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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
×

Index

A

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 32

Acute infections

characteristics, 19

clinical outcomes, 117, 118, 136, 137

HBV, 1, 19, 23, 27, 34, 48, 50, 59, 70-71, 99, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, 161, 189

HCV, 19, 28, 29, 34, 47, 49, 51, 71, 136, 137, 163, 165

incarcerated people, 121

injection-drug use and, 120, 137, 189

outbreak detection and control, 48, 67, 70

prevalence and incidence, 1, 50, 70-71, 99, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125

screening and testing for, 47-51, 160, 161, 163, 165

surveillance, 29, 44, 47-51, 59, 64, 67, 71

Adolescents and young adults, 7, 11, 23, 25, 31, 44, 68, 71, 93, 98, 100, 110, 112, 127, 131, 134, 191

Adult Hepatitis B Vaccine Initiative, 129

Adult viral-hepatitis prevention coordinators (AVHPC), 42-43, 57, 59, 61, 64, 70, 152-153

Adults.

See also At-risk populations;

specific populations

asymptomatic infections, 47

HBV, 11, 27, 32, 47, 93, 110, 111, 113, 117-125, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134

HCV, 51

vaccination, 11, 32, 93, 110, 111, 113, 117-125, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 4, 9-10, 11, 55, 83, 88, 93, 100, 110-111, 112-115, 116, 125, 127, 132, 133, 134, 181

African Americans/Blacks, 1, 2, 10, 27, 29, 30, 32, 93, 116, 124, 168, 169, 184

Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research, 149

Alabama, 27 n.1, 91, 116

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 48, 49, 50, 53, 93, 158, 167

Alaska, 120-121, 122-123.

See also American Indians and Alaska Natives

Alcohol consumption, 5, 14, 29, 30, 48, 84, 93, 148, 155, 168, 169, 181

Alternative-care providers, educational programs for, 86, 87, 89

American Academy of Pediatrics, 111

American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), 32, 155, 159, 166, 167, 168

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 84, 97

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
×

American College of Physicians, 159

American Indians and Alaska Natives, 29, 62, 81, 93, 129, 131, 168

Anti–tumor-necrosis factor therapy, 162

Asian American Hepatitis B Program, 92

Asians and Pacific Islanders (APIs).

See also Foreign-born

access to care, 56, 169

educational programs for, 87, 92, 93, 153, 183

health-care providers, 82

incidence and prevalence of HBV infection, 1-2, 23, 27, 29, 81-82, 83, 93, 117-118, 153-154, 161, 183, 184-185

knowledge and awareness of HBV, 13, 82, 89-90, 173

liver cancer, 29, 153-154, 169

medical management of hepatitis, 183

risk of HBV, 90

screening/testing, 161, 173

surveillance, 32, 62, 68

treatment disparities, 169

vaccination, 10, 90, 92, 116, 117-118, 161-162

Aspartate transaminase, 49, 167

Asymptomatic infected individuals, awareness of infection, 1, 3, 24, 26, 27, 50, 51, 90

At-risk populations.

See also Foreign-born populations;

Illicit-drug users;

Incarcerated populations;

Men who have sex with men;

Pregnant women

access to services, 3, 56, 79

defined, 27, 86, 156

education programs, 4, 14, 85-86, 92-93, 95-96, 97, 98-100

health service provider knowledge of, 80, 81-84, 89

immunization, 4, 9, 10-11, 27, 81, 93, 113, 120-125

knowledge and awareness of hepatitis, 3, 4, 8, 9, 34, 89-91, 93-96

prevalence and incidence of hepatitis, 62, 81

recommendations, 16-17

screening and testing, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13-14, 16, 27, 71-72, 85, 86, 97, 124-125, 148, 153, 155, 156-159, 161, 173

services, 3, 5, 6, 13, 16-17, 56, 79, 149, 189-192

surveillance, 2, 4, 6, 7, 61-62, 67, 68, 71-72

Awareness. See Knowledge and awareness of chronic hepatitis

B

Baltimore, 28, 92, 122-123, 190

Blacks. See African Americans/Blacks

Blood transfusions, 2, 21, 24, 28, 50, 83, 84, 151, 158

Brachial neuritis, 32

Brazil, 138

Breastfeeding, 84

Bureau of Primary Health Care, 151

C

California, 58, 81, 83, 89, 99, 120, 121, 122, 173, 174, 182, 183, 186

Cambodian Americans, 90, 92

Cancer chemotherapy, 162

Case definitions for hepatitis, 7, 48-49, 50, 51, 52-53, 54, 55, 65, 68, 69

Case management, 43, 45-46, 57-58, 62-63, 65, 68, 70, 72

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2

Adult Hepatitis B Vaccine Initiative, 129

case definitions for hepatitis B and C, 48-49, 50, 52-53, 54, 55, 68

Division of Viral Hepatitis, 150-151

educational programs, 4, 8-9, 86, 87, 97, 96

Emerging Infections Program, 43, 58, 59

Epidemiologic Surveillance Project, 60

estimates of hepatitis burden, 25, 26, 27, 62, 120, 182, 189

National Immunization Program, 126

NEDSS, 61

NETSS, 60-61, 64

partner services guidelines, 63

PHIN-compliant systems, 64, 70

prevention and control recommendations of, 30

resource allocation for services, 5-6, 14, 15, 16-17, 26, 42, 54, 126-127, 148-150, 151, 152, 153, 175, 183, 186, 192

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
×

risk factors for hepatitis, 156, 157-158, 159

screening and counseling

recommendations of, 82-83, 84, 156-157, 159, 183

state cooperative agreements with, 4, 7, 42, 54, 57, 64-66, 67

surveillance initiatives, 4, 6, 7-8, 42-43, 44, 45, 50, 57, 58, 59-61, 63, 64, 65-66, 67, 68, 69, 70-71

vaccination recommendations and programs, 12, 110-111, 124-125, 126, 128-129, 134, 136, 153, 157

VFC program, 128-129, 130, 131, 134

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 129, 149.

