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OCR for page 313
Index
A Access control, 20, 22, 28, 29, 92, Acetyl peroxide, 303
95, 101, 123-124, 126, 163, Acetonitrile, 67, 69, 160, 204, CD
Absorbents/absorbency
206, 208, 214, 256, 257, 262, 2-Acetylaminofluorene, 273
Amberlite® polymeric resins,
263, 264, 301, 302 Acetylene and acetylenic
204
Accidents (see also Emergency; compounds, 62, 69, 71, 72,
chemical hood filters, 196, 231
Fire; Injuries and illnesses; 129, 135, 140, 166, 172, CD
gloves, 176
Safety and emergency Acetylides, 70, 71, 130
spill containment, 28, 120, 125,
equipment; Spills and ACGIH (see American Conference
133, 134, 145, 177, 302
releases) of Governmental Industrial
waste management, 193, 203,
CHP component, 295, 299, 300, Hygienists)
204
302, 303 Acid baths, 220
Absorption in the body (see also
costs of, 6 Acid inhibitors, 70
Exposure)
equipment-related, 149, 150, Acids (see also specific compounds)
gastrointestinal tract, 58
151, 153 allergic response to, 61
prevention, 124, 179
liability consequences, 6, 102, chemical hoods and exhaust
radiation, 81
116 systems, 139, 214, 224, 226,
respiratory tract, 57, 124, 166,
misuse of materials, 7 233-234, 236, 240, 242, 254
179
MSDS information, 50 cleaning with, 73, 86, 138,
skin, 55, 58, 60, 62, 124, 139,
plant-scale, 139 139-140
166, 179
preparation for, 107, 110, 125, corrosivity, 190, 245
Academic laboratories
130, 150, 153, 158, 160, 299 decontamination concerns, 254
Chemical Hygiene Officer, 16
prevention, 16-17, 21, 86, 87, digestion bombs for
chemical hygiene
95, 110, 113, 140, 141, 150, microwaves, 159
responsibilities, 16-17, 187
151, 155, 216, 302 dilution/dilute, 17, 137, 138,
culture of safety, 2, 3-4, 5, 6
regulations, 272, 281, 299 140, 189, 209
department chairperson or
reporting and record keeping, drying with, 140
director, 16-17
5, 16, 19, 29, 30, 181, 281, 299 emergency procedures, 118,
departmental safety
reviews, 3, 17 120, 180
committee, 17
slips, trips, and falls, 77, 150, in environmental rooms, 245
facilities, maintenance, and
164 equipment for use with, 88
custodial personnel, 17
vehicular, 102, 193 explosion hazards, 70, 71, 96,
high school laboratories, 3
working alone and, 17 130, 131, 136, 139-140, 214,
laboratory personnel, 17, 187
Acetaldehyde, 67, 72, CD 224
laboratory supervisor, 17
Acetic acid, 67, 68, 72, 96, 134, fire hazards, 67, 68, 69, 98, 99,
liability concerns, 6
136, 189, 202, 203, 204, CD 128-129
management of chemicals, 88,
Acetone gloves and protective clothing,
93, 102, 296-297
control banding, 64 111, 113
recordkeeping, 3
–dry ice coolant, 173 incompatibilities, 70, 73, 96, 98,
regulations for, 194
dual-use hazard, 260 100, 128-129, 138, 139
research laboratories, 4
flammability, 65, 67, 68, 120, injuries, 58, 61, 118, 137, 138,
training program, 250
173 180, 214, 260
undergraduate laboratories,
inhalation, 57 labels/classification, 69
3-4
LCSS, CD neutralization of, 120, 137, 138,
ventilation design, 251
spills, 48 195, 196, 209
waste management, 3, 186-187,
storage of chemical in, 135 neutralization with, 121, 136,
194, 196, 201
waste management, 85, 190 208
CD refers to the CD in the back of the book
313
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314 INDEX
oxidizers, 69, 73, 96, 98, 120, oven drying of samples, Air (see also Hot air; Respirators;
128-129, 131, 138, 188 156-157 Ventilation and
peroxidizables, 72, 134, 139 “particularly hazardous environmental control
radioactive mixtures, 202, 203, substances,” 55, 59, 274-275 systems)
205 risk assessment, 54, 55, 59-60 autooxidation, 136
rules for working with, 301 signs and symptoms, 19, 123, cleanliness in clean rooms, 244
scrubbers, 236 137, 141 compressed, 145, 165, 171,
spills, 28, 120 storage of chemicals, 97, 101 180-181
storage, 20, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 125 systemic effects, 59 dispersion modeling, 124
testing with, 188, 189 waste regulation, 277 filters, 124, 126, 142, 143, 178,
waste management, 196, 202, Administration and supervision 179, 221, 236
203, 204, 205, 209, 210, 301 (see also Chemical Hygiene liquefied, 69, 135, 138
Acquisition of chemicals Officers; Chemical Hygiene motors, 151, 154
CHP component, 295, 297, 298 Plan; Documentation and pollutants, 86, 234, 235-236
compressed gases, 89, 140, record keeping; Inspections pressure control, 214, 219, 240
164-165 and audits) reactivity in, 70, 72, 87, 93, 125,
computerized, 88, 89 chemical hygiene 130, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139,
controlled substances, 261 responsibilities, 15, 16, 17, 140, 141, 143, 160, 173
cost containment, 5, 92 18, 22, 24, 297, 298-299 showers, 244
donations and gifts, 87, 92 and culture of safety, 2, 3, 5, 7 supply, 179, 180-181, 217, 222,
just-in-time deliveries, 43, 89 emergency preparedness, 39, 226, 227, 241
minimization, 5, 21, 84, 164, 42, 117, 178, 180, 281, 299 Airborne contaminants (see also
186 hazard controls, 14, 18, 19, 24, Exhaust systems; Filters and
monitoring, 16, 19 108, 142 filtration)
ordering, 21, 86, 88-89 hazard evaluation and risk action levels, 269
receiving, 21, 79, 89-90, 263, assessment, 47, 55, 60, 66, in chemical hoods, 291
278, 299 75, 108, 123, 131, 301 dry materials, 144
in smaller containers, 86 laboratory supervisor, 17, 22, evaluating exposure, 209
standards for, 21, 22, 278, 299 24, 26, 75, 117, 177, 178, 180, explosive limits, 65, 66-67
Acrolein, 60, 70, 303, CD 231, 297-298, 299 lethal (LC) values, 56
Acrylamide, CD management of chemicals, 84, monitoring, 60, 143, 144, 208,
Acrylonitrile, 112, 273, 303, CD 123, 173 228, 298
Action levels, 16, 123, 269, 289, OSHA recommendations for, nanoparticles in, 135, 143, 144,
292, 293-294 296-300 248
Activated carbon, 73, 136, 204, reporting to supervisors, 15, particulate materials, 57
231, 236 16, 17, 226, 301 pressure buildup and, 135
Acute toxicity (see also Allergens, security, 123, 145, 262 preventing exposure, 107, 178,
sensitizers, and allergic statutory requirements, 279, 219, 296
reactions; Corrosives and 280, 281, 295 protection against, 127, 144,
corrosivity; Irritants) waste management, 209, 302 178-180
aquatic, 50 Adverse reactions, 271, 279 risk assessment, 219
defined, 59 Aerosols skin exposure, 179
dose-response relationships, 54 biological hazards, 60, 126, 221 threshold limits, 60
employee protection standards, defined, 57 vapor pressure and, 57
274, 275, 290, 293, 295, in environmental rooms, 245 ventilation systems and, 219,
301-302 filters and scrubbers, 124, 236, 221, 241, 251, 296, 298
empty containers, 191 301, 302-303 ALARA (as low as reasonably
examples of highly toxic flammable, 50, 99, 290 achievable) principle, 82,
compounds, 56, 60, 275, 301 housekeeping and, 114 219, 221
exposure factors, 60 inhalation, 57-58, 110, 221 Alarms
information sources, 48, 50, 51, monitoring, 144 audibility in environmental
59 radioactive, 204, 208, 221 rooms, 245, 299
lethal dose/lethal risk assessment, 55, 60, 80, 221 building code requirements,
concentration, 54-55, 59, 60, suppression, 114, 124, 126, 208, 218
275 236, 240, 244, 301, 302-303 in chemical hoods, 169, 226, 250
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315
INDEX
equipment, 216 American Biological Safety Aprons, 15, 113, 138, 175
fire, 15, 27, 28, 43, 107, 117, 121, Association, 80 Aqueous solutions
122, 127, 166, 176-177, 178, American Chemical Society, 17, acids, 121
217, 245, 249, 299 53, 86, 109, 116, 218, 262, bleach, 206
gas detectors, 137, 168, 169, 2 267, 274 corrosives, 61, 121
49 American Chemistry Council, 267 hydrogen fluoride, 137
heat sensors and smoke American Conference of hydroxides, 61, 139
detectors, 100, 178, 249 Governmental Industrial pH testing, 188, 189
low-oxygen, 163, 173 Hygienists (ACGIH), 267, plastic equipment for, 168
security, 124, 256, 258, 264 297 potassium iodide, 134, 189
signage and postings for, 250 exposure limits, 48, 86 reducing agents for peroxides,
spills and releases, 35, 82, 124 ventilation manual, 239 134
testing/inspection, 43, 193, American Heart Association, 180 waste management, 107, 185,
245, 249, 250 American Industrial Hygiene 190, 192, 195, 196, 202, 203,
Alcohols (see also specific Association, 267, 269 204-205, 206, 207
compounds) American Institute of Chemical Argon, 62, 130, 131, 134, 135, 159,
consumable, 95, 245 Engineers, 267 160, 161, 172, 174, 234
denatured, 259 American National Standards Armored
disinfection with, 247 Institute, 48, 108, 162, 217, chemical hoods, 132
flammability, 99 253, 269, 270 mercury thermometers, 88
incompatibilities, 73, 130, 139 American Society of Heating, Aromatic hydrocarbons, 63, 133
secondary, 72 Refrigeration, and Air Arsine, 60, 239, CD
shipment of samples in, 101 Conditioning Engineers, Asbestos, 57, 141, 179, 273
Ascarite®, 136
in thermometers, 88 253, 273
Aldehydes, 210 American Society of Mechanical ASHRAE (see American Society of
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, 133 Engineers Heating, Refrigeration, and
Alkali metals, 59, 70, 73, 128, 130- Boiler and Pressure Vessel Air Conditioning Engineers;
131, 140, 178, 190, 210 Code, 170-171 ANSI/ASHRAE standards)
Alkalis and bases Americans with Disabilities Act, Asphyxiants and asphyxiation,
explosive hazards, 69, 70, 73, 6, 218, 272 62, 74, 90, 100, 140, 163, 168,
130-131, 190 Aminechromium 172, 173, 178, 242, 245
fire control, 140, 178 peroxocomplexes, 71 Aspirators, 75, 110, 153, 174
incompatibilities, 73, 128 Ammonia, 57, 61, 69, 121, 129, Assembly point, emergency, 39,
injuries, 58 136, 141, 164, 166, 170, 260, 193
neutralization, 120, 209, 210 270, 303, CD Atomic absorption
spills, 120 Ammonium hydroxide, 71, 96, spectrophotometers, 121,
waste management, 209, 210 CD 237, 254
Alkenes, 72, 135 Ammonium nitrate, 69, CD Atomic Energy Act, 202, 271
