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School Meals: Building Blocks for Healthy Children (2010)
Food and Nutrition Board (FNB)

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. "Front Matter." School Meals: Building Blocks for Healthy Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010.

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School Meals: Building Blocks for Healthy Children

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Contract No. AG-3198-C-08-0001 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Nutrition Standards for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs.

School meals : building blocks for healthy children / Committee on Nutrition Standards for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs, Food and Nutrition Board ; Virginia A. Stallings, Carol West Suitor, and Christine L. Taylor, editors.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 978-0-309-14436-0 (pbk.)

1. School children—Food—United States. 2. School children—Nutrition—Government policy—United States. I. Stallings, Virginia A. II. Suitor, Carol West. III. Taylor, Christine Lewis. IV. Title.

[DNLM: 1. Food Services—standards—United States. 2. Nutrition Policy—United States. 3. Adolescent—United States. 4. Child—United States. 5. Schools—United States. WA 350 I59s 2009]

LB3479.U6I67 2009

371.7'16—dc22

2009049798

Additional copies of this report are available from the

National Academies Press,

500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.

For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at: www.iom.edu.

Copyright 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The serpent adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin.

Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2010. School Meals: Building Blocks for Healthy Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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Front Matter (R1-R14)
Summary (1-18)
1 Introduction and Background (19-32)
2 Foundation for Revising Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements (33-46)
3 Schoolchildren's Food and Nutrient Intakes and Related Health Concerns (47-68)
4 Process for Developing the Nutrient Targets (69-90)
5 Process for Developing the Meal Requirements (91-106)
6 Iterations - Achieving the Best Balance of Nutrition, Student Acceptance, Practicality, and Cost (107-114)
7 Recommendations for Nutrient Targets and Meal Requirements for School Meals (115-130)
8 Food Cost Implications and Market Effects (131-154)
9 Projected Impact of the Recommended Nutrient Targets and Meal Requirements (155-178)
10 Implementation, Evaluation, and Research (179-208)
11 References (209-220)
Appendix A: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Glossary (221-228)
Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members (229-236)
Appendix C: Critical Issues for Consideration by the Committee on Nutrition Standards for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs, as Submitted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (237-244)
Appendix D: January 2009 Workshop Agenda and Summary of Public Comments (245-254)
Appendix E: Standards for the Current Food- and Nutrient-Based Menu Planning Approaches (255-258)
Appendix F: Data Used to Calculate Estimated Energy Requirements (259-262)
Appendix G: Data Tables Containing Examples of New SNDA-III Analyses (263-268)
Appendix H: Uses of MyPyramid Food Groups and the MyPyramid Spreadsheet (269-284)
Appendix I: Dietary Intake Data and Calculation of the Target Median Intake for Iron (285-292)
Appendix J: Target Median Intake (TMI) Tables (293-296)
Appendix K: Use of the School Meals Menu Analysis Program (297-304)
Appendix L: Baseline Menus (305-330)
Appendix M: Sample Menus (331-362)
Appendix N: Evidence Considered Related to the Definition for Whole Grain-Rich Foods (363-366)
Appendix O: Comparison of Recommended Nutrient Targets to Various Nutrition Standards for School-Aged Children (367-372)
Appendix P: Comparison of *Dietary Guidelines for Americans* with Recommended Meal Requirements (373-378)
Appendix Q: Regulations Related to the Sodium Content of Foods Labeled "Healthy" (379-380)