See also Medicaid;

Medicare

Central nervous system demyelinating disorders, 32

Chicago, 28, 116, 121

Childhood Immunization Initiative, 126

Children

asymptomatic infections, 47

HBV, 23, 25, 30, 47, 116-117, 128-132

HCV, 51

information systems on, 127-128

progression of infection in, 46, 117, 118

vaccination, 4, 9, 10, 25, 30, 93, 97, 110, 111, 112, 116-117, 128-132, 134

Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), 128, 129-132, 172

Chinese Americans, 68, 81, 82, 86, 89, 90, 92, 174

Chronic infections.

See also Hepatitis B;

Hepatitis C;

Knowledge and awareness of chronic hepatitis

age at exposure and potential for, 19, 22, 46, 51, 82-83, 113, 117, 118, 156

asymptomatic nature of, 3, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 90, 159, 162

clinical outcomes, 23;

see also Liver cancer and liver cirrhosis

prevalence and incidence, 1, 34, 121

surveillance, 25, 44, 51-54, 59, 64, 67, 71

Clinical outcomes.

See also Liver cancer and liver cirrhosis

age at exposure and, 19, 22, 46, 51, 82-83, 113, 117, 118, 156

knowledge of, 80, 83, 89

Coinfection

HBV and HCV, 23, 29, 30, 32

HIV and hepatitis, 23, 29, 72, 81-82, 190

Collaborative Injection Drug User Study Drug User Intervention Trial, 94, 95

Colorado, 58

Committee task

approach, 32-35

charge to committee, 30-32

Community

health centers, 16, 149, 186-189

outreach, 9, 90, 91-92, 97, 98-99, 101

screening and testing programs, 5, 13

Confidentiality safeguards, 43-44, 65

Connecticut, 55, 58, 122

Contacts.

See also Partner services

education of, 97, 98

vaccination, 54, 57-58, 62, 93, 117, 119-120

Correctional facilities.

See also Incarcerated populations

educational programs on viral hepatitis, 88-89, 99-100

recommendations, 16

viral hepatitis services, 6, 13, 14, 16, 149, 184-186

Counseling, 5, 14, 31, 62, 63, 84, 85, 87, 95, 124, 134, 148, 151, 152, 157, 160, 163, 168, 171, 172, 177, 179, 180, 181, 186, 189, 191

D

Deaths, preventable, by disease, 20

Denmark, 121

Department of Health and Human Services, 110

National Vaccine Program Office, 126

Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities, 2, 30, 149, 152

Department of Justice, 6, 16, 149, 186

Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), 2, 28, 30, 94, 130, 171, 172

Detroit, 121

Discrimination. See Stigmatization and discrimination

Drug treatment programs and facilities.

See also Illicit-drug users

educational programs on viral hepatitis, 8, 88-89, 95-96, 100, 176

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
×

funding, 176

integrated approach, 14, 149, 179

prevention of seroconversion, 177, 178

screening and testing, 176

staff knowledge of hepatitis, 85, 88, 96

vaccination opportunities, 121, 124, 129

Drug users. See Illicit-drug users

E

Economic issues.

See also Funding;

Insurance coverage

screening and testing, 27, 161-162, 163

vaccination, 54, 57-58, 117-119, 124, 137-138

Educational programs.

See also Knowledge and awareness of chronic hepatitis

advocacy efforts, 153-154

for alternative-medicine professionals, 86, 87, 89

for at-risk populations, 4, 14, 85-86, 92-93, 95-96, 97, 98-100, 153-154

CDC initiatives, 4, 8-9, 86, 87, 96, 97

contacts, 97, 98

content, 86-87

continuing medical education, 87

educational programs, 4, 8-9, 86, 87, 96, 97

evaluation of, 97

funding, 99, 152

for general population, 4, 96, 97, 98, 99, 153

goals, 9, 97

for health-care and social service workers, 4, 8-9, 58, 82, 84-88

integration into other programs, 9, 92, 95-96, 98

linguistically and culturally appropriate, 9, 87, 90, 92, 93, 97, 98-99, 101, 153, 183

outreach component, 96, 97, 98-99, 100

peer education, 95, 100

in perinatal facilities, 99-101

recommendations, 4, 8-9, 85-89, 96-101

safety precautions and procedures, 88

on screening and testing, 9, 58, 98

vaccination, 8, 9, 97, 101

Electronic medical records, 7, 50, 51, 60, 65, 68, 69, 70

Egyptian immigrants, 24, 159

Emerging Infections Program, 43, 58, 59

Employee Retirement Security Act, 134

End-stage renal disease patients, 113, 131, 152

Epidemiologic Surveillance Project, 60

Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity for Infectious Diseases program, 59

Exposure routes

knowledge and awareness, 95

sexual, 1, 23, 44, 72, 84, 119-120

unsafe vaccine injections, 24

F

Federal Employees Health Benefits Program, 5, 13, 130, 148, 172

Florida Hepatitis Prevention Program, 186-187

Food and Drug Administration, 109

Foreign-born populations.