Alkyl chloromethyl ethers, 63-64 Ammonium phosphate Audits (see Inspections and
Alkyl nitrites, 71 extinguishers, 178-179 audits)
Alkyl perchlorates, 71 Anaphylactic shock, 61, 112 Autoclaves and autoclaving, 171
Alkylating agents, 64 Anhydrides, 61, 115, 210 animal carcasses, 208
Alkylbenzenes, 203 Aniline, 303, CD canopy hood, 239
Alkylhydroperoxides, 71 Animal and Plant Health contaminated labware, 206
Alkyllithium compounds, 96, Inspection Service, 205, 260, dedicated rooms or equipment,
135-136 270, 273 208, 215
Allergens, sensitizers, and allergic Animals (see Laboratory animals; headspace, 166
reactions, 16, 58, 59, 60-61, Service animals) hydrogenation reactions, 135
279, 295, 301 Annual Report on Carcinogens, 63, infectious waste, 206
Allylic halides, 61, 72 291, 304 multihazardous waste, 205,
Alumina, 136, 160, 236 Anosmia, 60 206, 207, 208
Aluminum chloride, see ANSI (see American National pressurization, 135, 166, 172
Aluminum trichloride Standards Institute) testing for interior surface
Aluminum trichloride, 136, CD ANSI/ASHRAE standards, 221, contamination, 208
Amberlite® polymeric resins, 204 222, 225, 227, 231, 249 thermometer, 88
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316 INDEX
Autoignition, 65-66, 69, 73, 130, risk assessment, 13, 79, 80, 207, Calcium, 130
135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 156 221 Calcium gluconate gel, 138
Autoxidation, 72, 73, 136 security, 256, 260, 262, 263, 264 Calcium oxide, 61, 70
Azides, 60, 70-71, 96, 130, 136, select agents, 79, 270 Calorimetry, 131
210, 260, 303, CD shipping, export, and import, Cancer, 51, 59, 63, 64, 82, 101 (see
Azo compounds, 72, 273 101, 272, 278, 280-281 also Carcinogens)
storage, 97 Canopy hoods, 220, 237, 239, 247,
synthetic microorganisms, 79 298
B
waste management, 87, 108, Capacitors, 76, 150, 152, 153
Back injuries, 77 127, 185, 187, 189, 195, 201, Carbon-14, 81
Bar code labeling, 19, 91 202, 205-208, 278 Carbon brushes, 151
Barriers and barricades, 74, 82, Biosafety cabinets (BSCs), 75, 80, Carbon dioxide, 62, 86, 132, 135,
108, 110, 120, 123, 125, 131, 126, 143, 220, 221, 231, 236, 138, 140, 170, 173, 177, 178,
132, 137, 151, 213, 223, 224, 244, 245-248, 251 205, 245, 252
229, 252, 256, 258 Carbon disulfide, 56, 62, 66, 67,
Biosafety in Microbiological and
Bases (see Alkalis and bases) Biomedical Laboratories, 79, 69, 128, 129, 136, 303, CD
Benchtop 80, 126, 189, 246, 260, 276 Carbon inventory, 251
ventilated enclosures, 143, 220, Biosafety levels, 80, 126 Carbon monoxide, 56, 62, 63, 69,
228, 240 Birth defects (see Developmental 129, 166, 179, 303, CD
Benzene, 57, 63, 65, 86, 96, 190, toxicity) Carbon powder, 73, 131, 136
273, 303, CD Bis(chloromethyl)ether, 54, 273, Carbon steel, 174
Benzyl azides, 96 303 Carbon tetrachloride, 137, 140,
Benzyl halides, 61 Blankets, 36, 119, 121, 122, 180 178, 303, CD
Benzylamine, 96 Boiling chips, 73 Carbonyls, 166, 302, 303
Benzylic hydrogens, 72 Boiling eruptions, 73 Carcinogens
Benzyltrimethylammonium Boiling points, 48, 65, 67, 68, 73, clothing and protective
hydroxide, 96 86, 99, 139, 172 apparel, 113
Biodegradation and Boron halides, 136 combinations of compounds,
biodegradable materials, 88, Boron trichloride, 140, 303 64
196, 203 Boron trifluoride, 140, 170, 303, defined, 63, 275, 291-292
Biological materials and CD examples, 54, 63, 302
biohazards Bourdon tubes, 167 experiment planning, 64
aerosols, 60, 126, 221 exposure factors, 56, 64
Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive
animal tissues and carcasses, Chemical Hazards, 52, 65, 304 information resources, 48, 50,
205, 206, 207-208, 303 Bromine, 61, 62, 303, CD 52, 53, 63, 291, 304
biosafety levels, 80, 126, 126 Building code requirements, 11, labeling, 101
Chemical Hygiene Plan, 15 22, 27, 95, 98, 100, 215, 217, LCSS information, 63
containment and biosafety 218, 242, 253, 272-273 minimizing/avoiding
facilities, 75, 80, 126, 143, Bulk materials, 77, 78, 87, 89, 94, exposure, 55, 64, 86, 274
220, 221, 231, 236, 243, 244, 107, 133, 141, 142, 145, 195, MSDS information, 48
245-248, 251 198, 236 radiation, 75
disinfection and Bunsen burners, 27, 69, 128 risk assessment, 54, 55, 63-64
decontamination, 206, 254 Bunsen tube, 172 select carcinogens, 55, 59,
dual-use agents, 256 Burns, 19, 28, 58, 59, 61, 66, 75, 63-64, 86, 97, 274-275, 290,
exposure limits, 51 113, 118, 119, 122, 136, 137, 291-292
filters, 236 138, 139, 141, 149, 161, 173, spills, 273
gloves and protective clothing, 214 standards for handling, 59, 63,
111 tert-Butyl hydroperoxide, 303, CD 101, 273, 275, 290, 293, 302
information sources, 51, 79, 80, Butyllithiums, 135, 139, 140, CD storage, 97, 101
126, 189, 246, 260, 276 Card files, 91, 92
procedures for working with, Carts, 6, 23, 77, 89, 90, 114, 153,
C
126-127 168, 216
radioactive, 207-208 Cabinets (see Biosafety cabinets; Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The
regulation, 79, 189, 270-271, Storage) Basic Science of Poisons, 52
272, 276, 278, 280-281 Cadmium, 273 Catalog of Teratogenic Agents, 52, 62
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317
INDEX
Catalysts, 70, 72, 73, 74, 78, 130, container size and fill level, 23 benchtop, 232
135, 136-137, 139, 160, 210 determining regulatory status, bypass, 230
Cathode ray tubes, 163 190-191 California chemical fume
Cathodes, 75 empty containers, 191 hood, 233
Caustics, 28, 58, 111, 120, 196 gases, 198 in clean rooms, 234, 244
(see also Corrosives and at generation site, 191-192 compressed gas cylinders in,
corrosivity) generator types and 222
Celite, 84 definitions, 276 configurations, 232-234
Centers for Disease Control and hazard reduction in-laboratory, constant air volume, 229-230
Prevention, 77, 111, 205, 207, 186 constant operation, 224-225
260, 270, 273, 276 identification responsibilities, distillation (knee-high or low-
Centrifuges, 88, 161-162, 172, 216, 187 boy), 229, 232, 233
217 incineration, 193, 195, 196, 197, ductless, 231-232
Characterization of waste 199 energy conservation, 251,
identification responsibilities, inspection, 26 252
187 labeling, 23 exhaust treatment and systems,
for offsite management, liability concerns, 198-199 234-237, 241
186-187 limited waste, 190 explosion-proof, 248
test procedures for unknowns, manifesting, 199 exposure monitoring, 228
187-189 minimization, 277 design and construction,
unidentified materials minimum requirements for 229-232
(unknowns), 187 generators, 277 face velocities, 221-222, 226-227
Checklists monitoring offsite transport filters, 196, 220, 231, 232, 235,
continuity of laboratory and management, 197-198 236
operations, 41 nonhazardous and general design
emergency planning, 41 nonregulated waste recommendations, 229
inspection, 23, 25, 26, 27 managed as, 194-195 general rules, 15, 110
laboratory closeout, 253, CD offsite management, 186-187, housekeeping, 223
laboratory hazard assessment, 197-198 instrumentation, 228
CD “on-site” definition, 276-277 liquid scrubbers, 235-236
security vulnerability, 262 preparation for shipment, low-flow or high-performance,
Chemical Abstracts Service 198 231, 251
(CAS), 52-53 records and recordkeeping, maximizing efficiency, 222-223
registry numbers, 87, 91, 94 199-201 nonbypass, 229-230
Chemical Carcinogenesis regulation, 189-191, 194, 271, perchloric acid, 233-234
Research Information 276-278 performance-related factors,
System, 53 sanitary sewer disposal, 196 222
Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism test procedures, 187-189 proximity to windows and
Standards (CFATS), 89, 259, transportation of, 277-278 doors, 222
261, 270, 273 treatment and recycling, radioisotope hoods, 234
Chemical hazardous waste 196-197 sashes, 223-224, 252
academic laboratories, 186-187, unidentified materials scrubbers and contaminant
194, 196, 201 (unknowns), 187-189 removal systems, 235
acids, 196, 202, 203, 204, 205, Chemical hoods (see also Exhaust shielding, 131-132, 160, 177,
209, 210, 301 systems) 187
alkalis and bases, 209, 210 acid use in, 139, 214, 224, 226, supply air diffuser proximity,
assignment of tasks for 233-234, 236, 240, 242, 254 222
handling, 194 adsorbents, 236 testing and verification,
atmospheric disposal, 196 airborne contaminants, 291 225-228
central area for, 192-194 airflow types, 229-232 thermal oxidizers and
characteristic waste, 189-190 airfoils and baffles, 229 incinerators, 237
characterization, 186-189 alarms, 169, 226, 250 traffic proximity, 222
choosing transporter and alternatives to, 252 variable air volume, 230, 252
disposal facility, 198 armored, 132 walk-in, 232-233
collection and storage, 191-194 auxiliary air, 230-231 and waste disposal, 222
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318 INDEX
Chemical Hygiene Officers Children, 16 Clinical and Laboratory
(CHOs), 2-3, 15, 16, 18, 20, Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 63, Standards Institute, 269
21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28 n.4, 47, 136 Clinical laboratories, 79, 201, 202,
51, 63, 79, 114, 274, 289, 290, Chlorine, 60, 61, 69, 70, 136, 170, 205, 269, 276, 281
295, 297 260, 303, CD Closure or loss of institution
Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) Chlorine dioxide, 75, 130, 136 or building (see also
academic institutions, 16 Chlorine trifluoride, 140-141, 303 Decommissioning)
access to, 19, 47, 293 Chloroform, 137, 202, 204, 205, alternative laboratory facilities,
compliance with, 17, 19, 23 303, CD 42, 43
defined, 15, 289 1-Chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4- checklist for continuity of
development and diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane operations, 41
implementation, 15, 16, 18, bis(tetrafluoroborate), 86 laboratory closeout checklist,
