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References Addington, L. A. (2003). Students’ fear after Columbine: Findings from a random- ized experiment. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 19(4), 367–387. Addington, L. A. (2007a). Hot vs. cold cases: Examining time to clearance for homicides using NIBRS data. Justice Research and Policy 9(2), 87–112. Addington, L. A. (2007b). Using NIBRS to study methodological sources of diver- gence between the UCR and NCVS. See Lynch and Addington (2007), Chapter 8. Addington, L. A. and C. Rennison (2008). Rape co-occurrence: Do additional crimes affect victim reporting and police clearance of rape? Journal of Quantitative Criminology 24(2), 205–226. Barnett, C. (2000). The Measurement of White-Collar Crime Using Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Data. Unnumbered; NIBRS Publication Series. Clarksburg, WV: Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. Bauer, L. (2004, September). Local Law Enforcement Block Grant Program, 1996– 2004. NCJ 203096. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Baum, K. (2005, August). Juvenile Victimization and Offending, 1993–2003. NCJ 209468. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Baum, K. (2007, November). National Crime Victimization Survey: Identity Theft, 2005. NCJ 219411. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Baum, K., S. Catalano, M. R. Rand, and K. Rose (2009, January). National Crime Victimization Survey: Stalking Victimization in the United States. NCJ 24527. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Baumer, E. P. (2002). Neighborhood disadvantage and police notification by victims of violence. Criminology 40(3), 579–616. 297

298 JUSTICE STATISTICS Baumer, E. P., R. B. Felson, and S. Messner (2003). Changes in police notification for rape, 1973–2000. Criminology 41(3), 841–872. Baumer, E. P., J. Horney, R. B. Felson, and J. L. Lauritsen (2003). Neighborhood disadvantage and the nature of violence. Criminology 41(1), 39–71. Beattie, R. H. (1959). Sources of statistics on crime and correction. Journal of the American Statistical Association 54(287), 582–592. Beck, A. J., D. B. Adams, and P. Guerino (2008, July). Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003: Sexual Victimization Reported by Juvenile Correctional Authorities, 2005– 06. NCJ 215337. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Beck, A. J. and P. M. Harrison (2007, December). Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003: Sexual Victimization in State and Federal Prisons Reported by Inmates, 2007. NCJ 219414. Individual pages marked as being revised in March and April, 2008. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Beck, A. J. and P. M. Harrison (2008, June). Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003: Sexual Victimization in Local Jails Reported by Inmates, 2007. NCJ 221946. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Beck, A. J. and T. A. Hughes (2005, July). Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003: Sexual Violence Reported by Correctional Authorities, 2004. NCJ 210333. Wash- ington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Beck, A. J. and L. M. Maruschak (2001, July). Mental Health Treatment in State Prisons, 2000. NCJ 188215. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Beck, A. J. and L. M. Maruschak (2004, April). Hepatitis Testing and Treatment in State Prisons. NCJ 199173C. Labeled “A Correction Reprint, October 2004: The original report contained data that a State subsequently changed.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Biderman, A. D. and A. J. Reiss (1967, November). On exploring the “dark figure” of crime. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 374, 1–15. Blumstein, A. and A. J. Beck (1999). Population growth in U.S. prisons, 1980–1996. Crime and Justice 26(17). Accessed by LexisNexis. Blumstein, A. and A. J. Beck (2005). Reentry as a transient state between liberty and recommitment. In J. Travis and C. Visher (Eds.), Prisoner Reentry and Crime in America. New York: Cambridge University Press. Bonczar, T. P. (2003, August). Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974–2001. NCJ 197976. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