See also Asians and Pacific Islanders;

Hispanics

access to care, 56

culturally appropriate programs, 13, 56, 173-174, 183-184

educational outreach to, 9, 90, 91-92, 97, 98-99, 101, 174-175

exposure routes, 120

geographic regions of endemicity, 81-82

HBV, 1-2, 8, 13, 14, 23, 27, 81-82, 89-90, 91-92

health disparity, 27

incidence and prevalence of HBV, 8, 27, 79, 86, 93

knowledge and awareness of risks to, 13, 79, 81-82, 86, 87, 89-90, 173-174

liver cancer and cirrhosis, 29

recommendations, 14, 175

screening and testing, 5, 13, 14, 90, 91, 148, 153-154, 155, 156, 161-162, 173

vaccination, 5, 10, 13, 14, 90, 91, 92-93, 116, 117-118, 120, 132, 148, 157, 161-162

viral hepatitis services for, 5, 13-14, 148, 173-175

Funding

education, 99, 152

surveillance, 3, 7, 42, 57, 58-59, 63, 65, 66, 67, 71, 129

vaccination, 57, 118, 120, 129, 134

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
×

G

General population

education program, 4, 96, 97, 98, 99

knowledge and awareness of chronic hepatitis, 3, 4, 9, 17, 33, 34, 79, 98

recommendations, 13

screening and testing, 13

viral hepatitis services, 13, 170-173

Guillain-Barré syndrome, 32

H

Health Disparities Collaborative, 188

Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), 6, 16, 127, 148-149, 151-152, 187, 188-189, 192

Health-care providers and workers

APIs, 82

educational programs, 4, 8-9, 58, 82, 84-88

guidelines for, 80

immunization, 124

knowledge and awareness of hepatitis, 3, 4, 8, 17, 33, 34, 79, 80-89, 154-155, 171, 182-183

outreach to, 97

safety precautions and procedures, 88

vaccination, 88, 93, 113, 117, 118, 124, 125

Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS), 126

Healthcare Systems Bureau, 152

Hemodialysis, 21, 22, 24, 44, 93, 113, 156, 158, 162

Hepatitis A, 30, 48, 49, 50, 57, 58, 137, 150-151, 189, 190

Hepatitis B.

See also Vaccination for Hepatitis B;

specific populations and services

acute infection, 1, 19, 23, 27, 34, 48, 50, 59, 70-71, 99, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, 161, 189

adults, 27, 47, 117-125, 132

at-risk populations, 1-2, 21-22, 27, 81-82, 120-125

case definition, 48, 50, 51, 52

causative agent, 19, 21

children, 23, 25, 30, 47, 116-117, 128-132

chronic infection, 19, 22, 23, 34, 48, 51, 52, 59-60, 64

community knowledge and awareness, 89-93

contact screening, 48, 82, 86

deaths, 20, 23, 26, 34, 83

economic issues, 25, 26, 128-135

education programs, 83, 90, 92-93

exposure routes, 1, 21, 23, 26, 44, 90

geographic differences, 27, 81

HBsAg determinant of infection, 10, 21, 22, 46, 48, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 69, 82-83, 99, 100-101, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 124, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 166, 174, 181, 182, 183

health-care provider knowledge, 81-83

health-care use trends, 30

health-care workers, 91, 124

HIV-infected people, 29, 124

immunization, see Vaccines and vaccination

incidence and prevalence, 1-2, 21, 23, 26-27, 29, 83, 118, 119

infants, 1, 25

institutionalized developmentally disabled people, 124

insurance coverage, 5, 128-134

knowledge and awareness of, 81-83, 89-93, 127-128

liver cancer and liver disease from, 29-30

medical management, 82, 90, 166-167

men who have sex with men, 91

mistrust of vaccination, 127-128

progression of infection and clinical outcomes, 22, 23, 25, 29, 46;

see also Liver cancer and liver cirrhosis

public vaccine programs and insurance, 128-132

racial/ethnic differences, 27, 29

reactivation, 162

registries of immunization, 126-127

risk factors, 27

screening and testing, 5, 8, 13, 14, 23, 27, 47, 48-49, 51, 81, 82-83, 86, 90, 91, 124-125, 152, 156-157, 160-162

stigma/discrimination, 23, 91-92

surveillance, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 59-60, 61, 64, 71

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
×

Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG), 4, 9-10, 55, 69, 110, 111, 112-113, 114, 115, 182, 183-184

Hepatitis B Initiative, 92

Hepatitis C.

See also specific populations and services

acute infection, 19, 28, 29, 34, 47, 49, 51, 71, 136, 137, 163, 165

adults, 51

at-risk populations, 21-22, 28, 93-101, 158

case definition, 49, 50, 53, 68

causative agent, 19, 21, 137

children, 51

chronic infection, 17, 22, 34, 51-52, 59, 64, 136-138

economic issues, 25, 26, 137-138

education programs, 84-85, 95-96

exposure routes, 2, 5, 21, 24, 26, 28, 44, 84

health-care provider knowledge, 83-85

in HIV-infected people, 30

knowledge and awareness, 83-85, 93-96

medical management, 167-169

mortality, 20, 23, 26, 34, 45

prevalence and incidence, 21, 22-23, 24, 26, 28-29, 137, 138

prevention, 5, 24, 79, 136-138, 196-187

progression of infection and clinical outcomes, 22, 24, 29-30, 47, 84;

see also Liver cancer and liver cirrhosis

racial/ethnic differences, 29-30, 168-169

risk factors, 29-30, 84

screening and testing, 5, 8, 28, 51-52, 53-54, 62, 68, 84, 85, 86, 93-94, 152, 157-159, 162-165