19, 20, 289, 292, 293, 295, Chloromethyl methyl ether, 63-64, CD
296, 303-305 273, CD long-term, 42
elements/topics, 3, 15, 47, 104, Chromates, 69, 73, 130, 210 short-term, 41-42
117, 222, 274, 275, 292-293, Chromatography/ Clothing and protective apparel
295, 296-305 chromatographs, 24, 69, 86, (see also Gloves and hand
general principles for work 93, 113, 134, 192, 195, 216, protection; Personal
with chemicals, 296-297 220, 237, 241 protective equipment)
governmental laboratory, 20 Chromic acid, 86, 98, 99 aprons, 15, 113, 138, 175
guidance for development, Chromium, 61, 73, 138, 174, 205 choosing, 175
296-305 Chromium-51, 81 contaminated, 118, 122, 126,
industry research facility, 18 Chromium trioxide and other 137, 144, 146, 175, 181, 300,
information resources for chromium(VI) compounds, 301, 302
developing, 303-305 71, 86, 98, 99, 273, CD disposal, 113, 118, 144, 302
laboratory facility, 297-298 Chromosomal damage, 62, 275, entanglement in equipment,
MSDSs, 303 291 153, 163
OSHA Laboratory Standard, 3, Chronic exposure, 19, 56, 87 fires on, 122, 178, 180, 181
15, 47, 269, 274, 275, 292-293, Chronic toxicity and health footware, 120, 144, 175-176,
295, 296 effects, 11, 18, 19, 48, 50, 244, 300, 302
responsibility for chemical 51, 52, 56, 59, 62, 63, 87, jumpsuits, 175, 303
hygiene, 3, 51, 297 121, 123, 290, 295, 301, laboratory coats, 15, 19, 26, 109,
review and update, 15, 19, 293 302 (see also Carcinogens; 113, 126, 131, 132, 138, 144,
rules and procedures for Neurotoxicity; Reproductive 172, 214, 244, 247, 301, 303
working with chemicals, 61, toxins) laundering, 109, 113, 118, 144,
300-303 Circuit boards, 94 175
safety recommendations, Circuit breakers and fuses, 28, 76, materials, 111-112, 132
303 120, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, for nanomaterials work, 143,
training and communication 155, 162, 218 144
on, 17, 18, 29 Clean Air Act, 196, 278 radiation protection, 80, 127,
Chemical management program Clean benches/laminar-flow 162
(see Acquisition of hoods, 143, 219, 221, 239, static discharge from, 128
chemicals; Inventory and 248, 250 storage, 113, 175
tracking; Shipment and Clean rooms survival kit, 36
transport; Storage; Waste casework, furnishings, and Cobalt, 61, 136
management) fixtures, 216, 244 Cold baths, 173
Chemical properties (see chemical hoods, 234, 244 Cold burns, 66, 74, 119, 173
Laboratory Chemical classification, 243, 244 Cold rooms, 76, 97, 109, 152, 245,
Safety Summaries; Material pressure control system, 219, 298, 299, 300
Safety Data Sheets; specific 243 Cold storage, 97-98
properties) protocols, 243-244 Cold traps, 75, 115, 151, 172,
Chemicals of interest (COI), 23, Clean Water Act 173-174
89, 259, 260, 261, 262, 270, Cleaning (see Housekeeping and Color coding for identification,
275 cleaning) 100, 165
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319
INDEX
Combustion (see Explosive and Compressed gases Connectors, 115, 139, 156, 166,
highly reactive hazards; chemical hazards, 74, 140-141 167, 169
Fire; Flammability and compatibility, 96 Consumer Product Safety
flammable chemicals; corrosive, 121 Commission, 49
Ignition sources and causes) defined, 164, 290 Contact lenses, 36, 109, 127, 301
Commingling of waste, 191, 193, in environmental rooms, 245 Containers and packages (see also
194, 198, 203 flammable, 69-70, 74, 114, 120- Compressed gas cylinders;
Communication during 121, 165, 170, 190 Glass and glassware; Labels
emergencies inert, 165 and labeling)
contact list, 38 information sources, 15 accumulation containers, 209
e-mail, 38 in-house gas systems, 100, 140 on benchtops, 113
emergency contacts for inventory control, 140, 164 bulk and economy sizes, 21, 87,
individual staff, 39 list of hazardous chemicals, 114
internet and blogs, 38-39 140-141 caps and seals, 154, 159, 192
media and community monitors and alarms, 169 corrosives, 137, 192
relations, 39 oxidizing, 120-121, 170 cyanide, 22
plan for, 38-39 physical hazards, 74, 291 damaged or deteriorating, 90,
telephone, 38 procedures for working with, 92, 114
text messages, 38 140-141 dry ice in, 136
regulations, 114, 164, 270, 290, empty, 92, 94, 137, 190, 191, 198
Comprehensive Guide to the
291 flammable and combustible
Hazardous Properties of
Chemical Substances, 51, 59 toxic gases, 96, 121 substances, 22, 23, 58, 69, 88,
Compressed air, 145, 165, 171, transferring, 166 98-99, 128, 129
180-181 Computer simulation of gases, 102, 198
Compressed Gas Association experiments, 5 hazardous, 137, 191
(CGA) standards, 168, 169 Computer systems and services headspace, 23, 73
Compressed gas cylinders (see backup systems, 36, 259 for hydrogen fluoride, 137
also Pressure vessels and cables and wiring, 216 inspection of, 22, 135
reactions) checklist programs, 26 inventory and tracking, 91
acquisition and returns, 89, communication during metal, 69, 90, 128
140, 164-165 emergencies, 38-39 in microwaves, 75-76, 159
in chemical hoods, 222 EHS information services, for nanomaterials, 103, 143, 145
code requirements, 164, 168 52-53 opening, 77, 100, 139
fire extinguishers, 178 ergonomic considerations, 77, overpacks, 97
hazards, 19 216 for peroxide formers, 21, 69,
inspection, testing, and face velocity testing, 227 133, 134
records, 26, 27, 164, 165, 169, facilities for, 213, 214, 216 plastic, 99, 129, 145
170 fire extinguishers for, 177 recycling, 93-94, 191
labeling, 140, 165 information and data security, in refrigerators, 154
leak prevention and control, 258-259, 262 regulatory standards, 21, 94,
120-121, 140, 169, 170 inventory and tracking, 22, 91 103, 191, 194, 298, 301
lecture bottles, 89, 100, 165, 239 loss of data or systems, 36, 38 remote handling, 132
outlet connections, 168-169 MSDSs, 47-48, 89 secondary containment, 23, 98,
outside location, 34 physical protection, 35 113, 114, 125, 145, 298, 301
precautions for handling and purchasing systems, 88, 89 securing, 95, 97
use, 164-165, 168-170, 303 viewing laser operations on, 75 sharps disposal, 58, 111, 114,
pressure-relief devices and Condensation, 69, 74, 92, 98, 133, 206-207
regulators, 26, 164, 168, 151, 152, 172, 173-174, 224, small, 86-87
169-170 225, 232 for storing chemicals, 35, 77,
securing and storing, 26, 35, Condensers and condensing, 93, 89, 95, 96, 97, 98-99, 113, 114,
90, 96, 100, 111, 114, 154, 164, 115, 116, 130, 133, 135, 138, 125
166, 168, 170 149, 156, 172, 173, 174, 222, transfers among, 23, 84, 87, 94,
transporting, 111, 114, 168 232, 292 104, 113, 123, 125, 240-241
valves, 168, 169 Confidential or Sensitive transport, 6, 23, 89, 90, 114, 125,
venting, 168, 170 Information, 259 298
OCR for page 320
320 INDEX
unpacking and inspecting, 90 nonflammable, 74 donated materials from, 92
vented, 139-140 short-term storage and equipment, 163, 171
waste, 23, 58, 87, 93, 110, 111, conveyance, 175 hazard assessment, 253-254
114, 120, 125, 127, 144, 145, transfer lines, 174 information sources, 253
191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 198, Culture of laboratory safety laboratories, 92, 93, 94
199, 206-207, 209 academic laboratories, 3-4, 5 removal of hazards, 92, 253, 254
Contingency plans, 12, 15, 55, 66, accessibility for scientists with Decomposition, 70, 76, 87, 93, 130,
107, 125, 193, 197, 199, 302 disabilities, 6-7 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 157,
Contractors, 4, 10, 12, 13, 14, 264, administration and 166, 290, 292
281 supervision, 2, 3, 5, 7 Decontamination
Control banding, 64-65 communication and, 15 of accident victims, 28, 29
Controlled substances. 95, 261 continuous learning authorized personnel, 29
Convulsions, 119 environment, 14 biosafety cabinets, 247-248
Cooling baths, 76, 136, 149, 158, environmental impact, 5-6 in chemical hoods, 124
170, 173 and federal funding, 6 of chemical hoods, 234
Copper, 85, 133, 137, 138, 160, industrial and governmental devices, 75
165-166, 167, 174, 189 laboratories, 4-5 documentation, 253
Corrosives and corrosivity (see legal and regulatory changes, 6 of equipment and glassware,
management commitment to, 124-125, 208, 302
also specific classes and
chemicals) 10 facilities for personnel, 143
classes, 61 operational excellence, 14 of gloves and other PPE, 112,
containers for, 137, 192 oversight, 14 124, 176
engineering controls, 220 responsibility and information sources on, 253,
equipment compatibility and accountability, 2-3, 4, 14 293
damage, 50, 76, 88, 165-166, security considerations, 7 of laboratories for
167, 170, 171, 174 technology and, 5, 6 decommissioning, 253, 254
evacuation of systems, 153, 167 tips for encouraging, 5 radiological, 127, 205, 208, 234,
examples, 61, 73, 135, 137, 138, Custodial and maintenance 253
139, 140-141 personnel, 17, 25, 58, 110, regulatory standards, 275, 293,
experiment planning, 61, 66 120 n.3, 142, 177 n.3, 216, 300, 302
eye contact, 58, 61, 135, 141, 219, 245, 253, 268-269, 282 respiratory protective
190 Cuts, 58, 76, 115, 118-119, 149, 164 equipment for, 178
gases and gas leaks, 61, 121, Cutting and drilling tools and verifying, 121, 254
140-141, 165-166, 167, 170, operations, 16-17, 77, 78, of waste, 205, 206, 207, 208,
172, 174 140, 143, 149, 152, 164 300, 302
gloves and protective apparel, Cyanides, 22, 54, 56, 60, 62, 63, 70, of work surfaces and work
111, 113, 176 125, 166, 180, 187, 189, 190, areas, 27, 121, 124-125, 302
information sources, 52, 303 210, 260, 275, 301, 303 Dehydrating and drying agents,
inhalation, 61 Cyanogen bromide, CD 61, 136, 138, 139, 140, 159,
labeling, 69, 165, 192, 199 Cyanogen chloride, 260 160, 175
neutralization, 209 Cylinders (see Compressed gas Delivery (see also Receiving rooms
PPE, 171-172, 176 cylinders) and loading areas; Shipment
shipping and transport, 199 and transport)
skin contact, 58, 61, 111, 135, service disruptions, 42
D
141, 190 Department of Energy (DOE)
