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ARTHUR SCOTT LODGE
1922–2005
Elected in 1992
“For outstanding monographs and major developments in
continuum mechanics, molecular theories of polymer flow, and
high-precision measurement of rheological properties.”
BY R. BYRON BIRD, A. JEFFREY GIACOMIN,
AND DAVID S. MALKUS
A RTHUR SCOTT LODGE was born on November 20, 1922,
in Liverpool, United Kingdom, and spent his childhood there.
From 1941 to 1948, he attended Oxford University, where he
earned his B.A. in mathematics and his M.A. and D.Phil. in
theoretical nuclear physics. He subsequently did experimental
work with radar for the Admiralty at the Clarendon
Laboratory.
Arthur spent one year (1945–1946) working in the theoretical
physics section of the Atomic Energy Division of the National
Research Council in Montréal, Canada. This was followed
by 12 years at the British Rayon Research Association in
Manchester, UK, initially with Karl Weissenberg. Arthur had
been introduced to Dr. Weissenberg by his thesis adviser,
Professor Maurice Pryce, for which Arthur had been grateful;
the introduction enabled him to enter the field of rheology
when it was just beginning to blossom—the field he pursued
throughout his research and teaching career.
From 1961 to 1968, Arthur held a lectureship in the
Department of Mathematics at the University of Manchester
Institute of Science and Technology. During those years, he
took time out (1965–1966) to lecture and conduct research
at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. This resulted in
his being invited to return to Madison in 1968 as professor
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136 MEMORIAL TRIBUTES
of rheology in the Department of Engineering Mechanics, a
position he held until he retired in 1991. From 1969 until 1991,
he was founding chairman of the Rheology Research Center
Executive Committee at the University of Wisconsin. Even in
retirement, he continued to participate in the Friday seminars at
the center. Overall, at Manchester and at Wisconsin, he directed
the research of 18 graduate students.
Arthur was invited to the University of Wisconsin in
response to his first book, Elastic Liquids (Academic Press, 1964;
Russian edition, 1969; Japanese edition, 1975). In the opinion of
Professor R. Byron Bird, this was the first book on rheology that
clarified the structure of the subject and established the aims
of the discipline. In addition, the “Lodge rubberlike liquid”
constitutive equation was introduced and used to solve a wide
variety of flow problems. This equation explained everything
that could be reliably measured about the linear viscoelasticity
of polymeric liquids at that time and for years to come. The book
also included an exhaustive study of recoil and an explication
of how other more complicated constitutive equations could
be developed and tested.
In his second book, Body Tensor Fields in Continuum Mechanics,
with Applications to Polymer Rheology (Academic Press, 1974),
Arthur continued the development of the notion of “body tensors”
and introduced techniques for solving classes of problems that
had proven difficult to solve. The body-tensor formalism is
closely related to the convected-component formalism of
J. G. Oldroyd (presented in 1950). Arthur had described the
relation between the two types of notation in 1951 and supplied
the proof in 1972.
In his next, modest book, An Introduction to Elastomer Molecular
Network Theory (Bannatek Press, 1999), Arthur presented
original ideas about the molecular foundations of elastomer
network theory. In the preface he stated: “The distinctive aim
of the present textbook is to develop these tools from first
principles, in as short, yet complete and self-contained, a form
as possible to allow one to illustrate their use by presenting the
assumptions and deriving the equations for the simplest form of
the molecular network theory of elastomer elasticity.” By “these
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ARTHUR SCOTT LODGE
tools,” he meant vector and tensor analysis, thermodynamics,
and statistical mechanics. In this book, he went out of his way
to define all terms and to choose his words carefully. As he
liked to say, quoting Lewis Carroll (1872): “When I use a word,”
Humpty Dumpty said, in a rather scornful tone, “it means just
what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less.”
In addition to the three books described above, Arthur edited,
with Michael Renardy and John A. Nohel, Viscoelasticity and
Rheology (Academic Press, 1985).
A measure of Arthur Lodge’s influence on the field of
rheology is the number of terms that bear his name: the
Lodge rubberlike liquid; the Lodge network model; the Lodge
stressmeter; the Lodge-Meissner relation; the Higashitani-
Pritchard-Lodge equation (for the hole-pressure error); and
Lodge body tensors.
Arthur Lodge’s talents and scientific contributions have
been acknowledged in many ways: Fellow of the Institute
of Physics, London (UK); Bingham Medal, The Society of
Rheology; Visiting Professor, University of Stuttgart Institute of
Plastics Technology; Byron Bird Award, College of Engineering,
University of Wisconsin; “Citation Classic” for Elastic Liquids;
Gold Medal, British Society of Rheology; Olaf Hougen Visiting
Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University
of Wisconsin; and member of the National Academy of
Engineering.
Arthur was also involved in a variety of other activities. From
1970 on, he was a member of the Editorial Board of Rheologica
Acta, and from 1973 to 1984 he was a member of the Working
Party on “Structure and Properties of Commercial Polymers,”
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
Macromolecular Division. In 1981, he formed the Bannatek
Company, Inc., to manufacture “stressmeters” (USP 4,454,765,
4,141,252, 3,777,549), instruments used to monitor polymer
properties by cleverly using the normal stresses of the polymers.
The development of the stressmeter was a tribute to Arthur’s
skill as an experimentalist.
Most of Arthur’s friends have at one time or another been
victimized by his cleverly constructed, side-splitting limericks.
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138 MEMORIAL TRIBUTES
He was able to synthesize these literary gems in very short
order, much to the enjoyment of all. Arthur’s special hobby was
piano, particularly the works of Schubert and other romantic
composers. He also enjoyed playing chamber music and
frequently collaborated with other musicians.
Arthur maintained a Web page devoted to controversial
subjects. He particularly enjoyed challenging Darwin-like
theories. Other topics he discussed included comparisons of
science and religion, types of laboratory experiments, compost
temperatures, zero-recoil for the “tube type” of polymer kinetic
theories, and “unlikely events” theories.
Arthur and his wife, Helen, had three children: Keith
(a professor of chemical engineering at the University of
Minnesota-Duluth), Timothy (a professor of chemistry at the
University of Minnesota in the Twin Cities), and a daughter,
Alison, who lives in England. Their home in Madison was the
site of delightful get-togethers for rheologists and students,
musical groups, and literary events. The Lodges were always
warm-hearted hosts, and their friends enjoyed many an
afternoon and evening in their company. With Arthur’s passing
on June 24, 2005, we lost a solid scholar, a humorous and kindly
gentleman, and a thoughtful teacher.
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