spontaneous resolution, 51, 136

stigma/discrimination, 24, 85, 94-95

surveillance, 28, 44, 45, 47, 49, 51-52, 53-54, 59-60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 71

vaccine development, 2, 5, 24, 136-138

Hepatitis C Continuity Program, 185-186

Hepatitis D, 30

Hepatitis E, 30

Hepatocellular carcinoma. See Liver cancer and liver cirrhosis

High-risk populations. See At-risk populations

Hispanics, 2, 10, 27, 30, 93, 116, 121, 159, 168-169, 184-185

HIV/AIDS, 124

burden of disease, 25, 26

coinfection, 23, 29, 72, 81-82, 190

funding for activities, 45, 150-151

HBV vaccination, 93, 113, 120, 124, 129

mortality, 20, 45

partner services, 63, 72

Prevention for Positives initiatives, 95

public awareness campaign, 98

screening and testing, 120, 156, 162

surveillance, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 72

HIV/AIDS Bureau, 152

Homeless people, 56, 62, 71, 152, 154-155, 187, 188, 191

I

Illicit-drug users, injection drug users.

See also Drug treatment programs and facilities

access to health services, 2, 24, 29, 56, 85, 176

acute infections, 120, 137, 189

contact notification, 63, 72, 86

education programs, 95-96, 97, 154, 179

gaps in services for, 175-181

HBV, 1, 14, 23, 61-62, 82, 83, 120-121, 122-123, 176

HCV, 2, 5, 8, 14-15, 24, 28-29, 61, 62, 83, 84, 86, 93-94, 95-96, 136-137, 148, 158, 175-176

health-care use, 14, 176

high-risk period, 14-15

knowledge and awareness of risks to, 82, 83, 86, 94, 95-96

needle-exchange/safe injection programs, 5, 9, 14, 28, 80, 88-89, 94, 97, 100, 120-121, 148, 155, 166, 177, 180

prevalence and incidence of infection, 14, 27, 61-62, 82, 96, 120, 176

recommendations, 15, 179-181

referral for medical management, 148

screening, testing, and counseling, 14, 62, 83, 85, 86, 94, 148, 156-157, 158, 162, 163, 179

stigmatization and discrimination, 24, 85

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
×

surveillance, 2, 56, 61-62, 63

transmission of hepatitis, 1, 14, 24

vaccination, 14, 93, 120-121, 122-123, 124, 129, 157

viral hepatitis services, 5, 14-15, 63, 148-149, 175-181

Illicit-drug users, non-injection drug users, 9, 14, 96, 97, 122-123, 175-176

Immigrant services, 8.

See also Foreign-born populations

Immunization.

See also Vaccines and vaccination

HBIG adjuvant, 4, 9-10, 55, 69, 110, 111, 112-113, 114, 115, 182, 183-184

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 160, 161

Immunosuppresive therapy, 162

Incarcerated populations

acute infections, 121

education programs, 5, 8, 9, 99-100

HBV, 16, 27, 62, 83, 90-91, 121-124, 184

HCV, 8, 16, 28, 62, 83, 86, 100, 184

knowledge and awareness of risks to, 83, 86, 90-91

prevalence and incidence of infection, 121, 184

racial/ethnic differences, 184-185

recommendations, 186

screening and testing, 16, 156-157, 185

size of, 62, 99

surveillance, 62

vaccination, 121-124, 157, 185

viral health services, 6, 16, 149, 184-186

Incidence of hepatitis. See Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis

Infants.

See also Perinatal infections

antiviral therapy, 183-184

followup, 56

HBV case definition, 55

HBV infection, 4, 9-10, 25, 54-55, 75, 93, 100, 110, 111-116, 173, 182

immunization, 4, 9-10, 25, 54-55, 75, 93, 100, 110, 111-116, 173, 182

incidence and prevalence of hepatitis, 100, 111, 112, 182

potential for and progression to chronic infection, 22, 46, 51, 82, 113, 156

preterm, 111, 112, 114, 115

screening/testing, 54, 162

surveillance, 182

Infectious Diseases Society of America, 159

Inflammatory bowel disease, 162

Influenza, 20, 27, 110

Information systems, 5, 11, 72, 126-127

Initiative on Immunization Registries, 126

Institute of Medicine, 127-128

Institutionalized developmentally disabled people, 62, 93, 113, 124, 156-157

Insurance coverage

gaps and barriers, 11, 134-135, 170

private plans, 11, 12, 132-134

public plans, 11-12, 128-132, 172-173;

see also specific programs

recommendations, 11-12, 172-173

screening and testing, 13, 148

vaccination, 5, 11-12, 128-132, 135

International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, 82, 83

Injection-drug users. See Illicit-drug users

Iowa, 95

Italy, 163

J

Jade Ribbon Campaign, 92, 153-154

K

Knowledge and awareness of chronic hepatitis.