REFERENCES 299 Bonczar, T. P. and A. J. Beck (1997). Lifetime Likelihood of Going to State or Federal Prison. NCJ 160092. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bridges, G. and R. D. Crutchfield (1988). Law, social standing, and racial disparities in imprisonment. Social Forces 66(3), 699–724. Brien, P. M. (2005, July). Improving Access to and Integrity of Criminal History Records. NCJ 200581. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Brown, J. M. and P. A. Langan (1999, July). Felony Sentences in the United States, 1996. NCJ 175045. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1995, January). National Conference on Criminal His- tory Records—Brady and Beyond: Proceedings of a BJS/SEARCH Group Confer- ence. NCJ 151263. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Jus- tice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1996). Murder Cases in 33 Large Urban Counties in the United States, 1988. Computer file. ICPSR 9907. Washington, DC, and Ann Arbor, MI: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics [producer] and Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1997a). Bureau of Justice Statistics Style Guide. Wash- ington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1997b, May). National Conference on Juvenile Justice Records: Appropriate Criminal and Noncriminal Justice Uses—Proceedings of a BJS/SEARCH Conference. NCJ 164269. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1997c). Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, 1995: United States. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. Department of Com- merce, Bureau of the Census. ICPSR 06846-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1998a, April). National Conference on Sex Offender Registries: Proceedings of a BJS/SEARCH Conference. NCJ 168965. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1998b). State and Federal Corrections Information Sys- tems: An Inventory of Data Elements and an Assessment of Reporting Capabili- ties. NCJ 170016. Joint project of Association of State Correctional Administra- tors, Corrections Program Office (Office of Justice Programs), Bureau of Justice Statistics, and National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

300 JUSTICE STATISTICS Bureau of Justice Statistics (2001, December). Use and Management of Criminal His- tory Record Information: A Comprehensive Report, 2001 Update. NCJ 187670. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2002). Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994: United States. Computer file. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, and Regional Justice Information Services Commission [producers]. ICPSR 03355-v5. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [dis- tributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2003a). Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies (CSLLEA), 2000: United States. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. De- partment of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. ICPSR 03484-v3. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and dis- tributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2003b, November). Compendium of State Security and Privacy Legislation: Overview 2002. NCJ 200030. Washington, DC: U.S. Depart- ment of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2003c). National Survey of DNA Crime Laboratories, 2001. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. ICPSR 03550. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2004a). Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities, 2000. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. ICPSR 04021. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2004b). Civil Justice Survey of State Courts, 2001: United States. Computer file. Conducted by National Center for State Courts. ICPSR 09357. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Re- search [producer and distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2004c, June 30). Data Collections for the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003. Status Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2004d, September). Law Enforcement Agency Identi- fiers Crosswalk [United States], 2000. Computer file. ICPSR 04082. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2005a, April). Bureau of Justice Statistics: Strategic Plan FY 2005–2008. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

REFERENCES 301 Bureau of Justice Statistics (2005b). Census of Publicly Funded Forensic Crime Labo- ratories, 2002. Computer file. Conducted by the University of Illinois at Chicago. ICPSR 04287-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2006a, December). Compendium of Federal Justice Statis- tics, 2004. NCJ 213476. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2006b, December). Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2005—Statistical Tables. NCJ 215244. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2006c). Law Enforcement Management and Admin- istrative Statistics (LEMAS): 2003 Sample Survey of Law Enforcement Agencies. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Cen- sus [producer]. ICPSR 04411-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2006d). Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 2002: United States. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. ICPSR 04359-v2. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2007a, August). 2005 Justice System Expenditure and Employment Extracts program. NCJ 219370. Published as comma-delimited spreadsheet and explanatory text files at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/sheets/ cjee05.zip. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2007b). Annual Survey of Jails: Jurisdiction-Level Data, 2006. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. ICPSR 20368-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2007c). Capital Punishment in the United States, 1973– 2005. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. ICPSR 20580-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2007d). National Corrections Reporting Program, 2003: United States. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bu- reau of the Census. ICPSR 20741-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2007e). National Judicial Reporting Program, 2004: United States. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bu- reau of the Census. ICPSR 20760-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

302 JUSTICE STATISTICS Bureau of Justice Statistics (2007f). National Prosecutors Survey, 2005. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. ICPSR 04600-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2007g). State Court Processing Statistics, 1990–2004: Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties. Computer file. Conducted by Pre- trial Justice Institute (formerly, the Pretrial Services Resource Center) [producer]. ICPSR 02038-v3. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2007h). Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Cor- rectional Facilities, 2004. Computer file. ICPSR 04572-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter- university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2008a, July). Background Checks for Firearm Transfers, 2007—Statistical Tables. NCJ 223197. Electronic-only set of tables. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2008b). Census of Publicly Funded Forensic Crime Lab- oratories, 2002 and 2005. Computer file. Conducted by the University of Illinois at Chicago and Sam Houston State University. ICPSR 23120-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2008c, August). Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2006—Statistical Tables. NCJ 223436. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2008d, August 4). National Crime Victimization Survey, 2006 [Record-Type Files]. Computer file. ICPSR 22560-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter- university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2008e). National Crime Victimization Survey: School Crime Supplement, 2005. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. Department of Com- merce, Bureau of the Census. ICPSR 04429-v2. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2008f). State Justice Statistics Program for Statistical Analysis Centers, 2008. Solicitation 2008-BJS-1747. Burton, S. E., M. Finn, D. Livingston, K. Scully, W. D. Bales, and K. Padgett (2004). Applying a crime seriousness scale to measure changes in the severity of offenses by individuals arrested in Florida. Justice Research and Policy 6(1), 1–18. Butterfield, F. (2002, September 22). Some experts fear political influence on crime data agencies. New York Times, 33. Cahalan, M. W. (1986, December). Historical Corrections Statistics in the United States, 1850–1984. NCJ 102529. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

