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PREPUBLICATION COPY
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
for Selected Airborne Chemicals
Volume 8
Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
Committee on Toxicology
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 FIFTH STREET, NW WASHINGTON, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council,
whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with
regard for appropriate balance.
This project was supported by Contract No. W81K04-06-D-0023 and EP-W-09-007 between the National Academy of Sciences and
the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S Environmental Protection Agency. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or
recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations
or agencies that provided support for this project.
Additional copies of this report are available from
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Box 285
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Prepublication Copy
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific
and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the
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achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
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The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of
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Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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COMMITTEE ON ACUTE EXPOSURE GUIDELINE LEVELS
Members
DONALD E. GARDNER (Chair), Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Savannah, GA
EDWARD C. BISHOP, HDR Inc., Omaha, NE
RAKESH DIXIT, MedImmune/AstraZeneca Biologics, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD
JEFFREY W. FISHER, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
DAVID P. KELLY, Dupont Company, Newark, DE
DAVID A. MACYS, U.S. Department of the Navy (retired), Oak Harbor, WA
FRANZ OESCH, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
RICHARD B. SCHLESINGER, Pace University, New York, NY
ROBERT SNYDER, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
JOHN A. THOMAS, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
FREDERIK A. DE WOLFF, Leiden University Medical Center (retired), Leiden, The Netherlands
Staff
RAYMOND WASSEL, Senior Program Officer for Environmental Studies
KEEGAN SAWYER, Associate Program Officer
RUTH CROSSGROVE, Senior Editor
MIRSADA KARALIC-LONCAREVIC, Manager, Technical Information Center
RADIAH ROSE, Editorial Projects Manager
ORIN LUKE, Senior Program Assistant
Sponsor
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY
Members
GARY P. CARLSON (Chair), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
LAWRENCE S. BETTS, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
EDWARD C. BISHOP, HDR Engineering, Inc., Omaha, NE
JAMES V. BRUCKNER, University of Georgia, Athens
MARION F. EHRICH, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg
SIDNEY GREEN, Howard University, Washington, DC
WILLIAM E. HALPERIN, UMDNJ–New Jersey Medical School, Newark
MERYL H. KAROL, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
JAMES N. MCDOUGAL, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
ROGER G. MCINTOSH, Science Applications International Corporation, Abingdon, MD
JOYCE TSUJI, Exponent, Inc., Bellevue, WA
GERALD N. WOGAN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Staff
SUSAN N. J. MARTEL, Senior Program Officer for Toxicology
EILEEN N. ABT, Senior Program Officer for Risk Analysis
ELLEN K. MANTUS, Senior Program Officer
MIRSADA KARALIC-LONCAREVIC, Manager, Technical Information Center
TAMARA DAWSON, Program Associate
RADIAH A. ROSE, Editorial Projects Manager
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BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY1
Members
ROGENE F. HENDERSON (Chair), Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
RAMON ALVAREZ, Environmental Defense Fund, Austin, TX
TINA BAHADORI, American Chemistry Council, Arlington, VA
JOHN M. BALBUS, George Washington University, Washington, DC
MICHAEL J. BRADLEY, M.J. Bradley & Associates, Concord, MA
DALLAS BURTRAW, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC
JAMES S. BUS, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI
JONATHAN Z. CANNON, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
GAIL CHARNLEY, HealthRisk Strategies, Washington, DC
RUTH DEFRIES, Columbia University, New York, NY
RICHARD A. DENISON, Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, DC
H. CHRISTOPHER FREY, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
J. PAUL GILMAN, Covanta Energy Corporation, Fairfield, NJ
RICHARD M. GOLD, Holland & Knight, LLP, Washington, DC
LYNN R. GOLDMAN, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
JUDITH A. GRAHAM (retired), Pittsboro, NC
HOWARD HU, University of Michigan, Ann Harbor
ROGER E. KASPERSON, Clark University, Worcester, MA
TERRY L. MEDLEY, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, DE
DANNY D. REIBLE, University of Texas, Austin
JOSEPH V. RODRICKS, ENVIRON International Corporation, Arlington, VA
ROBERT F. SAWYER, University of California, Berkeley
KIMBERLY M. THOMPSON, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
MARK J. UTELL, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
Senior Staff
JAMES J. REISA, Director
DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Scholar
RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Senior Program Officer for Environmental Studies
EILEEN N. ABT, Senior Program Officer for Risk Analysis
SUSAN N.J. MARTEL, Senior Program Officer for Toxicology
KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Senior Program Officer
ELLEN K. MANTUS, Senior Program Officer
RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Senior Editor
1
This study was planned, overseen, and supported by the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology.