See also Educational programs

age and, 93

asymptomatic infected individuals, 1, 3, 24, 26, 27, 50, 51, 90

at-risk populations, 3, 4, 8, 9, 13, 34, 82, 89-91, 93-96, 173

of clinical outcomes, 80, 83, 89

community, 89-101

contact notification and screening, 9, 84

correctional facilities, 88-89, 99-100

and discrimination and stigma, 8, 9, 85, 91-92, 94-95

drug-treatment facilities and needle-exchange programs, 5, 8, 9, 100

exposure routes, 95

general public, 3, 4, 9, 17, 33, 34, 79, 98

HBV, 81-83, 89-93, 127-128

HCV, 83-85, 93-96

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
×

health-care and social-service providers, 3, 4, 8, 17, 33, 34, 79, 88-89, 154-155, 171, 182-183

mistrust of vaccination, 8, 127-128

perinatal facilities, 82-83, 100-101

policy-makers, 3, 17, 98

of prevalence and incidence, 8, 79, 80, 81, 83, 89, 153-154

of prevention approaches, 80, 89

race/ethnicity and, 93

recommendations, 4, 8-9, 85-89, 96-101

or risk factors and high-risk population characteristics, 80, 81-84, 89

of screening, testing, and management methods, 5, 8, 9, 79, 80, 82-83, 84, 90

surveillance and, 45

Korean Americans, 90

L

Lamivudine prophylaxis, 162, 170, 183

Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 115-116

Liver cancer and liver cirrhosis

age and, 79

deaths, 1, 23, 24, 25, 29

incidence and prevalence, 22-23, 79, 154

prevention, 1, 19, 109

progression of infection to, 46-47

racial/ethnic differences, 29-30, 153-154, 169

risk factors, 29-30, 169

surveillance, 67, 72

survival rate, 23

Liver transplants, 25, 67, 110, 169

M

Maryland, 27 n.1, 116, 173

Massachusetts, 63, 69, 186

Measles, 20, 116 n.1, 136

Medicaid, 13, 128-129, 132, 148, 152, 168, 172

Early Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment, 11, 130-131, 134

Medical management of hepatitis, 3, 5, 166-170

access to, 56, 79, 130, 183

antiviral therapy, 6, 15, 24, 79, 86, 149, 184

coinfections, 23

components of, 155

costs and cost-effectiveness, 163, 169-170

disparities, 169

education on, 86

goals, 166

guidelines, 30, 32, 80, 155, 166-168

insurance coverage, 130, 170

interferon-alpha-based treatment, 30, 170

provider knowledge, 82, 86

racial/ethnic disparities, 168-169

referral for, 5, 6, 14, 15, 31, 56, 62-63, 70, 72, 83, 120-121, 148, 149, 153, 166, 170, 171, 177, 181, 182, 183, 189

Medicare, 5, 13, 128, 130, 132, 134, 148, 152, 168, 172

Men who have sex with men, 21, 27, 44, 71, 81, 82, 91, 97, 113, 156, 162, 191

Metabolic syndrome, 30

Minnesota, 58, 172

Mobile health units, 6, 13, 16-17, 120-121, 122, 149, 189, 191-192

Montana, 116

Multiple sclerosis, 32

N

National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors (NASTAD), 42-43, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 189

National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Tuberculosis Prevention, 26, 45, 150-151

National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 15, 126, 181-182

National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS), 61

National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS), 60-61, 64

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 62

National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, 62, 72

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
×

National Immunization Program, 126

National Immunization Surveys, 111-112, 126, 128

National Institutes of Health, 6, 15, 30, 149, 184

National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC), 126, 127

National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable, 2, 30

Needle-stick injuries, 1, 21, 88, 158

New Haven, 120, 122-123

New Jersey Academy of Family Physicians, 82, 83

New York City, 28, 58, 85, 90, 92, 120-121, 122, 173, 186, 190

New York state, 58, 185-186

Nosocomial infections, 24, 67, 87, 88

O

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 88

Office of Management and Budget, 129

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, 128-129

Optic neuritis, 32

Oregon, 58

Outbreak

detection and control, 48, 67, 70

prevention, 88

P

Partner services

CDC guidelines, 63

contact notification, 9, 15, 63

cost-effectiveness, 63

funding, 72

screening and testing, 48, 82, 86, 98, 100, 154, 162

surveillance, 48, 62-63, 68, 72

vaccination, 54, 57-58, 62, 93, 113, 117, 119-120

Perinatal hepatitis B coordinators, 15, 54, 152

Perinatal infections.

See also Pregnant women

educational programs on, 99-101

HBV, 46, 111-116, 152

immunization, 9, 54-55, 111-116

knowledge and awareness, 82-83, 100-101

prevention, 5-6, 15, 54, 183-184

progression of, 46

screening and testing, 54-56

surveillance, 54-56

Peripartum antiviral therapy, 6, 15, 149, 184

Policy-makers

knowledge and awareness of chronic hepatitis, 3, 17, 98

Polio, 20, 110, 116 n.1

Pregnant women.

See also Perinatal infections

antiviral therapy, 6, 15, 149, 184

case management, 70, 149, 182

education, 97, 100-101

educational programs on viral hepatitis, 9, 99-100

foreign-born women, 23, 182-183

HBV, 6, 15, 23, 25, 82-84, 90, 149, 182-183

HCV, 83-84

household contacts and sexual partners, 54, 182

knowledge and awareness of risks to, 82-84

lamivudine prophylaxis, 162, 170, 183

medical management, 6, 15, 149, 182-183

recommendations, 15-16, 184

screening and testing, 15, 25, 54-56, 69, 82-83, 84, 111, 120, 149, 162, 181-182

surveillance, 54, 69, 70, 182

vaccination, 4, 10, 54, 111-116, 129, 131, 132, 182

viral hepatitis services, 15, 149, 181-184

Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis

accuracy of estimates, 50-51, 56, 57, 66, 70-71

acute infections, 1, 50, 70-71, 99, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125

APIs, 1-2, 23, 27, 29, 81-82, 83, 93, 117-118, 153-154, 161, 183, 184-185

at-risk populations, 62, 81

CDC estimates, 25, 26, 27, 62, 120, 182, 189

chronic infections, 1, 34, 121

definitions, 7 n.1

immigration and, 2

knowledge and awareness of, 8, 79, 80, 81, 83, 89, 153-154

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
×

monitoring and reporting, 71;

see also Surveillance

U.S., 1, 2, 25-29, 86

worldwide, 22-24

Prevention and control of hepatitis.