REFERENCES 303 Cantor, D. and J. P. Lynch (2000). Self-report surveys as measures of crime and criminal victimization. See National Institute of Justice (2000), pp. 85–138. Caulkins, J. P. (2000). Measurement and analysis of drug problems and drug control efforts. See National Institute of Justice (2000), pp. 391–449. Caulkins, J. P., P. Ebener, and D. F. McCaffrey (1995). Describing DAWN’s domin- ion. Contemporary Drug Problems 22, 547–567. Chiricos, T. G. and M. A. Delone (1992). Labor surplus and punishment: A review and assessment of theory and evidence. Social Problems 39, 421–446. Cohen, T. H. (2004, November). Tort Trials and Verdicts in Large Counties, 2001. NCJ 206240. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Cohen, T. H. (2005a, January). Contract Trials and Verdicts in Large Counties, 2001. NCJ 207388. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Cohen, T. H. (2005b, March). Punitive Damage Awards in Large Counties, 2001. NCJ 208445. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Cohen, T. H. (2006). Appeals from General Civil Trials in 46 Large Counties, 2001– 2005. NCJ 212979. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Cohen, T. H. and K. A. Hughes (2007, March). Medical Malpractice Insurance Claims in Seven States, 2000–2004. NCJ 216339. Washington, DC: U.S. De- partment of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Cohen, T. H. and B. A. Reaves (2006, February). Felony Defendants in Large Ur- ban Counties, 2002. NCJ 210818. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Cohen, T. H. and B. A. Reaves (2007, November). State Court Processing Statistics, 1990–2004: Pretrial Release of Felony Defendants in State Courts. NCJ 214994. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Cohen, T. H. and S. K. Smith (2004). Research note: Examining civil trial litigation in state courts. Justice Research and Policy 6(2), 79–98. Consortium of Social Science Associations (2002, February 10). Justice research and statistics agencies face competitive sourcing. COSSA Washington Update 22(3), 5. Consortium of Social Science Associations (2007, July 24). House says NCVS ‘a critical source;’ huge ‘senate’ cut for BJS ‘a misprint’. COSSA Washington Up- date 26(14), 3.

304 JUSTICE STATISTICS Cook, P. J. (1985). The case of the missing victims: Gunshot woundings in the National Crime Survey. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 1(1), 91–102. Cook, P. J. (1991). The technology of personal violence. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and Justice: An Annual Review, Volume 14, pp. 1–71. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Corlew, K. R. (2006). Congress attempts to shine a light on a dark problem: An in-depth look at the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003. American Journal of Criminal Law 33(157), Accessed by LexisNexis. Court Statistics Project (2006). State Court Caseload Statistics, 2006. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts. Cowan, C. D., L. R. Murphy, and J. Wiener (1984). Effects of supplemental ques- tions on victimization estimates. See Lehnen and Skogan (1984), pp. 69–73. Dantzler, M. L. (2008, September). NASS/NASDA orientation. Presentation to 2008 National Association of State Departments of Agriculture Annual Meeting. Dawson, J. M. and B. Boland (1993, May). Murder in Large Urban Counties, 1988. NCJ 140614. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Dawson, J. M. and P. A. Langan (1994, July). Murder in Families. NCJ 143498. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. DeFrances, C. J. (2001, September). State-Funded Indigent Defense Services, 1999. NCJ 188464. Revised October 1, 2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. DeFrances, C. J. and M. F. Litras (2000, November). Indigent Defense Services in Large Counties, 1999. NCJ 184932. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. DeFrances, C. J. and K. J. Strom (1997, March). National Survey of Prosecutors, 1994: Juveniles Prosecuted in State Criminal Courts. NCJ 164265. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Dinkes, R., E. F. Cataldi, W. Lin-Kelly, and T. D. Snyder (2007, December). Indica- tors of School Crime and Safety: 2007. NCES 2008-021; NCJ 219553. Washing- ton, DC: U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Dorsey, T. L., M. W. Zawitz, and P. Middleton (2004, April). Drugs and Crime Facts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Dugan, L. (1999). The effect of criminal victimization on a household’s moving decision. Criminology 37(4), 903–930.