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OTHER REPORTS OF THE
BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
Contaminated Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune—Assessing Potential Health Effects (2009)
Review of the Federal Strategy for Nanotechnology-Related Environmental, Health, and Safety
Research (2009)
Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment (2009)
Phthalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment: The Tasks Ahead (2008)
Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air
Pollution (2008)
Respiratory Diseases Research at NIOSH (2008)
Evaluating Research Efficiency in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2008)
Hydrology, Ecology, and Fishes of the Klamath River Basin (2008)
Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment (2007)
Models in Environmental Regulatory Decision Making (2007)
Toxicity Testing in the Twenty-first Century: A Vision and a Strategy (2007)
Sediment Dredging at Superfund Megasites: Assessing the Effectiveness (2007)
Environmental Impacts of Wind-Energy Projects (2007)
Scientific Review of the Proposed Risk Assessment Bulletin from the Office of Management and
Budget (2007)
Assessing the Human Health Risks of Trichloroethylene: Key Scientific Issues (2006)
New Source Review for Stationary Sources of Air Pollution (2006)
Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals (2006)
Health Risks from Dioxin and Related Compounds: Evaluation of the EPA Reassessment (2006)
Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (2006)
State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions (2006)
Superfund and Mining Megasites—Lessons from the Coeur d’Alene River Basin (2005)
Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion (2005)
Air Quality Management in the United States (2004)
Endangered and Threatened Species of the Platte River (2004)
Atlantic Salmon in Maine (2004)
Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin (2004)
Cumulative Environmental Effects of Alaska North Slope Oil and Gas Development (2003)
Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution Regulations (2002)
Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practices (2002)
The Airliner Cabin Environment and Health of Passengers and Crew (2002)
Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update (2001)
Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs (2001)
Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act (2001)
A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments (2001)
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals (seven volumes, 2000-2009)
Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury (2000)
Strengthening Science at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000)
Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (2000)
Ecological Indicators for the Nation (2000)
Waste Incineration and Public Health (2000)
Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment (1999)
Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter (four volumes, 1998-2004)
The National Research Council’s Committee on Toxicology: The First 50 Years (1997)
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Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet (1996)
Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)
Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)
Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)
Biologic Markers (five volumes, 1989-1995)
Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)
Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)
Science and the National Parks (1992)
Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)
Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)
Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academies Press
(800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313
www.nap.edu
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OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY
Combined Exposures to Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide in Army Operations: Final
Report (2008)
Managing Health Effects of Beryllium Exposure (2008)
Review of Toxicologic and Radiologic Risks to Military Personnel from Exposures to Depleted
Uranium (2008)
Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants, Volume 1
(2007), Volume 2 (2008)
Review of the Department of Defense Research Program on Low-Level Exposures to Chemical Warfare
Agents (2005)
Review of the Army's Technical Guides on Assessing and Managing Chemical Hazards to Deployed
Personnel (2004)
Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants, Volume 1 (2004), Volume 2 (2007),
Volume 3 (2008)
Toxicologic Assessment of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 (2003)
Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals (2002)
Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous
Chemicals (2001)
Evaluating Chemical and Other Agent Exposures for Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity (2001)
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 1 (2000), Volume 2
(2002), Volume 3 (2003), Volume 4 (2004), Volume 5 (2007), Volume 6 (2008), Volume 7
(2009)
Review of the U.S. Navy’s Human Health Risk Assessment of the Naval Air Facility at Atsugi,
Japan (2000)
Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines (2000)
Review of the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center’s Health-Hazard Assessment Process (2000)
Review of the U.S. Navy’s Exposure Standard for Manufactured Vitreous Fibers (2000)
Re-Evaluation of Drinking-Water Guidelines for Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate (2000)
Submarine Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Hydrofluorocarbons: HFC-236fa, HFC-23, and
HFC-404a (2000)
Review of the U.S. Army’s Health Risk Assessments for Oral Exposure to Six Chemical-Warfare
Agents (1999)
Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants, Volume 1(1997), Volume 2 (1999), Volume 3 (1999)
Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants (1998)
Toxicity of Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbons: HFC-134a and HCFC-123 (1996)
Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors (1996)
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 1 (1994),
Volume 2 (1996), Volume 3 (1996), Volume 4 (2000), Volume 5 (2008)
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Preface
Extremely hazardous substances (EHSs)2 can be released accidentally as a result of chemical
spills, industrial explosions, fires, or accidents involving railroad cars and trucks transporting EHSs.
Workers and residents in communities surrounding industrial facilities where EHSs are manufactured,
used, or stored and in communities along the nation’s railways and highways are potentially at risk of
being exposed to airborne EHSs during accidental releases or intentional releases by terrorists. Pursuant
to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) has identified approximately 400 EHSs on the basis of acute lethality data in rodents.
As part of its efforts to develop acute exposure guideline levels for EHSs, EPA and the Agency
for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) in 1991 requested that the National Research
Council (NRC) develop guidelines for establishing such levels. In response to that request, the NRC
published Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances
in 1993. Subsequently, Standard Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
for Hazardous Substances was published in 2001, providing updated procedures, methodologies, and
other guidelines used by the National Advisory Committee (NAC) on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
for Hazardous Substances and the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) in
developing the AEGL values.