See also Counseling;

Educational programs;

Medical management of hepatitis;

Screening and testing;

Vaccines and vaccination;

Viral hepatitis services

barriers to, 2-3

CDC recommendation, 30

charge to committee, 31

education on, 80, 87

funding, 44, 54

harm reduction, 155, 166

knowledge and awareness of methods, 84, 86

needle-exchange/safe injection programs, 5, 9, 14, 28, 80, 88-89, 94, 97, 100, 120-121, 148, 155, 166, 180

perinatal transmission, 25, 183-184

research recommendations, 15

state plans, 152-153

strategies, 25, 31, 84, 177-179

Prevention for Positives initiatives, 95

Public Health Information Network (PHIN), 7, 61, 64, 65, 70

R

Race/ethnicity

and knowledge and awareness of hepatitis, 93

vaccination disparities, 10, 116-117, 121

Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) 2010, 93

Recommendations

at-risk populations, 14, 15, 16-17, 175, 179-181, 184, 186

committee approach, 32

community health centers, 188-189

education programs, 4, 8-9, 85-89, 96-101

insurance coverage, 11-12, 172-173

integrated services, 192

outcomes of implementing, 17, 34

screening and testing, 4, 6, 13, 16, 148

vaccination, 4-5, 9-12, 93, 114, 117, 125, 127, 135, 136, 138

Referral for additional services, 5, 6, 14, 15, 31, 56, 62-63, 70, 72, 83, 120-121, 148, 149, 153, 166, 170, 171, 177, 181, 182, 183, 189

Reporting systems and requirements, 59-61, 68

Resource allocation, 45

barriers to, 3

CDC, 5-6, 14, 15, 16-17, 26, 42, 54, 126-127, 148-150, 151, 152, 153, 175, 183, 186, 192

Respiratory syncytial virus, 20

Rheumatoid arthritis, 162

Rhode Island, 90

Risk factors for hepatitis

APIs, 90

CDC, 156, 157-158, 159

knowledge and awareness of, 80, 81-84, 89

screening for, 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 16, 85, 86, 124-125, 148, 153, 155, 156-159, 162

Ryan White CARE Act and program, 33, 152, 170

S

Safety precautions and procedures, 88

San Diego, 134, 170, 189-190

San Francisco, 58, 81, 120, 121, 122-123, 173, 174, 182

Schistosomiasis-eradication campaign, 24

Scotland, 122-123

Screening and testing

access to, 3

acute infections, 47-51, 160, 161, 163, 165

antigens and antibodies used for, 160, 161

at-risk populations, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13-14, 16, 27, 71-72, 91-92, 97, 120, 124-125, 148, 152, 153-154, 156-157, 158-159, 161-162, 173

barriers to, 124-125

CDC recommendations, 82-83, 84, 156-157, 159, 183

community-based programs, 5, 13

confirmatory tests, 162-163

contacts/partners, 48, 82, 86, 98, 100, 154, 162

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
×

cost-effectiveness, 27, 161-162, 163

cultural aversion to, 91-92, 98

education on, 9, 58, 98

electronic laboratory reporting, 7, 60, 65, 68-69, 70

enzyme immunoassay, 51, 53, 54, 162-163, 164-165

followup/repeat, 48-49, 80

general population, 13

goals, 154-155

guidelines, 80, 86

HBV, 5, 8, 13, 14, 23, 27, 48-49, 51, 81, 82-83, 86, 90, 91, 124-125, 152, 156-157, 160-162

HCV, 5, 8, 28, 51-52, 53-54, 62, 68, 84, 85, 86, 93-94, 152, 157-159, 162-165

importance, 23

insurance coverage, 13, 148, 171

interpretation of results, 94, 160-161, 162, 164-165

knowledge and awareness of methods, 5, 8, 9, 79, 80, 82-83, 84, 90

laws, 83

nucleic acid testing, 49, 53-54, 68, 159, 163, 164-165

pregnant women, 15, 25, 54-56, 69, 82-83, 84, 111, 120, 149, 162

recombinant immunoblot assay, 49, 53, 163, 164-165

recommendations, 4, 6, 13, 16, 148

referral for medical management, 5, 6, 14, 15, 31, 56, 62-63, 70, 72, 83, 120-121, 148, 149, 153, 166, 170, 171, 177, 181, 182, 183, 189

reporting test results, 4, 6, 7, 41-56, 58, 59-61, 65, 66, 67, 68-69

resource allocation, 3, 17, 45

resources available for, 49, 54, 56, 57-58

risk-factor, 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 16, 85, 86, 91, 124-125, 148, 153, 155, 156-159, 162

serologic, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 47, 51, 53-54, 120, 148, 156, 159-165

VA program, 28, 158

Section 317 Immunization Grant program, 11, 126, 129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 153

Services. See Viral hepatitis services

Sexual exposure to hepatitis, 1, 23, 44, 72, 84, 113, 119-120

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

clinic services for hepatitis, 6, 13, 14, 16-17, 54, 86, 87, 119-120, 124, 25, 129, 134, 149, 151, 170, 171, 176, 189-190, 191, 192

disease intervention specialists, 63

funding for services, 45, 151

integrating services for STD and hepatitis, 189-190

partner notification, 63

surveillance, 59, 61, 63

Shelter-based programs, 6, 13, 16-17, 149, 189, 191, 192

Social and peer support, 3, 95, 100, 155

Social-service providers.