REFERENCES 305 Duhart, D. T. (2000, October). Urban, Suburban, and Rural Victimization, 1993– 98. NCJ 182031. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Duhart, D. T. (2001, December). Violence in the Workplace, 1993–99. NCJ 190076. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Dumond, R. W. (2006). Symposium: The impact of prisoner sexual violence: Chal- lenges of implementing Public Law 109-79 the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003. Journal of Legislation 32(142). Accessed by LexisNexis. Durose, M. R. and P. A. Langan (2007, July). National Judicial Reporting Program: Felony Sentences in State Courts, 2004. NCJ 215656. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Durose, M. R., E. L. Schmitt, and P. A. Langan (2005, April). Contacts Between Police and the Public: Findings from the 2002 National Survey. NCJ 207845. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Durose, M. R., E. L. Smith, and P. A. Langan (2007, April). Contacts Between Police and the Public, 2005. NCJ 215243. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Eggen, D. (2005, August 25). Official in racial profiling study demoted; Justice De- partment denies political pressure; lawmaker demands investigation. Washington Post, A7. Eisenberg, T. (2008, February 12). The need for a national civil justice survey of incidence and claiming behavior. Paper prepared for Council of Professional As- sociations on Federal Statistics/Bureau of Justice Statistics Data Users’ Workshop. Engel, R. S. (2005). Citizens’ perceptions of distributive and procedural injustice dur- ing traffic stops with police. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 42(4), 445–481. Engel, R. S. and J. M. Calnon (2004). Examining the influence of drivers’ charac- teristics during traffic stops with police: Results from a national survey. Justice Quarterly 21(1), 49–90. Faggiani, D. (2007). Introduction: Special issue on research using the National Incident-Based Reporting System. Justice Research and Policy 9(2), 1–7. Federal Bureau of Investigation (1989). White Collar Crime: A Report to the Public. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Federal Bureau of Investigation (2004a). Federal Bureau of Investigation Strategic Plan 2004–2009. Document posted online at http://www.fbi.gov/publications/ strategicplan/strategicplanfull.pdf; undated, but assumed to be 2004. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

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316 JUSTICE STATISTICS Reaves, B. A. (2006, July). Violent Felons in Large Urban Counties. NCJ 205289. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Reaves, B. A. (2007, June). Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2004. NCJ 212749. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Reaves, B. A. (2008, February). Campus Law Enforcement, 2004–05. NCJ 219374. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Reaves, B. A. and M. J. Hickman (2002a, October). Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000. NCJ 194066, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Reaves, B. A. and M. J. Hickman (2002b, May). Police Departments in Large Cities, 1990–2000. NCJ 175703. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Reaves, B. J. and M. J. Hickman (2004, March). Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 2000: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with 100 or More Officers. NCJ 203350. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Regional Justice Information Service (2006, November). Survey of State Procedures Related to Firearm Transfers, 2005. NCJ 214645. Washington, DC: U.S. Depart- ment of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Rennison, C. M. (2001, October). Intimate Partner Violence and Age of Victim, 1993–99. NCJ 187635. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Rennison, C. M. (2002a, April). Hispanic Victims of Violent Crime, 1993–2000. NCJ 191208. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Rennison, C. M. (2002b, August). Rape and Sexual Assault: Reporting to Police and Medical Attention, 1992–2000. NCJ 194530. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Rosenfeld, R. (2007). Transfer the Uniform Crime Reporting program from the FBI to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Criminology and Public Policy 6(4), 825–833. Rottman, D. B. and S. M. Strickland (2006, August). State Court Organization, 2004. NCJ 212351. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Sabol, W. J., W. P. Adams, B. Parthasarathy, and Y. Yuan (2000, September). Offend- ers Returning to Federal Prison, 1986–97. NCJ 182991. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Sabol, W. J. and H. Couture (2008, June). Prison Inmates at Midyear 2007. NCJ 221944. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