storage, 97, 100, 166, 192, 221 Deactivation, 86, 127, 139, 160, exposure limits, 78, 82, 143
wastes, 153, 174, 190, 191, 192, 209 Integrated Safety Management
199, 209 Decay in storage, 203-204, 207, System, 13-14
Cryogens 208, 278 nanomaterials guidelines, 77,
asphyxiation hazard, 163, 173 Decommissioning 141, 142, 145
explosion hazard, 131 ANSI standard, 253, 254, 269 pollution prevention, 201
gases, 75, 90, 100, 173, 242 checklist, 253, CD Department of Homeland
information sources, 52 cleaning and decontamination, Security (DHS), 23, 36-37,
liquids, 19, 27, 74, 75, 76, 119, 254 89, 259, 261, 262, 263, 267,
135, 163, 170, 172-174, 176 clearance, 254 275
OCR for page 321
321
INDEX
Department of Transportation Diethyl ether, 28, 65, 67, 68, 69, 72, containment, 128, 159, 174, 204
(DOT), 23, 49, 68, 90, 94, 98, 120, 128, 134, 136, 303, CD explosive compounds, 109
99, 101, 102, 103-104, 116, Diethylamine, 67, 96, 302, 303 flammable/combustible
164, 172, 186, 190, 193, 197, Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether compounds, 159
198, 199, 267, 271, 277, 278, (diglyme), 72 heat guns and, 159
279, 300 Diethylnitrosamine, 273, 302, 303, peroxide hazards, 72, 134, 136
Desiccators, 115, 140, 175 CD PPE, 174
Design of laboratory facilities Differential manometers, 88 radioactive solutions, 204
access control, 214-215 Differential scanning calorimetry, rotary flash evaporation, 204
accommodations for 131 shutoff device, 159
individuals with disabilities, Differential thermal analysis, 131 solvent stills, 93, 159-160
6, 218 Digital thermometers, 58 thermal, 160
adaptability, 215-216 Diisopropyl ether, 136 vacuum, 140, 153, 159, 174
casework, 216 Diisopropylfluorophosphate, 301, venting stills, 140, 153, 300
closed or separate laboratory 303 waste, 195, 204
spaces, 214-215 Diisopropylnaphthalene, 203 Distilled water, 77, 157, 189
doors, 216 Dilution of Divinyl acetylene, 72
equivalent linear feet of acids, 17, 137, 138, 140, 189, 209 Documentation and record
workspace, 215 bases, 209 keeping
flooring, 216 bleach, 206 academic laboratories, 3
furnishings and fixtures, 216 chemical hood effluent, 241, accidents, 5, 16, 19, 29, 30, 181,
layout, 215-216 242 281, 299
noise and vibration issues, flammable substances, 129, compressed gas cylinders, 26,
216-217 162, 228, 240 27, 164, 165, 169, 170
older facilities, 218-219 high-energy reagents, 115 equipment, 42-43, 165, 167,
open design, 213-214 peroxides, 133, 134 170-171
safety equipment, 217-219 vapors and toxic gases, 129, exports and imports, 280
storage rooms, 22 162, 240, 242-243 waste management, 199-201
utilities, 217-218 waste chemicals, 134, 196, 204, Donations and gifts of chemicals,
wet spaces relative to other 209 87, 92
spaces, 213 Dimethoxyethane, 120 Dose-response relationships, 54
windows and walls, 216 Dimethyl sulfate, CD Downdraft hoods or tables, 220,
Designated areas, 22, 36, 39, 89, Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 58, 237, 239
101, 123, 125, 135, 145, 275, 67, 68, 136, CD Drains, 16, 28, 34, 114, 154, 180,
290, 293 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene, 273 217, 232, 233, 234, 235 (see
Detergents, 85, 86, 162, 191 Dimethylformamide, 204, CD also Sewer discharges)
Developmental toxicity, 52, 53, 2,5-Dimethylhexane, 72 Drills and exercises, 37, 43, 125,
55, 62 Dimethylmercury, 29, 60, 302 259, 299
Dewar flasks, 74, 115, 133, 138, Dioxane, 72, 85, 134, 136, CD Dry benzoyl peroxide, 136
148, 172, 173, 174-175, 300 Diphosgene (trichloromethyl) Dry fire extinguishers and
Diaacetylene, 71 chloroformate, 85 sprinkler systems, 177, 178,
Diacyl peroxides, 71 Disabilities (see Scientists with 217
Dialkyl peroxides, 71 disabilities) Dry ice, 40, 41, 77, 109, 133, 136,
Diazomethane, 60, 61, 70, 72, 132, Disinfection, 79, 126, 127, 206, 140, 153, 164, 172, 173, 245
136, 301, CD 207, 208, 245, 247, 254 Dry nanoparticles, 78, 103, 142,
Diborane, 60, 239, CD Disposal (see Waste management) 143, 144, 145, 248
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, Distillation Dry sand, 131
273 avoiding, 159 Dry sweeping, 114, 145, 302
Dichloroacetylene, 140 chemical hoods and exhaust Dry traps, 216
Dichloromethane (methylene systems, 229, 232, 233, 237, Dryboxes, 89, 132, 173
chloride), 57, 64, 136, 160, 241 Drying
190, 273, CD column purification systems, with acids, 140
Dichromates, 69, 73, 301 160-161 agents, 61, 136, 138, 139, 140,
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 61 commercial recyclers, 185 159, 160, 175
OCR for page 322
322 INDEX
gases, 136 as ignition sources, 21, 69, 76, assembly point, 39
glassware, 17, 85, 156, 157, 128, 129, 149, 153, 154, 245 checklists, 41
159 inspection, 26 communications, 38-39
ignition hazards, 128, 136, 156, instruments, 162 community-wide emergencies,
233 magnetic field hazards, 163 42
oven drying of samples, 151, noise extremes, 164 data or computer systems, 36
156-157 outlet receptacles, 150 decision makers, with
radioactive waste, 204, 208 personal safety techniques, 152 succession, 37
solvents, 78, 140 precautions, 151-152 delivery and service
and spontaneous combustion, rotating equipment and disruptions, 42
73 moving parts, 163 drills and exercises, 43
train, 139 stirring and mixing devices, equipment or materials losses,
Dual-use materials, 95, 256, 257, 154 36, 43
258, 259-260, 261, 262, 263 ultrasonicators, 161 essential knowledge and
Dusts (see Powders and dusts) wiring, 26, 150-151 supplies, 36-37
Electrical fires, 68, 76, 150, 177, 178 essential personnel, 37-38
Electrical power interruption evacuations, 39
E
discontinuation of fire, 34, 42-43
Earthquakes (see Seismic activity) experiments, 40 flood, 34
Eating and drinking, 26, 109, 175, dry ice, 41 general preparation, 117
300 environmental and storage highly toxic materials, 125
ECOTOX, 53 conditions, 40 high-profile visitors, 35
Education and training in safety generator power, 41 high-value or difficult-to-
practices laboratory procedures, 40 replace equipment, 36
academic laboratories, 3-4 long-term, 40 impact/occurrence mapping,
case studies, 53 potential effects, 40 34
computer simulations, 5 preplanning, 40-41 institutional or building
and culture of safety, 2, 3, 4 security issues, 40 closure, 41-42
EHS management system, 12 short-term, 40 intentional acts of violence or
emergencies and spills, 34 UPS, 41 theft, 35-36
first aid, 16, 29, 37, 137, 138, Electrochemical equipment, 149 leadership, 37-38
299 Electrocution and electric shock, loss of laboratory, 42-43
hands-on, 4, 5, 29, 53, 121, 146 76 mission-critical equipment, 34,
informal, 4 Electromagnetic radiation 36
new employees, 29 hazards outside responders and
radioisotope users, 13 laser light sources, 75, 162 resources, 43
regulatory requirements, 4 radio frequency and pandemic-related, 35
risk assessment and, 53 microwave sources, 75-76, political or controversial
student manuals, 4 162 researchers or research, 35
in teaching laboratories, 3-4 visible, ultraviolet, and power loss, 40
topics, 29 infrared laser light sources, preplanning, 33-37, 40-41, 43
Electrical equipment (see also 75, 162 priorities, 37
Distillation; Heaters X-rays and electron beams, records for replacement of
and heating equipment; 162-163 equipment, 42-43
Refrigerators and Elephant trunks, 220-221, 237, regulations, 281
refrigeration; Vacuum 241, 250 seismic activity, 35
systems and operations; Elevators, 23, 39, 69, 90, 114, 298 shelter in place, 39-40
other types of equipment) Emergency action plan, 15, 22, spills or releases, 35, 117, 125
capacitors, 76, 150, 152, 153 23, 27 staff shortages, 35, 42
codes, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154 Emergency equipment (see Safety survival kit, 36-37
electromagnetic radiation and emergency equipment) training of laboratory
hazards, 162-164 Emergency preparedness personnel, 29, 37
general principles, 149-153 administration and vulnerability assessment,
high-current or high voltage, supervision, 39, 42, 117, 178, 33-36
152-153 180, 281, 299 weather-related, 34-35
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323
INDEX
Emergency response (see also Environmental Protection Agency Evacuation of systems, 153, 167
Safety and emergency (EPA), 49, 53, 56, 83, 94, 102, Evacuations, 27, 36, 37, 39, 82,
equipment) 117, 145, 186, 187, 189, 190, 117, 120, 127, 169, 178, 299
accident procedures, 29, 117 191, 194, 195, 198, 199, 201, Excess material (see Unused and
acid spills, 118, 120, 180 202, 205, 206, 207, 219, 253, excess material)
burns from heat, 119 261, 267, 271, 272, 273, 275, Exhaust systems (see also
clothing contamination, 118 276, 277, 278, 279-280, 281 Chemical hoods)
cold burns, 119 Environmental rooms (see also benchtop ventilated
convulsions, 119 Cold rooms) enclosures, 143, 220, 228,
cuts, 118-119 acids in, 245 240
eye splashes, 118 aerosols in, 245 canopy hoods, 220, 237, 239,
fires, 27, 121-122 alarm audibility in, 245, 299 247, 298
gas cylinder leaks, 120-121 alternatives to, 245 clean benches/laminar-flow
general procedures, 181 compressed gases in, 245 hoods, 143, 219, 221, 239,
information sources, 48 design, 245 248, 250
ingestion, 119 guidelines for working in, 245 downdraft hoods or tables,
notification of personnel, 117 Equipment (see also Electrical 220, 237, 239
skin exposures, 118 equipment; Safety and elephant trunks, 220-221, 237,
spills, 28-29, 118, 120 emergency equipment; 241, 250
training, 29 Vacuum systems and filters, 239, 243, 302
treatment of contaminated/ operations) flammable-liquid storage
injured personnel, 117-119 accidents with, 149, 150, 151, cabinets, 239-240
unconscious victims, 119 153 fume extractors, 237, 239
Engineering controls, 14, 220 for acid use, 88 gas cabinets, 239
(see also Chemical hoods; alarms, 216 hybrid, 242
