4.11 Radiation Quality Factors, 81
4.12 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Dose Limits, 82
5.1 Examples of Compatible Storage Groups, 96
5.2 Storage Limits for Flammable and Combustible Liquids for Laboratories
with Sprinkler System, 99
5.3 Container Size for Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids, 99
7.1 Summary of Magnetic Field Effects, 163
8.1 Assignment of Tasks for Waste Handling, 194
8.2 Classes and Functional Groupings of Organic Chemicals for Which There
Are Existing Treatment Methods, 210
8.3 Classes and Functional Groupings of Inorganic Chemicals for Which
There Are Existing Treatment Methods, 210
9.1 Some Activities, Equipment, or Materials That May Require Separation
from the Main Laboratory, 215
9.2 Examples of Equipment That Can Be Shared Between Researchers and
Research Groups, 216
9.3 Laboratory Engineering Controls for Personal Protection, 220
9.4 US FED STD 209E Clean Room Classification, 243
9.5 ISO Classification of Air Cleanliness for Clean Rooms, 244
9.6 Comparison of Biosafety Cabinet Characteristics, 247
10.1 Security Features for Security Level 1, 263
10.2 Security Features for Security Level 2, 264
10.3 Security Features for Security Level 3, 264
11.1 Federal Safety Laws and Regulations That Pertain to Laboratories, 270
11.2 Chemicals Covered by Specific OSHA Standards, 273
BOXES
1.1 Tips for Encouraging a Culture of Safety Within an Academic
Laboratory, 5
2.1 Chemical Hygiene Responsibilities in a Typical Academic Institution, 16
2.2 Chemical Hygiene Responsibilities in a Typical Industry Research
Facility, 18
OCR for page R21
xxi
TABLES, FIGURES, BOXES, AND VIGNETTES
2.3 Chemical Hygiene Responsibilities in a Typical Governmental
Laboratory, 20
2.4 Excerpt from an Inspection Checklist, 27
3.1 Continuity of Laboratory Operations Checklist, 41
4.1 Quick Guide for Toxicity Risk Assessment of Chemicals, 55
4.2 Quick Guide to Risk Assessment for Physical, Flammable, Explosive, and
Reactive Hazards in the Laboratory, 66
4.3 Quick Guide to Risk Assessment for Biological Hazards in the
Laboratory, 80
6.1 A Simple Qualitative Method to Verify Adequate Laboratory Chemical
Hood Ventilation, 109
9.1 Quick Guide for Maximizing Efficiency of Laboratory Chemical
Hoods, 223
9.2 Quick Guide for Working in Environmental Rooms, 245
VIGNETTES
3.1 Preplanning reduces the impact of a fire on continuity of operations, 43
5.1 Pollution prevention reduces solvent waste, 85
6.1 Finger laceration from broken tubing connector, 115
6.2 Runaway reaction during scale-up, 115
6.3 Solvent fire, 128
6.4 Fluorine inhalation, 137
7.1 Oil bath fire as a result of a loose temperature sensor, 156
7.2 Muffle furnace fire, 157
7.3 Centrifuge explosion from use of improper rotor, 161
7.4 Hydrogen leak from jammed cylinder cap, 166
7.5 Injury while working on equipment under pressure, 171
9.1 Appropriate use of personal protective equipment in shared spaces, 214
9.2 Sustainability considerations in laboratory ventilation design, 251
OCR for page R22