REFERENCES 317 Sabol, W. J., H. Couture, and P. M. Harrison (2007, December). Prisoners in 2006. NCJ 219416. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Sabol, W. J., T. D. Minton, and P. M. Harrison (2007, June). Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2006. Revised March 12, 2008. NCJ 217675. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Scalia, J. (1996, August). Noncitizens in the Federal Criminal Justice System, 1984– 94. NCJ 160934. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Scalia, J. (1999, February). Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996. NCJ 168635. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statis- tics. Scalia, J. (2000, June). Federal Firearm Offenders, 1992–98. NCJ 180795. Revised July 17, 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Scalia, J. (2001, August). Federal Drug Offenders, 1999; With Trends 1984–99. NCJ 187285. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Sedgwick, J. L. (2006, September). Bureau of Justice Statistics: environment, constraints and initiatives. The Forum (Justice Research and Statistics Associa- tion) 24(3), 1,6–7. Transcript of remarks to Justice Research and Statistics Execu- tive Board, May 22, 2006. Sedgwick, J. L. (2008). Letter to JRSA members from Jeffrey Sedgwick. JRSA Forum: Newsletter of the Justice Research and Statistics Association 26(3), 2. Sedgwick, J. L. and G. F. Ramker (2007). BJS provides update on projects and priorities. JRSA Forum: Newsletter of the Justice Research and Statistics Associa- tion 25(2), 3–4. Simon, T., J. Mercy, and C. Perkins (2001, June). Injuries from Violent Crime, 1992– 98. NCJ 168633. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice and U.S. Depart- ment of Health and Human Services. Smith, S. K. and C. J. DeFrances (1996, February). Indigent Defense. NCJ 158909. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Smith, S. K., G. W. Steadman, T. D. Minton, and M. Townsend (1999, May). Crim- inal Victimization and Perceptions of Community Safety in 12 Cities, 1998. NCJ 173940. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics and Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Snell, T. L. (2006, December). Capital Punishment, 2005. NCJ 215083. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

318 JUSTICE STATISTICS Snell, T. L. (2007, December). Capital Punishment, 2006—Statistical Tables. NCJ 220219. Web-only publication and set of spreadsheets; http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ bjs/pub/html/cp/2006/cp06st.htm. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Snell, T. L. (2008, December). Capital Punishment, 2007—Statistical Tables. NCJ 224528. Web-only publication and set of spreadsheets; http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ bjs/pub/html/cp/2007/cp07st.htm. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Sniffen, M. J. (2005, August 24). Study: Blacks and Hispanics fare worse than whites during traffic stops. Associated Press story, accessed by LexisNexis. Snyder, H. N. and M. Sickmund (2006, March). Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs and Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Solomon, A. L., V. Kachnowski, and A. Bhati (2005). Does Parole Work? Analyzing the Impact of Postprison Supervision on Rearrest Outcomes. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Spencer, B. D. (1980). Benefit-Cost Analysis of Data Used to Allocate Funds. New York: Springer-Verlag. Steadman, G. W. (2002, January). Survey of DNA Crime Laboratories, 2001. NCJ 191191. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Stephan, J. J. (2001, August). Census of Jails, 1999. NCJ 186633. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Stephan, J. J. (2008, October). Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2005. NCJ 222182. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Strom, K. J. (2000, February). Profile of State Prisoners Under Age 18, 1985–97. NCJ 176989. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Strom, K. J., S. K. Smith, and H. N. Snyder (1998, September). Juvenile Felony Defendants in Criminal Courts. NCJ 165815. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Struckman-Johnson, C., D. Struckman-Johnson, L. Rucker, K. Bumby, and S. Don- aldson (1996). Sexual coercion reported by men and women in prison. Journal of Sex Research 33(1), 67–76. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2002, August). Drug Abuse Warning Network: Development of a New Design (Methodology Report). DAWN Series M-4, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 02-3754. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