Gloveboxes) cutting and drilling tools, 164 manifolded (common header),
Environmental health and safety glass components, 167-168, 242
(EHS) management systems 171-172 room purge, 242
(see also Chemical Hygiene high-termperature, 27 slot hoods, 220, 237, 238
Plan; Chemical management incompatibility with snorkels, 143, 220-221, 226, 237,
program; Emergency corrosives, 50, 76, 88, 165- 238, 240, 241, 250, 251, 298
. . .; Inspections and audits; 166, 167, 170, 171, 174 stacks, 242-243
Safety rules and policies) inspections, 24 ventilated balance enclosures,
change management, 13 low temperature, 172-174 220, 238
elements, 10, 11 noise extremes, 164 Exits and passageways, 27, 28, 39,
employee safety training pressure extremes, 170, 172 95, 113, 117, 122, 123, 127,
program, 29 repair and maintenance, 193, 213, 214, 264, 277, 299
example, 13-14 114-115 Experiment planning (see also
functions, 14 rotating, 27, 160, 162, 163 Hazard evaluation; Risk
implementation, 12 safety switches, 27 assessment)
information sources, 11, 14 water-cooled, 149 access control, 123-124
management commitment to Ergonomics, 77, 149, 164, 216, 239 change management, 13
performance, 3, 10 Ethane, 62 corrosives, 61, 66
performance measurement, Ethanol (ethyl alcohol), 67, 196, demonstrations and magic
12-13 206, 270, CD shows, 116
planning, 10-12 Ethers, 72, 114, 136, 138 (see also designated areas, 123
policy and policy statement, 10 specific compounds) emergency response to
principles, 13-14 Ethidium bromide, CD accidents and spills, 125
regulations, 10 Ethyl acetate, 72, 190, CD explosive and highly reactive
review by management, 13 Ethyl benzene, 190 substances, 130-140
safety committees, 12, 16-17, Ethyl chloromethyl ether, 63 highly toxic substances, 64,
23, 24-25, 64, 276 Ethyl ether, 190 122-122
staff and responsibilities, 3 Ethylene dibromide (EDB), CD minimizing exposure, 124-125
Environmental health and safety Ethylene glycol ethers, 62, 72, 149 multihazardous materials, 125
policy, 10 Ethylene oxide, 60, 137, 273, CD protocols, 123
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328 INDEX
Infrared radiation, 75, 162, 176 Integrated Safety Management Ion exchange resins, 204
Ingestion hazards, 58, 109-110, 119 system, 13-14 Ionizing radiation, 62, 80, 81, 162,
Inhalation hazards, 55, 57-58, 61, Interlocks, 40, 108, 124, 149, 155, 271
110, 141, 221 170 Irritants, 50, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 112,
Inhibitors, 70, 72, 73, 134 International Agency for Research 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 169,
Injection hazards, 58, 111 on Cancer (IARC), 63, 275, 179, 290
Injuries and illnesses (see also 291 Isopropyl alcohol, 67, 172, 173
Accidents) International Air Transport Isopropyl ether, 72
acid burns, 58, 61, 118, 137, 138, Association, 23, 101, 271, 279
180, 214, 260 International Association
K
alkalis and bases, 58 for Assessment and
assisting recovery and return Accreditation of Laboratory Kekulé, August, 1
to work, 12 Animal Care, 23
cuts, 58, 76, 115, 118-119, 149, International Chemical Safety Cards,
L
164 51
emergency response, 117-119 International Civil Aviation Labels and labeling
regulations, 281 Organization, 279 acids, 69
Inorganic compounds, 28, 52, 57, International Code Agency, 98 bar code, 19, 91
61, 62, 73, 96, 97, 120, 125, International Code Council, 273 color coding, 100, 165
130, 134, 135, 136, 139, 189, n.1 compressed gas cylinders, 140,
196, 210, 273, 279 International Commission on 165
Inorganic Syntheses, 209 Non-ionizing Radiation, 76 corrosives, 69, 165, 192, 199
Inspections and audits International Conference of experimental materials, 94
alarm systems, 43, 193, 245, Building Officials, 273 n.1 flammability and flash point,
249, 250 International Electromagnetic 65, 68
checklists, 23, 25, 26, 27 Field Project, 76 GHS system, 47 n.1, 49-50
compressed gas cylinders, 26, International Labour hazard communication, 49-50,
27, 164, 165, 169, 170 Organization, 49 51, 68, 94
conducting, 26 International Mechanical Codes, information to be included on,
containers, 22, 135 242 94
corrective actions, 26 International Organization for inspection of, 22, 23, 27
EHS management system Standardization (ISO), 78 and inventory and tracking,
performance, 24-25 n.3, 243, 280 94
elements of, 25-26 International Programme on nanomaterials, 103, 145
fire department, 25 Chemical Safety, 51 quality of information on, 51
glassware, 26, 66, 76-77, 115, 174 International Toxicity Estimates reading and heeding, 22, 28
hazardous waste, 26 for Risk (ITER), 53 regulatory standards, 51, 92,
items to include in, 26-27 Inventory and tracking (see 268, 270, 271, 272, 274, 277,
peer, 24 also Labels and labeling; 279, 294, 298
PPE, 15, 180 Recycling) replacement, 92
preparing for, 25 benefits, 22 by suppliers, 21, 51, 90, 94
pressure equipment, 165, 167, compressed gases, 140, 164 transfer and storage containers,
170-171 computerized, 23, 91 21, 51, 87, 94, 154, 277
program audits, 24 by container, 91 verification on receipt, 90, 298
regulatory agencies, 25 and emergency response, 94 warning, 51, 101
reports, 26 exchanges between waste, 23, 187, 191, 192, 193,
routine, 24 laboratories and stockrooms, 194, 197, 198, 203, 206
self-audits, 24 92-93 Laboratory animals
storage, 27 general considerations, 90-92 biohazards, 80, 205
types, 24-25 information in, 22-23 carcinogenicity testing and
ventilation systems, 250 regulations, 22 results, 63, 275, 291-292, 302
Insurance, 36, 42, 43, 95, 102, 116, safety issues when performing, disposal of tissues and
198, 267, 269 23 carcasses, 205, 206, 207-208,
Integrated Risk Information security issues, 23 303
System, 53 Iodine, 61, 81, 87, 136, 159, 203, CD facilities, 215, 239, 262
OCR for page 329
329
INDEX
personal protection for lighting, 258 toxic gases, 121
working with, 303 normal (Level 1), 263 waste containers, 185, 192, 197
security/protection of, 37, 260- operational, 258 water, 151
261, 262 physical and electronic, Lecture bottles, 89, 100, 165, 239
toxicity testing and results, 256-258 Lethal dose/lethal concentration,
54-55, 56, 59, 60, 62, 78, 269, protesters and civil 54-55, 56, 59, 60, 275
295, 302-303 disobedience, 35 Liability and litigation, 6, 102, 116
Laboratory Chemical Safety radioactive materials and Life cycle analysis, 86, 251
Summaries, 91, 108, 129, 140 related equipment, 261 Lifting injuries, 164
access to, 91, 123 requirements, 260-261 Light and lighting, 21, 41, 72, 100,
content, 60, 62, 63, 68 research animals, 260-261 116, 154, 172, 216, 224, 245,
criteria for selection of, 50-51 risks to, 7 250, 252, 258, 262, 301
limitations of, 50 systems integration, 259 explosion hazards, 70, 130, 133,
preparation of, 51, 52, 55, 63, terrorist attacks, 35-36 248
CD video surveillance system, 258 fire hazards, 67, 136
and risk assessment, 55, 59, 60, vulnerability assessment, Liquefied gases, 69-70, 114,
61 261-262 135, 138, 140-141, 164,
Laboratory coats, 15, 19, 26, 109, Laboratory supervisor, 17, 22, 24, 166, 172-174, 176, 242 (see
113, 126, 131, 132, 138, 144, 26, 75, 117, 177, 178, 180, also Compressed gases;
172, 214, 244, 247, 301, 303 231, 297-298, 299 Cryogens; specific gases)
Laboratory Decommissioning Laboratory Ventilation Standard Liquid scintillation counter, 85, 203
Standard (ANSI), 253, 254, (AIHA/ANSI), 249 Liquid scintillation fluid, 202
269 Labpacks, 87, 186-187, 193, 194, Lithium, 70, 130, 178
Laboratory facilities (see Closure 198, 199 Lithium aluminum hydride, 90,
or loss of institution or Lamps, 75, 151, 162 96, 138, CD
building; Decommissioning; Landfills, 185, 190, 193, 194, 195, Lithium hydroxide, 96
Design of laboratory 196, 197, 300 Lower explosive limit (LEL), 66-
facilities; Ventilation and Lasers, 19, 29, 34, 75, 76, 109, 137, 67, 68, 228, 240
environmental control 149, 151, 162, 176, 214, 215, Low-valent metal salts, 70
systems) 216, 217
computer laboratories, 213, Laundry, clothing, 109, 113, 118,
M
214, 216 144, 175
Laboratory security (see also Lead and lead compounds, 62, 73, Magnesium, 73, 122, 130, 131, 136,
Security plans) 81, 136, 166, 189, 193, 202, 141, 159, 178
administration and 203, 205, 206, 234, 273, 301, Magnesium hydroxide, 209
supervision, 123, 145, 262 CD Magnetic fields, 76, 163
alarms, 124, 256, 258, 264 Leadership, 2, 4, 37 Maintenance and repair, 4, 17, 24,
barriers, 258 Leaks 41, 76, 102, 110, 114-115, 143,
basics, 256-259 chemical hoods, 221, 224, 225, 149, 150, 162, 166, 167, 171,
biohazards, 256, 260, 262, 263, 226, 227, 229, 231 180, 218, 221-222, 231, 232,
264 compressed gas cylinders, 120- 241, 248-249, 250, 252, 257,
checklists, 262 121, 140, 166, 169, 170 295, 297, 298-299
chemicals of interest, 23, 89, corrosive gases, 121 Manometers, 75, 87, 88, 249
259, 260, 261, 262, 270, 275 detection, 100, 165, 171 Material Safety Data Sheets
controlled substances, 261 flammable gases, 35, 69, 100, (MSDSs)
controversial research and 120-121, 166, 170 access to, 27, 47-48, 89, 91, 268
researchers and, 35 gas cabinets, 239 audience for, 48-49, 78-79
and culture of safety, 7 gloveboxes, 243, 302 content, 22, 48, 50, 62
door locks, 257 microwave, 159 for emergency responders, 117,
dual-use materials, 259-260, packages, 21, 90 118, 119, 138, 181
262 refrigerant, 245 for experimental materials,
elevated (Level 2), 263-264 reporting, 245 101, 280, 281
high (Level 3), 264 secondary containment and, guidelines on use of, 13, 15, 21,
information and data, 23, 258- 23, 98, 113, 114, 125, 127, 145, 22, 51, 59, 97, 108, 110, 118,
259, 262 298, 301 123, 127-128, 140
OCR for page 330
330 INDEX
information sources for Methyl-isobutyl ketone, 72, 190 incineration, 203, 205, 206, 207,
preparing, 52-53 Methyl lithium, 96 208
limitations, 49, 91 Methyl methacrylate, 72, 177 labware, 206, 208