See also Substance-abuse services and providers

educational programs, 88-89

knowledge and awareness of hepatitis, 80-89

Society of General Internal Medicine, 82

South Dakota, 116

Southeast Asian immigrants, 24, 79, 82, 183

Standardization of data, 69

State and territorial health departments

case followup, 55

cooperative agreements with CDC, 4, 7, 42, 54, 57, 64-66, 67

funding, 152

surveillance role, 4, 6, 7

STD/HIV clinics, 87, 189-190

Stigmatization and discrimination, 8, 9, 23, 24, 56, 85, 87, 89, 91-92, 94-95, 97, 98, 170, 174

Study to Reduce Intravenous Exposures (STRIVE), 95

Sub-Saharan African immigrants, 23, 79, 82, 90

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 149, 152

Substance-abuse services and providers. See Drug treatment programs and facilities

Surveillance

acute infections, 29, 44, 47-51, 59, 64, 67, 71

analyzing, reporting, and disseminating findings, 67, 70-71

applications of data from, 41, 42, 43-46

at-risk populations, 2, 4, 6, 7, 32, 61-62, 67, 68, 71-72

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
×

automated data collection, 7, 51, 56, 60, 65, 68-70

AVHPC surveys, 42-43, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 70

case definitions, 7, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 65, 68, 69

case management uses, 43, 45-46, 57-58, 62-63, 65, 68, 70, 72

CDC initiatives, 4, 6, 7-8, 42-43, 44, 45, 50, 57, 58, 59-61, 63, 64, 65-66, 67, 68, 69, 70-71, 150

challenges, 29, 47-54, 56, 60

chronic infections, 25, 44, 51-54, 59, 64, 67, 71

committee charge and approach, 31-32, 41-42

confidentiality safeguards, 43-44, 65

core activities, 4, 6, 7, 43, 66, 67, 68

current system, 3, 25, 34, 41-42

design of programs, 6, 59

disease-specific issues, 46-56

electronic medical records, 7, 50, 51, 60, 65, 68, 69, 70

enhanced projects, 58, 62, 71-72

evaluation of systems, 63-64, 66, 69, 70

funding, 3, 7, 42, 57, 58-59, 63, 65, 66, 67, 71, 129

identifying infections, 4, 6, 41-56, 69

infrastructure and process-specific issues, 57-66, 67, 70

jurisdictional issues, 56, 57, 60, 65-66

and knowledge and awareness of heptatitis, 45

liver cancer and cirrhosis, 67, 72

model programs, 43, 65, 66-72

outbreak detection and control uses, 44, 48, 67, 70

partners of infected people, 48, 62-63, 68, 72

perinatal infections, 54-56

PHIN-compliant systems, 7, 61, 64, 65, 70

pregnant women, 54, 69, 70, 182

programmatic design and evaluation uses, 3, 41, 45, 57, 67

quality of data, 50, 57, 64, 66, 67, 71, 79, 94

recommendations, 4, 6-7, 43, 63-66

reporting systems and requirements, 7, 48, 51, 58, 59-61, 65, 66, 67, 68-69

resource allocation uses, 3, 17, 45

serologic testing, 4, 6, 7, 47, 51, 53-54, 68, 71, 159-165

standardization issues, 6, 7, 41, 56, 61, 64, 65, 66-67, 68, 69, 70

state-CDC cooperative agreements, 4, 7, 42, 54, 57, 64-66, 67

targeted, 43, 66, 71-72

underreporting/misclassification of infections, 3, 27, 34, 47, 50, 60, 62, 70-71

vaccinations, 59, 72, 111

T

Tattooing and piercing, 99, 158-159

Transverse myelitis, 32

Travelers, 22, 93, 113, 117, 156

Tuberculosis, 20, 26, 45, 61, 150, 151, 186

U

United Kingdom, 162

US Preventive Services Task Force, 82-83, 159, 181

US Public Health Service, 132, 150, 159, 190

V

Vaccines and vaccination, HBV

accessibility, 120-121, 124, 128, 129, 134, 135

ACIP recommendations, 4, 9-10, 11, 55, 83, 88, 93, 100, 110-115, 116, 125, 127, 132, 133, 134, 181

adults, 11, 32, 93, 110, 111, 113, 116, 117-125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134

at-risk populations, 4, 9, 10-11, 27, 81, 93, 113, 117-125

barriers to, 8, 10, 11-12, 118, 120, 124-125, 127-136

CDC recommendations and programs, 12, 110-111, 124-125, 126, 128-129, 134, 136, 153, 157

children and adolescents, 4, 9, 10, 25, 30, 93, 97, 110, 111, 112, 116-117, 126, 127, 128-132, 134

cost-effectiveness, 54, 57-58, 117-119, 124, 137-138, 162

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
×

coverage data, 111-112, 114-115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 126, 132

education programs, 8, 9, 97, 101

efficacy, 110

evaluation of programs, 45

foreign-born people, 5, 10, 13, 14, 90, 91, 92-93, 116, 117-118, 120, 132, 148, 152, 161-162