Using the 1993 and 2001 NRC guidelines reports, the NAC—consisting of members from EPA,
the Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of Energy (DOE), the Department of Transportation
(DOT), other federal and state governments, the chemical industry, academia, and other organizations
from the private sector—has developed AEGLs for approximately 200 EHSs.
In 1998, EPA and DOD requested that the NRC independently review the AEGLs developed by
NAC. In response to that request, the NRC organized within its Committee on Toxicology (COT) the
Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, which prepared this report. This report is the eighth
volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. It reviews the
AEGLs for acrolein, carbon monoxide, 1,2-dichloroethene, ethylenimine, fluorine, hydrazine, peracetic
acid, propylenimine, and sulfur dioxide for scientific accuracy, completeness, and consistency with the
NRC guideline reports.
The committee’s review of the AEGL documents involved both oral and written presentations to
the committee by the NAC authors of the documents. The committee examined the draft documents and
provided comments and recommendations for how they could be improved in a series of interim reports.
The authors revised the draft AEGL documents based on the advice in the interim reports and presented
them for reexamination by the committee as many times as necessary until the committee was satisfied
that the AEGLs were scientifically justified and consistent with the 1993 and 2001 NRC guideline
reports. After these determinations have been made for an AEGL document, it is published as an
appendix in a volume such as this one.
2
As defined pursuant to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986.
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Preface
The 10 interim reports of the committee that led to this report were reviewed in draft form by
individuals selected for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures
approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide
candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as
possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and
responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to
protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their
review of the ten committee interim reports, which summarize the committee’s conclusions and
recommendations for improving NAC’s AEGL documents for acrolein (fourteenth interim report, 2006),
carbon monoxide (ninth, eleventh, thirteenth, and sixteenth interim reports, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2009,
respectively), dichloroethene (third, eleventh, thirteenth, fourteenth, and sixteenth interim reports, 2000,
2004, 2005, 2006, and 2009 respectively), ethylenimine (fifth, ninth, tenth, twelfth, and fourteenth interim
reports, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006 respectively), fluorine (second, eleventh, and thirteenth interim
reports, 2000, 2004, and 2006 respectively), hydrazine (second, tenth, twelfth, and fourteenth interim
reports, 2000, 2004, 2005, and 2006 respectively), peracetic acid (fourteenth interim report, 2006),
propylenimine (fifth, ninth, tenth, twelfth, and fourteenth interim reports, 2001, 2003, 2005, and 2006
respectively), and sulfur dioxide (thirteenth and fourteenth interim reports, 2005 and 2006 respectively):
Deepak Bhalla (Wayne State University), Joseph Borzelleca (Virginia Commonwealth University),
Charles Feigley (University of South Carolina), David Gaylor (Gaylor & Associates), Sidney Green
(Howard University), A. Wallace Hayes (Harvard School of Public Health), Rogene F. Henderson
(Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute), Sam Kacew (University of Ottawa), Nancy Kerkvliet (Oregon
State University), Charles R. Reinhardt (DuPont Haskell Laboratory (retired)), Andrew G. Salmon
(California Environmental Protection Agency), and Bernard M.Wagner (New York University Medical
Center)
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions,
they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of
this volume before its release. The review of the interim report completed in 2005 was overseen by
Sidney Green, Jr. (Howard University). The review of the interim report completed in 2006 was overseen
by Robert A. Goyer, professor emeritus, University of Western Ontario. Appointed by the NRC, they
were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of the interim reports were carried
out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered.
Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the
institution.
The committee gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by the following
persons: Iris A. Camacho, Ernest Falke, Marquea D. King, and Paul Tobin (all from EPA); George Rusch
(Honeywell, Inc.). The committee acknowledges James J. Reisa, director of the Board on Environmental
Studies and Toxicology, and Susan Martel, Senior Program Officer for Toxicology, for their helpful
guidance. Kulbir Bakshi, project director for his work in this project, and Raymond Wassel for bringing
the report to completion. Other staff members who contributed to this effort are Ruth Crossgrove (senior
editor), Aida Neel (program associate), Korin Thompson (project assistant), Radiah Rose (senior editorial
assistant), and Mirsada Karalic-Loncarevic (manager of the Technical Information Center). Finally, we
would like to thank all members of the committee for their expertise and dedicated effort throughout the
development of this report.
Donald E. Gardner, Chair
Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
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Contents
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
ROSTER OF THE NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR ACUTE EXPOSURE
GUIDELINE LEVELS FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ................................................................................. 9
APPENDIXES
1 ACROLEIN ...................................................................................................................................................... 13
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
2 CARBON MONOXIDE................................................................................................................................... 40
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
3 1,2-DICHLOROETHENE............................................................................................................................. 107
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
4 ETHYLENIMINE.......................................................................................................................................... 136
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
5 FLUORINE .................................................................................................................................................... 169
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
6 HYDRAZINE ................................................................................................................................................. 202
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
7 PERACETIC ACID ....................................................................................................................................... 244
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
8 PROPYLENIMINE ....................................................................................................................................... 272
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
9 SULFUR DIOXIDE ....................................................................................................................................... 292
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
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