for nanomaterials, 103, 104 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 72 medical waste and sharps,
regulatory requirement, 47, Methylene chloride, 57, 64, 160, 206-207
270, 272, 274, 279, 280 190, 273 minimization, 202, 203, 207
and risk assessment, 47-49, 51, Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, offsite management, 207
55, 59, 61, 62 61 radioactive–biological
spills and, 28, 29 Methylenedianiline, 273 laboratory waste, 207-208
from suppliers, 72, 89 Methylmercury, 275 risk assessment, 202
McLeod gauges, 75 Met-L-X, 122, 130, 178 sewer disposal, 206
Mechanical shock, 70, 130, 131, Microscale and miniaturized storage, 203-204
174-175 operations, 5, 49, 70, 74, 84- Multimeters, 152
Melting points, 48, 116, 158 85, 131, 203
Mercaptans, 210, 240 Microwave ovens, 141
N
Mercury, CD acid digestion bombs, 159
bubblers, 170 containers in, 75-76, 159 Nanomaterials
decontamination, 254 Microwaves, 75-76, 162 airborne concentrations, 135,
incompatibilities, 166 Molecular sieves, 204, 236 143, 144, 248
in meters and gauges, 75, 87- Molecular weights, 48 in biosafety cabinets, 248
88, 157 Monitoring (see also Laboratory in chemical hoods, 248
MSDSs, 303 security) clothing and PPE, 143, 144
properties, 57 aerosols, 144 containers, 103, 143, 145
reclamation, 93 airborne concentrations, 60, controls for R&D laboratories,
replacement, 87-88 143, 144, 208, 228, 298 141-146
spills, 121, 157, 254 chemical hoods, 17, 23, 124, determining appropriate
toxicity, 62, 75 223, 225, 226, 231, 236, controls, 142-143
waste, 174, 195, 196, 205, 206 297-298 engineering controls, 143-146,
Metal acetylides, 71 cold storage, 97-98 248
Metal alkyls, 128, 178 exposure, 16, 81, 228, 269, 289, facilities, 248
Metal azides, 210 292, 293-294, 295 filters 79, 142, 143, 145, 221,
Metal fires and explosions, 132, heating equipment, 157, 158 236, 240, 244, 248
140, 141, 160, 177-178, 254 nanomaterials, 79, 144, 248 hazards, 77-79
Metal fulminates, 71 pressure equipment, 135, 141, housekeeping, 144-145
Metal halides, 70, 210 165, 166, 243 information sources, 142
Metal hydrides, 70, 122, 128, 136, radiation, 81, 82, 127, 132 marking, labeling, and signage,
178, 210 regulatory compliance, 20, 123, 145
Metal hydroxides, 61 272, 273, 294 monitoring and
Metal nitrides, 70 spills and leaks, 35, 79, 140, characterization, 111
Metal oxides, 57, 70, 86, 141 168, 245, 249 offsite transport and shipment,
Metal perchlorates, 254 ventilation systems, 252, 298 103
Metal peroxides, 71, 73, 130-131 wastes, 197-198 onsite transfer and transport,
Methane, 62, 70, 129, 172 Multihazardous waste 103-104
Methanol, 57, 65, 67, 69, 96, 190, animal tissues and carcasses, personnel competency,
196, 202, 203, 204, 214, 303, 206, 207-208 145-146
CD chemical–biological waste, planning and hazard
Methyl acetate, 204 205-207 assessment, 142
Methyl acetylene, 72 chemical–radioactive– regulations, 280
Methyl chloride, 141 biological waste, 208 ventilation systems, 143, 248
Methyl chloroform, 278 chemical–radioactive waste, waste disposal, 145
Methyl cyclopentane, 72 202-205 work area design, 143
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), 67, commercial disposal services, work practices, 145
CD 205 NARM (naturally-occurring
Methyl fluorosulfonate, 60 hazard reduction (treatment), or accelerator-produced
Methyl iodide (see CD) 204-205 radioactive material), 80, 202
OCR for page 331
331
INDEX
National Electrical Code (NEC), Nitrogen, 34, 62, 69, 73, 74, 75, 76, Oily rags, 178
149, 152 77, 111, 129, 130, 131, 133, Olfactory fatigue, 60
National Emission Standards for 134, 135, 138, 140, 153, 154, Online services (see Computer
Hazardous Air Pollutants, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, systems and services; specific
270 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, databases)
National Fire Protection 239, 243, 245 Open houses, 25
Association Nitrogen compounds, 71 Ordering chemicals (see
chemical hood standards, 224, Nitrogen dioxide, 56, 57, 60, 61, Acquisition of chemicals)
231 275, 303, CD Organic compounds, 52, 58, 61, 62
electrical code, 149, 152 Nitrogen mustard, 260 acetylenic, 135
fire code, 22, 51, 67, 68, 95, 98, Nitrogen oxides, 138 adsorbents, 236
224, 231, 243, 270, 273 Nitrogen triiodide, 70, 136 air emissions, 278
fire protection guidelines, 52, Nitrosamines (see CD) azides, 70, 71, 72, 136
68 N-Nitroso compounds, 70, 71, compatible, 98
hazard classification, 68, 69 138-139, 273, 302, 303 drying, 157
storage regulations, 22, 95, 98, Noise extremes, 77, 132, 149, 164, explosion hazards, 138, 139-
273 214, 216-217, 229, 250, 272 140, 141, 173
National Institute for Notifying personnel of flammability/combustion, 65,
Occupational Safety and emergencies, 117 69, 159, 190, 205
Health (NIOSH), 48, 51, 52, Nuclear Regulatory Commission halides, 136, 205
53, 59, 60, 64, 66, 77, 78-79, (USNRC), 79, 81, 82, 127, mercury, 62
109, 111, 112, 141, 142, 144, 189, 201, 202, 204, 205, 207, nitrates, 70, 130
164, 178, 179, 268, 269 208, 253, 261, 271, 276 oxidizable, 73, 208
National Institutes of Health, 77, Nucleating agents, 73, 129 peroxides, 50, 70, 72, 73, 100-
79, 126, 201, 203, 207, 260 101, 130-131, 133-135, 189,
National Library of Medicine, 52, 210, 290, 291
O
53, 63 solvents, 62, 70, 76, 93, 111, 112,
National Pollutant Discharge Occupational and Educational 136, 138, 139, 140, 151, 153,
Elimination Systems Eye and Face Protection, 108 157, 159, 177, 188, 190, 196
(NPDES), 271 Occupational Safety and Health waste, 186-187, 188, 189, 190,
National Toxicology Program Act, 268, 270, 281 196, 203, 204-205, 208, 210
(NTP), 63, 275, 291 Occupational Safety and Health water solublity, 188, 192, 196
Near-infrared radiation, 75 Administration (see also Organisation for Economic Co-
Needle valves, 168 OSHA Standards) operation and Development,
Needles and syringes, 30, 58, 111, GHS implementation, 49 49
114, 131, 164, 206-207, 208, information resources, 53 Organolithium compounds, 136
278 state laws, 268 Organomercurial compounds, 301
Neurotoxicity, 54, 55, 56, 59, 62, Odor and odor thresholds, 60, Organometallic compounds, 70,
290 92, 95, 99, 137, 139, 141, 179, 122, 130, 139, 170
Neutralization and neutralizers 187, 216, 237, 240, 293, 301 Organophosphates, 62
acids, 120, 121, 136, 137, 138, Odorants, 70 OSHA standards
195, 196, 208, 209 Oil chemical-specific, 273
alkalis and bases, 120, 209, baths, 88, 93, 128, 129, 133, 154, Control of Hazardous Energy
210 155, 156, 158 Standard, 150
Nickel, 61 bubblers, 170 enforcement, 268
Nickel alloys, 166, 174 filters, 179 exposure limits, 269, 273
Nickel carbonyl, 60, 166, 302, 303, fires, 174 Hazard Communication
CD PCBs, 275-276 Standard, 47, 48, 49, 51, 101,
Nitrates, 69, 70, 71, 96, 130, 138, reactivity, 139, 140, 165, 167, 268-269, 270, 275
139, 190 169, 170 Laboratory Standard, 2, 6, 13
Nitric acid, 69, 73, 96, 120, 131, vacuum pump, 93, 133, 153, n.2, 14-15, 17, 18, 20, 21,
138, 139, 214, CD 173, 174 22, 48, 59, 62, 63, 101, 175,
Nitrites, 69, 71, 140 waste, 174, 277 268-269, 270, 272, 273-275,
Oil Dri, 120 289-305
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332 INDEX
Occupational Exposure to Paracelsus, 18 familiarity with, 22
Bloodborne Pathogens Particularly hazardous substances foot protection, 175-176
Standard, 79, 206 (PHSs), 5, 13, 14, 18, 23, 55, glass hazards, 26, 36, 75, 108,
Personal Protective Equipment 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 80, 118, 109, 124, 132, 172, 176, 214
Standard, 111, 112, 175 216, 220, 274-275, 278, 293, PHSs and, 13
Respiratory Protection 296 Petroleum ether, 120
Standard, 110, 178, 179, 180, Particulates, 49, 57, 79-80, 144, Pets, 16
270 176, 179, 181, 221, 231, 235, Phenol, 58, 61, 139, 202, 204, 303,
Osmium tetroxide, 60, 260, CD 236, 237, 239, 243-244, 254 CD
Ovens (see also Nanomaterials; Phorbol esters, 64
drying samples, 156-157 Powders and dusts) Phosgene, 57, 60, 85-86, 239, 260,
general precautions, 156-157 Pentanes, 67, 72, 120 303, CD
microwave, 141, 159 Peracetic acid, 303, CD Phosphate buffer, 54
Oxidants and oxidation (see also Perchlorates, 69, 70, 71, 74, 98, 99, Phosphine, 139, 141
specific compounds) 130, 131, 139, 254 Phosphorus, 61, 69, 81, 90, 96, 139,
acids, 69, 73, 96, 98, 120, 128- Perchloric acid, 69, 71, 73, 96, 100, 203, CD
129, 131, 138, 188 129, 131, 139, 224, 226, 233- Phosphorus pentachloride, 70
adsorbents, 236 234, 240, 242, 254, CD Phosphorus pentoxide, 61, 136
corrosive, 61, 121, 138 Permanganates, 69, 73, 98, 99, 130, Phosphorus trichloride, 139
fire hazard, 34, 69, 70, 128-129, 139, 210, 236 Physical hazards (see also specific
141 Permissible exposure limits hazards)
gases, 50, 69, 70, 120-121, 135, (PELs), 60, 268, 269, 273, 274, compressed gases, 74, 291
137, 141, 169, 170, 291 292, 294, 295, 297 cryogens (nonflammable), 74
incompatibilities, 70, 73, 139, Peroxides and peroxidizables (see electrocution, 76
140 also specific compounds) ergonomic, 77
liquids, 69 acids, 72, 134, 139 high-pressure reactions, 74
metal oxidants, 57, 70, 86, 141 containers, 21, 69, 133, 134 information sources, 48
nonoxygen examples, 69 detection tests, 134 magnetic fields, 76
reactivity, 70, 130, 131, 139, 140 dilution, 133, 134 radio frequency and
solids, 69 distillation, 72, 134, 136 microwaves, 75-76
spills and leaks, 120-121 explosives, 19, 72-73, 133-135 sharp edges, 76-77
storage, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 140, metal peroxides, 71, 73, 130-131 slips, trips, and falls, 77
170 organic peroxides, 50, 70, 72, ultraviolet, visible, and
waste, 187, 188, 195, 204, 205, 73, 100-101, 130-131, 133- infrared radiation, 75
208 135, 189, 210, 290, 291 vacuum work, 74-75
Oxygen, 62, 65, 66, 67, 135, CD peroxidizable compounds, 134 Pipets and pipetting, 77, 110, 126,