REFERENCES 319 Supreme Court of Nevada (2007, March). Report to the 74th Regular Session of the Nevada State Legislature, 2007, Regarding the Creation of the Nevada Court of Appeals. Carson City, NV: Supreme Court of Nevada. Tennessee Tribune (2005, September 1). Justice Department should reward, not de- mote official [editorial]. Tennessee Tribune, A5. Travis, J. (2008, November 11). Open letter to the American Society of Criminology. Posted to John Jay College of Criminal Justice website at http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/ 1918.php and http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/web_images/pres_letter.pdf. Travis, J. and C. Visher (2005). Prisoner Reentry and Crime in America. New York: Oxford University Press. Uchida, C., C. Bridgeforth, and C. Wellford (1984). Law enforcement statistics: The state of the art. Unpublished manuscript, Institute of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of Maryland. U.S. Census Bureau (2003). National Crime Victimization Survey: Interviewing Man- ual for Field Representatives. NCVS-550. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Census Bureau, Demographic Surveys Division (2007, January). Survey Ab- stracts. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary Education (2005, June). The Handbook for Campus Crime Reporting. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. U.S. Department of Justice (1998, March). Comparing Case Processing Statistics. NCJ 160274. Joint statement of Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys, Federal Bureau of Prisons, and U.S. Sentencing Commission. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (2004, October). Department of Justice: The Nation’s Two Crime Measures. NCJ 122705. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice, Criminal Division, Fraud Section (2006, May). Ques- tionnaire on fraud and the criminal misuse and falsification of identity (iden- tity fraud): Response of the United States delegation to the Intergovernmental Expert Group. Response to questionnaire issued by the United Nations Crime Commission Intergovernmental Expert Group on Fraud and the Criminal Misuse and Falsification of Identity. Posted at http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fraud/docs/ 05-06questionnaire.pdf. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (2006, August 28). Office of Justice Programs Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years 2007–2012. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

320 JUSTICE STATISTICS U.S. General Accounting Office (2004, February). National Criminal History Im- provement Program: Federal Grants Have Contributed to Progress. GAO-04-364. Washington: U.S. General Accounting Office. U.S. Government Accountability Office (2007, March). Bureau of Justice Statistics: Quality Guidelines Generally Followed for Police-Public Contact Surveys, but Op- portunities Exist to Help Assure Agency Independence. GAO-07-340. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary (1991). Oversight Hear- ings on Emerging Criminal Justice Issues. Serial No. 126. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, March 27, April 19, July 23, and August 15, 1990. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary (2003). Prison Rape Reduction Act of 2003. Number Serial No. 36, 86-706 PDF. Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security, 108th Congress, First Session, on H.R. 1707, April 29, 2003. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Office of Management and Budget (2007). Statistical Programs of the United States Government: Fiscal Year 2008. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Useem, B., A. M. Piehl, and R. V. Liedka (2001). The crime control effect of incar- ceration: Reconsidering the evidence. Final Report to the National Institute of Justice. Wainer, H. (1996). Depicting error. American Statistician 50(2), 101–111. Weisburd, D., S. D. Mastrofski, R. Greenspan, and J. J. Willis (2004, April). The Growth of COMPSTAT in American Policing. Washington, DC: Police Foundation. Weisburd, D., S. D. Mastrofski, A. M. McNally, R. Greenspan, and J. J. Willis (2003). Reforming to preserve: COMPSTAT and strategic problem solving in American policing. Criminology and Public Policy 2(3), 421–455. Western, B. (2006). Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Western, B., M. Kleykamp, and J. Rosenfeld (2006). Did falling wages and employ- ment increase U.S. imprisonment? Social Forces 84, 2291–2312. Wildeman, C. (2009). Parental imprisonment, the prison boom and the concentra- tion of childhood disadvantage. Demography 46(1), 265—280. Willis, J. J., S. D. Mastrofski, and D. Weisburd (2003). COMPSTAT in Practice: An In-Depth Analysis of Three Cities. Police Foundation Report. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.

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The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) of the U.S. Department of Justice is one of the smallest of the U.S. principal statistical agencies but shoulders one of the most expansive and detailed legal mandates among those agencies. Ensuring the Quality, Credibility, and Relevance of U.S. Justice Statistics examines the full range of BJS programs and suggests priorities for data collection.

BJS's data collection portfolio is a solid body of work, well justified by public information needs or legal requirements and a commendable effort to meet its broad mandate given less-than-commensurate fiscal resources. The book identifies some major gaps in the substantive coverage of BJS data, but notes that filling those gaps would require increased and sustained support in terms of staff and fiscal resources.

In suggesting strategic goals for BJS, the book argues that the bureau's foremost goal should be to establish and maintain a strong position of independence. To avoid structural or political interference in BJS work, the report suggests changing the administrative placement of BJS within the Justice Department and making the BJS directorship a fixed-term appointment.

In its thirtieth year, BJS can look back on a solid body of accomplishment; this book suggests further directions for improvement to give the nation the justice statistics--and the BJS--that it deserves.

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