formulations, 109-110, 136

funding for, 57, 118, 120, 129, 134, 152

geographic variability, 116

HBIG adjunct, 110, 114

health-care and social-service workers, 88, 93, 113, 117, 118, 124, 125

HIV-infected people, 93, 113, 120, 124, 129

identifying at-risk adults for, 124-125

illicit-drug users, 14, 93, 120-121, 122-123, 124, 129

immunization-information systems, 5, 11, 72, 126-127

incarcerated people, 11, 113, 121-124, 125

incentives, 121

infants, 4, 9-10, 25, 54-55, 75, 93, 97, 110, 111-116, 120, 173, 182

institutionalized developmentally disabled people, 93, 124

insurance coverage, 5, 11-12, 128-132, 135

liver cancer prevention, 109

liver transplants and, 110

mandatory, 116-117, 134, 153

mistrust of, 8, 127-128

partners and household members (ring vaccination), 54, 57-58, 62, 93, 117, 119-120, 162

payment for, 57, 128-135, 152, 153

perinatal, 4, 10, 54, 111-116, 129, 131, 132

public programs and insurance, 128-132

racial and ethnic disparities, 10, 116-117, 121

recommendations (committee), 4-5, 9-12, 93, 114, 117, 125, 127, 135, 136, 138

safety issues, 32-33, 127-128

schedules and completion of series, 11, 25, 55, 91, 101, 110, 111, 114, 116 n.1, 120, 121, 125, 127, 157

supply of vaccines, 5, 12, 118, 127, 135-136

surveillance, 59, 72, 111

travelers, 22, 93, 113, 117, 156

WHO guidelines, 30, 114

Vaccines and vaccination, HCV

development, 2, 24, 136-138, 166

feasibility, 136-137

need for, 137

recommendations, 5, 12, 138

therapeutic, 136

Vaccines for Children (VFC) program, 128-129, 130, 131, 134

Veterans, 28, 94, 130-131, 158, 168, 171

Vietnamese Americans, 68, 90, 171

Viral hepatitis services.

See also Counseling;

Educational programs;

Medical management of hepatitis;

Screening and testing;

Vaccines and vaccination

access to, 2, 3, 34, 56, 79, 151, 169, 170

adult viral-hepatitis prevention

coordinators, 42-43, 57, 59, 61, 64, 70, 152-153

adults, 3, 5, 6, 13, 16-17, 56, 79, 149, 189-192

case management, 45-46, 57-58, 62-63, 70, 72, 149, 170

CDC allocations for, 5-6, 14, 15, 16-17, 26, 42, 54, 126-127, 148-150, 151, 152, 153, 175, 183, 186, 192

community-based approaches, 5, 6, 13, 14, 16, 148, 149, 174-175, 186-188

core components, 5, 12, 13, 148, 153, 154-157

current status, 148-154

design and evaluation of programs, 3, 41, 45, 57, 67

foreign-born people, 5, 12, 13-14, 16, 92, 148, 173-175

funding (public), 148-149, 150-152, 171, 172-173

gaps in, 12-17, 170-192

general population, 12, 13, 148, 170-173

HBV, 5-6, 14, 15, 148, 149, 153, 182-183

HCV, 5, 14, 148-149, 153

identifying infected persons, see Screening and testing

illicit-drug users, 2, 5, 12, 14-15, 148-149, 175-181

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
×

incarcerated populations, 6, 13, 16, 149, 184-186

integrated approach, 14, 16-17, 149, 171-172, 179, 180-181, 189-192

knowledge and awareness of, 91

mobile health units, 6, 13, 16-17, 120-121, 122, 149, 189, 191-192

model programs, 33, 152, 157, 170, 171-172

nongovernmental organizations, 153-154

pregnant women, 5-6, 13, 15, 54, 70, 149, 181-184

prevention, 3, 5, 12, 15, 166, 177-179, 183-184;

see also Vaccines and vaccination

program venues for high-risk groups, 13, 176-177

recommendations, 5-6, 12-17, 148-149, 172-173, 179-181, 192

shelter-based programs, 6, 13, 16-17, 149, 189, 191, 192

social support, 3

at STD/HIV clinics, 6, 13, 14, 16-17, 54, 86, 87, 119-120, 124, 125, 129, 134, 149, 151, 170, 171, 176, 189-190, 191, 192

Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Emerging Infections Program, 58

Vitamin K prophylaxis, 115

W

Washington State Basic Health Insurance Plan, 171

Whites, 2, 10, 27, 30, 33, 81, 116, 168, 169, 184-185

World Health Organization, 23, 30, 115

Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Viral Hepatitis, 151

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12793.
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Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C Get This Book
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The global epidemic of hepatitis B and C is a serious public health problem. Hepatitis B and C are the major causes of chronic liver disease and liver cancer in the world. In the next 10 years, 150,000 people in the United States will die from liver disease or liver cancer associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Today, between 800,000 and 1.4 million people in the United States have chronic hepatitis B and between 2.7 and 3.9 million have chronic hepatitis C. People most at risk for hepatitis B and C often are the least likely to have access to medical services. Reducing the rates of illness and death associated with these diseases will require greater awareness and knowledge among health care workers, improved identification of at-risk people, and improved access to medical care.

Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable disease. Although federal public health officials recommend that all newborns, children, and at-risk adults receive the vaccine, about 46,000 new acute cases of the HBV infection emerge each year, including 1,000 in infants who acquire the infection during birth from their HBV-positive mothers. Unfortunately, there is no vaccine for hepatitis C, which is transmitted by direct exposure to infectious blood.

Hepatitis and Liver Cancer identifies missed opportunities related to the prevention and control of HBV and HCV infections. The book presents ways to reduce the numbers of new HBV and HCV infections and the morbidity and mortality related to chronic viral hepatitis. It identifies priorities for research, policy, and action geared toward federal, state, and local public health officials, stakeholder, and advocacy groups and professional organizations.

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