cylinders/tanks, 139, 163, 169 precautions for handling, 127, 206, 252
depletion, 163, 173, 179, 245 133-134 Planning (see Chemical Hygiene
gas/atmospheric, 70, 72, 73, 78, reducing agents for, 134 Plans; Emergency action
129, 134, 135 storage, 21, 72, 100, 133-134 plan; Emergency response;
isotopes, 203 waste disposal, 134-135, 187, Experiment planning)
leak testing, 169 188-189, 190, 210 Plastic equipment and containers,
liquefied, 69, 74, 135, 172, 173 Personal protective equipment 76, 88, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 112,
monitors, 163, 173, 245 (see also Clothing and 113, 114, 115, 120, 128, 129,
oil/lubricant reactivity, 139, protective apparel; Gloves 130, 144, 145, 149, 150, 156,
140, 165, 167, 169, 170 and hand protection; 168, 169, 172, 173, 174, 175,
scavenging/scavengers, 160 Goggles; Respirators) 191, 203, 224, 233, 234, 236,
Ozone, 57, 60, 69, 76, 139, 151, airborne contaminants, 127, 240, 243, 244, 245, 302, 303
271, 278, CD 144, 178-180 Platinum, 61, 130, 135, 139
corrosives, 171-172, 176 Polychlorinated biphenyls
eye protection, 26, 36, 75, 108, (PCBs), 187, 206, 270,
P
109, 124, 132, 144, 162, 176 275-276
Palladium on carbon, 139, 130, face protection, 26, 61, 108, 109, Polymerization, 70, 72, 73, 116,
CD 114, 131, 132, 138, 144, 162, 130, 292
Pandemic planning, 35 173, 174, 176 Polyols, 139
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333
INDEX
R
Potassium, 69, 70, 75, 130, 134, piping, tubing, and fittings,
140, CD 164, 166, 167, 168, 169
Radiation and radioactive
Potassium amide, 72 plastic equipment, 168
materials (see also
Potassium chloride, 195, 196 pressure gauges, 167
Multihazardous waste)
Potassium cyanide, CD records, inspection, and
absorbed dose, 81-82
Potassium hydride, 122, CD testing, 165, 167, 170-171
acids, 202, 203, 205
Potassium hydroxide, 120, 140, relief devices and regulators,
aerosols, 204, 208, 221
207, CD 166-167
biological materials, 207-208
Potassium iodide, 134, 188, 189 shielding, 166, 170, 172, 174,
clothing and PPE, 80, 127, 162
Potassium metals, 72, 122, 134, 175, 300
decay in storage, 203-204, 207,
178, 180 stuffing boxes and gland joints,
208, 278
Potassium permanganate, 73, 236 166
disposal, 202-205, 207-208
Potassium peroxides, 139 Teflon tape applications, 165,
filters, 236
Powders and dusts, 55, 57, 60, 73, 168
hazards, 75, 79-82
78, 112, 124, 130, 131, 136, valves, 166, 167, 168
procedures for working with,
145, 161, 177, 178, 179, 190, venting, 167
127
222, 231, 237, 244, 248, 254, warning signs, 166
shielding, 81, 82, 127, 203, 234
302 Principal investigators and
training requirements, 13
Preparation (see Emergency project managers, 3, 4, 6,
Radio frequency hazards, 75
preparedness; Experiment 19, 38, 251, 262 (see also
Raney nickel, 73, 130, 136, 139
planning; Procedures for Laboratory supervisor)
Reaction hazard index, 65
working with materials) Procedures for working
Reactivity (see also Explosive
Pressure control systems/devices with materials (see also
and highly reactive
air, 214, 219, 240 Experiment planning)
hazards; Incompatibility
clean rooms, 219, 243 biohazards, 126-127, 247-248
of chemicals; Pyrophorics;
compressed gas cylinders, 26, compressed gases, 140-141
Water reactivity; specific
164, 168, 169-170 equipment and glassware
compounds)
gauges, 88, 167, 172, 180, 243, maintenance, 114-115
in air, 70, 72, 87, 93, 125, 130,
249 explosive and highly reactive
134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140,
precautions, 166-167 materials, 130-140
141, 143, 160, 173
Pressure vessels and reactions flammable chemicals, 127-130
gases 57, 70, 133, 135, 140, 141
(see also Autoclaves and highly toxic substances,
glass, 137, 141
autoclaving; Compressed 122-125
hazards, 70
gases; Vacuum systems and housekeeping, 113-114
information sources, 52, 65, 304
operations) information sources, 48
pressure reactions, 166
and airborne contamination, minimizing exposure, 108-113,
storage hazards, 100-101
135 124-125
Receiving chemicals, 21, 79, 89-90,
assembly and operation, nanomaterials, 141-146
263, 278, 299
165-168 personal behavior, 108
Receiving rooms and loading
cleaning, 165 radioactive materials, 127
areas, 89-90, 240, 256
closed-system vessels, 166 storage of chemicals, 114
Recycling
compatibility of equipment transport of chemicals, 114
characterization of wastes for,
materials and fittings with Procurement (see Acquisition of
187, 190
chemicals, 166, 167, 169 chemicals)
containers, packaging, and
gas monitors and alarms, 168 Publicly owned treatment works
labware, 93-94, 191
glass equipment, 26, 74-75, 109, (POTW), 196, 202, 204, 278
energy reclamation, 195-196,
115, 131-132, 135, 149, 153, Pull stations, 121, 127
198
167, 170, 171-172, 174-175 Putrescible waste, 204, 206, 207,
general considerations, 92, 93,
headspace, 166 208
192, 194
for highly reactive materials, Pyridine, 72, 303, CD
information sources, 201
166 Pyrolysis, 73, 136
manufacturer and supplier role
maintenance, 167 Pyrophorics, 19, 34, 50, 69, 70, 74,
multihazardous waste, 201,
maximum allowable working 96, 100, 113, 128-129, 135-
202, 204, 205
pressure, 167 136, 141, 145, 159, 233, 291
nonhazardous solid waste, 192
OCR for page 334
334 INDEX
off-site, 93, 185, 186, 198 characteristic waste, 189-190 accidents, 5, 16, 19, 29, 30, 181,
regulations for chemical chemical hazardous waste, 281, 299
hazardous waste, 193-194, 189-191 supervisors, 15, 16, 17, 226, 301
195-196, 277, 300 Chemical Hygiene Plan, 3, 15, TSCA requirements, 279
solvents, 5-6, 84, 93, 185, 192 47, 269, 274, 275, 292-293, Reproductive toxins, 50, 52, 53,
Reducing agents, 69, 70, 73, 100, 295, 296 55, 56, 59, 62-63, 86, 97, 101,
130, 133, 138, 139-140, 170 chemicals used in laboratories, 274-275, 290, 291, 293
Refrigerators and refrigeration 270, 273 Resource Conservation and
access control, 123, 216 compliance monitoring, 3 Recovery Act (RCRA), 93,
alarms on, 216 compressed gases, 114, 164, 189, 190, 193, 194, 196, 201,
azo and peroxide storage, 72, 270, 290, 291 202, 209, 267, 271, 272, 276,
100, 133-134 containers, 21, 94, 103, 191, 194, 277-278
containers, 154 298, 301 Respirators
decommissioning, 253, 254 and culture of safety, 6 inspections, 180
defrosting and cleaning, 21, determining regulatory status procedures and training, 180
154 of waste, 190-191 types, 179
explosion-proof, 21, 153-154 electrical codes, 149, 150, 151, Respiratory tract, 57, 124, 166, 179
flammability hazards, 21, 152, 154 (see also Inhalation hazards)
153-154 emergency preparedness and Risk assessment (see also Hazard
food or beverages, 21, 153 response, 6, 272, 299 evaluation)
freezer space for samples, 37 employee information and aerosols, 55, 60, 80, 221
labeling of samples, 154 training, 6 airborne contaminants, 219
power loss, 40, 41, 76 empty containers, 191 biohazards, 13, 79, 80, 207, 221
safety precautions, 153 and experiment planning, carcinogens, 54, 55, 63-64
sharing between research 281-282 control banding, 64-65
groups, 216 federal processes, 267 existing control systems, 11
spark-proof, 154 fire codes, 11, 22, 27, 51, 89, explosivity, 70-74, 132
storage management, 97-98, 95, 98, 100, 113, 114, 128, flammability, 65-70
154 151, 154, 214, 216, 243, 270, information sources, 47-49
waste storage in, 207 272-273 review of, 12
Registry of Toxic Effects of limited waste, 190 toxicity, 54, 55, 58-60
Chemical Substances participation in regulatory Risk-Based Performance Standard
(RTECS), 59 processes, 267 (DHS), 262
Regulations and legislation (see PCBs, 275-276
also Occupational Safety penalties for violations, 6, 23,
S
and Health Administration; 267-268
OSHA standards; individual physical hazards, 6 Safety and emergency equipment
statutes) radioactive materials, 79, 127, (see also Fire safety
accident reporting and record 270, 276, 278 equipment)
keeping, 272, 281, 299 rationale for, 267 access to, 15, 27
acquisition of chemicals, 21, 22, relationships between automatic external
278, 299 regulations and standards, defibrillators, 180
acutely toxic substances, 274, 268-269 eyewash units and safety
275, 290, 293, 295, 301-302 risk-based performance showers, 15, 27, 28, 29, 34,
administration and supervision standards, 89, 259, 261, 270, 113, 117, 118, 121, 122, 125,
of laboratories, 279, 280, 281, 273 127, 128, 137, 176, 178, 180,
295 shipping, export, and import, 181, 217, 218, 273, 297, 299
biohazards, 79, 189, 270-271, 23, 271-272, 278-281 first aid, 15, 28, 36, 125, 137,
272, 276, 278, 280-281 state, 268 180
building codes, 11, 22, 27, 95, storage, 95 respirators, 178-180
98, 100, 215, 217, 218, 242, training in, 23 shields, 177
253, 272-273 waste management, 6, 271, spill control kits and cleanup,
carcinogens, 59, 63, 101, 273, 276-278 177
275, 290, 293, 302 Reporting storage and inspection, 180-181
academic laboratories, 3
OCR for page 335
335
INDEX
Safety committees, 12, 16-17, 23, safety shields, 74, 108, 172, Sodium bisulfate, 120, 136
24-25, 64, 276 176, 177, 187 (see also Face Sodium bisulfite, 134
Safety rules and policies shields) Sodium borohydride, 96
general guidelines, 15-17 Shipment and transport (see also Sodium carbonate, 120, 195
housekeeping practices, 19-20 Exports and imports) Sodium cyanide, 54, 56, 60, 260,
working alone, 17-18 in alcohol, 101 303, CD
Safety shields, 74, 108, 172, 176, biological materials, 101, 272, Sodium hydride, CD
177, 187 278, 280-281 Sodium hydrogen sulfide, 96
Scientists with disabilities, 6-7 carts, 23 Sodium hydroxide, 61, 96, 136,
Scrubbers, 236 chemicals, within U.S., 280 140, 190, 209, CD
Security (see Laboratory security) containment, 6, 23, 89, 90, 114, Sodium hypochlorate, 96
Security plans 125, 298 Sodium nitrite, 140
elements, 262-263 corrosives, 199 Sodium peroxide, 90
levels of security, 263-264 gas cylinders 111, 114, 168 Solvents (see also specific chemicals)
managing security, 264 information sources, 48 drying, 78, 140
training, 264 “materials of trade” filtration, 84
Seismic activity, 35, 36, 70, 95, 96, exemption, 102 flammable, 28, 120
97, 100, 168, 199 nanomaterials, 102-104, 280 green chemistry, 85-86
Select agents, 79, 270 regulations, 23, 271-272, organic compounds, 62, 70, 76,
Select carcinogens, 55, 59, 63-64, 278-281 93, 111, 112, 136, 138, 139,
86, 97, 274-275, 290, 291-292 training, 23 140, 151, 153, 157, 159, 177,
Sensitizers (see Allergens, waste, 87, 186-187, 193, 194, 188, 190, 196
sensitizers, and allergic 198, 199 recycling, 5-6, 84, 93, 185,
reactions) Signage and postings, 39, 250, 298 192
Service animals, 16, 218 Short-term exposure limits spills, 28, 120
Sewer discharges, 16, 35, 69, 85, (STELs), 51, 60, 269 stills, 93, 159-160
134, 145, 149, 153, 185, 186, Showers Southern Building Code Congress
192, 193, 195, 196, 202, 203, air, 244 International, Inc., 273 n.1
204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, safety, 15, 27, 28, 29, 34, 113, Spills and releases
222, 232, 276, 278, 300, 301 117, 118, 121, 122, 125, 127, absorbents, 28, 120, 125, 133,
Sharps 137, 176, 178, 180, 181, 217, 134, 145, 177, 302
disposal, 58, 111, 114, 206-207 218, 273, 297, 299 acids, 28, 120
hazards, 76-77 Silver and silver compounds, 166, alarms, 35, 82, 124
Shelf life and expiration dates, 167, CD alkalis and bases, 120
21, 22, 92, 100, 101, 112, 125, Skin contact and effects cleanup, 28-29, 120, 280-281
132, 134, 138, 261 absorption of toxins, 55, 58, 60, containment, 120
Shielding 62, 124, 139, 166, 179 debris management, 120
bench shields, 132 airborne contaminants, 179 disposal, 28
blast/explosion, 109, 110, 130, cold and cryogenic substances, emergency planning and
131, 161, 174 119 response, 28-29, 35, 118, 120,
chemical hoods, 131-132, 160, corrosives, 58, 61, 111, 135, 141, 121, 280-281
177, 187 190 environmental releases, 28
full-face, 26, 61, 108, 109, 114, emergency response, 118 flammable solvents, 28, 120
131, 132, 138, 144, 162, 173, minimizing, 111-113 highly toxic substances, 29,
174, 176 toxic chemicals, 58 120, 273
glass materials, 177, 225, 229, Slips and falls, 77, 164 information sources, 28
248 Slot hoods, 220, 237, 238 low-flammability and low-
for magnetic fields, 76 Snorkels, 143, 220-221, 226, 237, toxicity materials, 28
microwave or radio frequency 238, 240, 241, 250, 251, 298 mercury, 121
emissions, 162 Sodium, 69, 70, 75, 122, 130, 137, policy, 28-29
pressure/vacuum reactions, 139, 140, 159, 178, CD regulations, 281-282
166, 170, 172, 174, 175, 300 Sodium amide, 72, 140 reporting, 28, 29, 281
radiation, 81, 82, 127, 203, 234 Sodium azide, 61, 136, 260, 303, Standards Completion Program,
rotating equipment, 160, 162, CD 52
163 Sodium bicarbonate, 120, 177
OCR for page 336
336 INDEX
Standards for Protection Against Sulfur, 73, 81, 121, 131, 136, 203, exposure routes, 57-58
Radiation (USNRC), 79, 127, 209 gases, 57, 85, 122, 140, 172, 190,
270, 276 Sulfur dioxide, 96, 170, 303, CD 261, 275
Static electric discharges, 22, 23, Sulfuric acid, 61, 69, 73, 96, 120, hazard evaluation, 53-65
69, 113, 128, 129, 132, 168, 139-140, CD information sources, 48, 52
170, 176 Suppression of aerosols, 114, 124, minimizing exposure, 124-125
Stoppers, 133, 154 126, 208, 236, 240, 244, 301, planning experiments, 122-123
Storage (see also Refrigerators and 302-303 protocols, 123
refrigeration) Survival kit, 36 risk assessment, 55, 58-60
access control, 21, 22 storage, 101, 125
acids, 20, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, target organs, 63
T
125 types, 60-65
biosafety cabinets, 75, 80, 126, Teachers and instructors, 3-4 waste disposal, 125
143, 220, 221, 231, 236, 244, Teaching laboratories (see TOXLINE, 53
245-248, 251 Academic laboratories) TOXNET, 52, 53, 63
carcinogens, 97, 101 Technology advances, and culture Tracer gases, 221
chemical storage cabinets, 22 of safety, 5 Training (see Education and
clothing and PPE, 113, 175 Temperature sensors and smoke training in safety practices)
cold storage, 21, 97-98 detectors, 100, 178, 249 Transfer and exchange of
compatibility, 21, 22, 27, 96-97 Teratogens, 52, 62, 275, 291 (see chemicals
compressed gas cylinders, 26, also Developmental toxicity; between containers, 23, 84,
35, 90, 96, 100, 111, 114, 154, Reproductive toxins) 87, 94, 104, 113, 123, 125,
164, 166, 168, 170 Testing 240-241
containers, 35, 73, 77, 89, 94, 95, with acids, 188, 189 compressed gases, 166
96, 97, 98-99, 100, 113, 114, alarm systems, 43, 193, 245, nanomaterials, 103-104
125, 129, 133, 137, 154, 191, 249, 250 Transport (see Shipment and
192, 302 Tetrahydrofuran, 28, 67, 72, 96, transport)
controlled substances. 95 120, 134, 136, 138, 160, CD Trifluoroacetic acid, CD
corrosives, 97, 100, 166, 192, Thermometers, 17, 87-88, 157 Trimethylaluminum, CD
221 Titanium, 73, 136 Trimethyltin chloride, CD
cyanides, 22 Titanium dioxide, 49, 78-79, 141 Tubing, 17-18, 76, 115, 128, 137,
dating, 21 Toluene, 67, 85, 86, 93, 96, 133, 149, 154, 156, 164, 165-166,
experiment planning, 125 140, 202, 203, CD 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 175,
flammable and combustible Toluene diisocyanate, 61, CD 176, 237, 239 (see also Hoses)
liquids, 22, 98-99 Toxic Substances Control Act
gas cylinders, 100 (TSCA), 279-280
U
general considerations, 95-96, Toxins and toxicity (see also
114 Acute toxicity; Allergens, ULPA (ultra-low penetration air)
in glass, 73, 94, 99, 100, 129, sensitizers, and allegic filters, 236, 248
133, 137, 154, 191, 192, 302 reactions; Asphyxiants and Ultrasonic equipment, 85, 86, 149,
highly toxic substances, 22, 97, asphyxiation; Carcinogens; 161
101, 125 Chronic toxicity and health Ultraviolet peroxidation, 203,
inappropriate places, 21 affects; Corrosives and 208
information sources, 48 corrosivity; Developmental Ultraviolet radiation, 72, 75, 76,
inspection, 27 toxicity; Exposure; Irritants; 109, 139, 151, 162, 176
labeling, 21, 51, 94, 154 Neurotoxicity; Reproductive Unattended experiments, 34, 39,
odiferous materials, 22 toxins) 40, 41, 42, 116, 124, 128, 149,
peroxides, 21, 72, 100, 133-134 access control, 123-124 151, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160,
reactive substances, 100-101 compressed gases, 96, 121 161, 170, 301
regulations, 95 designated areas, 123 Unconscious victims, 119
rooms, 22 dose-response relationship, Uniform Fire Code, 270
shelving, 21 54-56 Uniform Hazardous Waste
size of containers, 99 duration and frequency of Manifest, 199, 200
sprinkler head distance, 21 exposure, 56 United Nations
ventilation, 22 emergency planning, 125 Environment Programme, 51
OCR for page 337
337
INDEX
Recommendations on the engineering controls for wastes, 153, 174, 190, 191,
Transport of Dangerous personal protection, 220 192, 199, 209
Goods, 49 exhaust systems, 241-243 cost-effectiveness, 5-6
Sub-Committee of Experts on goals performance and culture of safety, 5-6
the Transport of Dangerous measurement, 250-251 experiment planning, 125
Goods, 49 information sources, 253 filter disposal, 107, 191, 192
Unused and excess material, 73, inspection, 250 highly toxic materials, 125
86, 87, 114, 133, 185, 192 maintenance, 248-249, 250 information sources, 48
management program, 249-251 landfill disposal, 185, 190, 193,
monitoring systems, 252 194, 195, 196, 197, 300
V
retrocommissioning, 252 packaging and shipment, 87,
Vacuum cleaners, 121, 145, risk assessment, 219-221 186-187, 193, 194, 198, 199
302-303 supply systems, 179, 180-181, radioactive waste, 202-205, 208,
Vacuum systems and operations 217, 222, 226, 227, 241 278
assembly of apparatus, 175 sustainability considerations, reduction/minimization, 5,
desiccators, 175 251-253 6, 85, 86, 108, 195, 201, 202,
Dewar flasks, 174-175 training program, 250 203, 207, 277
glass vessels, 26, 74-75, 109, Venting (see also Exhaust systems) regulations, 271, 276-278
115, 131-132, 135, 149, 153, gas cylinders, 168, 170 sewer discharges, 16, 35, 69, 85,
167, 170, 171-172, 174-175 Vinyl acetylene, 71 134, 145, 149, 153, 185, 186,
hazards, 74-75 Visible radiation, 75 192, 193, 195, 196, 202, 203,
pumps, 153 Visitors, 15, 16, 35 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210,
rotary evaporators, 175 222, 232, 276, 278, 300, 301
spill cleanup, 121 sharps, 77, 114, 115, 203, 205
W
Valves, gas cylinders, 168, 169 source reduction, 5, 122, 185,
Vapor pressure, 56, 57, 65, 122, Waste management (see also 195, 201, 202
128, 164, 219, 220, 290 Characterization of waste; treatment (laboratory-scale)
Variable autotransformers, 151, Chemical hazardous waste; of surplus and waste
154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 170 Multihazardous waste) chemicals, 209-210
Vehicular accidents, 102, 193 absorbents, 193, 203, 204 Water reactivity
Ventilated balance enclosures, academic laboratories, 3 hazardous materials, 70
220, 238 administration and Weather, severe, 34-35
Ventilation and environmental supervision, 209, 302 Windows, 132, 258
control systems (see also air emissions, 278 Working alone, 15, 17-18, 116, 120,
Chemical hoods; Exhaust biohazards, 87, 108, 127, 185, 122, 301
systems) 187, 189, 195, 201, 202, 205- World Health Organization, 51,
and airborne contaminants, 208, 278 76
219, 221, 241, 251, 296, 298 commingling of waste, 191,
code requirements, 253 193, 194, 198, 203
X
choosing, 253 containers, 23, 58, 87, 93, 110,
commissioning, 251 111, 114, 120, 125, 127, 144, Xylene, 62, 67, 85, 93, 190, 203
constant air volume systems, 145, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195,
241 198, 199, 206-207, 209
Z
containers, 139-140 corrosives, 113, 118, 144, 302
design criteria, 249-250 Zirconium, 73, 136
OCR for page 338
