. "Index." Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010.
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Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C
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Index
A
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 32
Acute infections
characteristics, 19
clinical outcomes, 117, 118, 136, 137
HBV, 1, 19, 23, 27, 34, 48, 50, 59, 70-71, 99, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, 161, 189
HCV, 19, 28, 29, 34, 47, 49, 51, 71, 136, 137, 163, 165
incarcerated people, 121
injection-drug use and, 120, 137, 189
outbreak detection and control, 48, 67, 70
prevalence and incidence, 1, 50, 70-71, 99, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125
screening and testing for, 47-51, 160, 161, 163, 165
surveillance, 29, 44, 47-51, 59, 64, 67, 71
Adolescents and young adults, 7, 11, 23, 25, 31, 44, 68, 71, 93, 98, 100, 110, 112, 127, 131, 134, 191
Adult Hepatitis B Vaccine Initiative, 129
Adult viral-hepatitis prevention coordinators (AVHPC), 42-43, 57, 59, 61, 64, 70, 152-153
Adults.
See also At-risk populations;
specific populations
asymptomatic infections, 47
HBV, 11, 27, 32, 47, 93, 110, 111, 113, 117-125, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134
HCV, 51
vaccination, 11, 32, 93, 110, 111, 113, 117-125, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 4, 9-10, 11, 55, 83, 88, 93, 100, 110-111, 112-115, 116, 125, 127, 132, 133, 134, 181
African Americans/Blacks, 1, 2, 10, 27, 29, 30, 32, 93, 116, 124, 168, 169, 184
Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research, 149
Alabama, 27 n.1, 91, 116
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 48, 49, 50, 53, 93, 158, 167
Alaska, 120-121, 122-123.
See also American Indians and Alaska Natives
Alcohol consumption, 5, 14, 29, 30, 48, 84, 93, 148, 155, 168, 169, 181
Alternative-care providers, educational programs for, 86, 87, 89
American Academy of Pediatrics, 111
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), 32, 155, 159, 166, 167, 168
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 84, 97
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American College of Physicians, 159
American Indians and Alaska Natives, 29, 62, 81, 93, 129, 131, 168
Anti–tumor-necrosis factor therapy, 162
Asian American Hepatitis B Program, 92
Asians and Pacific Islanders (APIs).
See also Foreign-born
access to care, 56, 169
educational programs for, 87, 92, 93, 153, 183
health-care providers, 82
incidence and prevalence of HBV infection, 1-2, 23, 27, 29, 81-82, 83, 93, 117-118, 153-154, 161, 183, 184-185
knowledge and awareness of HBV, 13, 82, 89-90, 173
liver cancer, 29, 153-154, 169
medical management of hepatitis, 183
risk of HBV, 90
screening/testing, 161, 173
surveillance, 32, 62, 68
treatment disparities, 169
vaccination, 10, 90, 92, 116, 117-118, 161-162
Aspartate transaminase, 49, 167
Asymptomatic infected individuals, awareness of infection, 1, 3, 24, 26, 27, 50, 51, 90
At-risk populations.
See also Foreign-born populations;
Illicit-drug users;
Incarcerated populations;
Men who have sex with men;
Pregnant women
access to services, 3, 56, 79
defined, 27, 86, 156
education programs, 4, 14, 85-86, 92-93, 95-96, 97, 98-100
health service provider knowledge of, 80, 81-84, 89
immunization, 4, 9, 10-11, 27, 81, 93, 113, 120-125
knowledge and awareness of hepatitis, 3, 4, 8, 9, 34, 89-91, 93-96
prevalence and incidence of hepatitis, 62, 81
recommendations, 16-17
screening and testing, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13-14, 16, 27, 71-72, 85, 86, 97, 124-125, 148, 153, 155, 156-159, 161, 173
services, 3, 5, 6, 13, 16-17, 56, 79, 149, 189-192
surveillance, 2, 4, 6, 7, 61-62, 67, 68, 71-72
Awareness. See Knowledge and awareness of chronic hepatitis
B
Baltimore, 28, 92, 122-123, 190
Blacks. See African Americans/Blacks
Blood transfusions, 2, 21, 24, 28, 50, 83, 84, 151, 158
Brachial neuritis, 32
Brazil, 138
Breastfeeding, 84
Bureau of Primary Health Care, 151
C
California, 58, 81, 83, 89, 99, 120, 121, 122, 173, 174, 182, 183, 186
Cambodian Americans, 90, 92
Cancer chemotherapy, 162
Case definitions for hepatitis, 7, 48-49, 50, 51, 52-53, 54, 55, 65, 68, 69
Case management, 43, 45-46, 57-58, 62-63, 65, 68, 70, 72
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2
Adult Hepatitis B Vaccine Initiative, 129
case definitions for hepatitis B and C, 48-49, 50, 52-53, 54, 55, 68
Division of Viral Hepatitis, 150-151
educational programs, 4, 8-9, 86, 87, 97, 96
Emerging Infections Program, 43, 58, 59
Epidemiologic Surveillance Project, 60
estimates of hepatitis burden, 25, 26, 27, 62, 120, 182, 189
National Immunization Program, 126
NEDSS, 61
NETSS, 60-61, 64
partner services guidelines, 63
PHIN-compliant systems, 64, 70
prevention and control recommendations of, 30
resource allocation for services, 5-6, 14, 15, 16-17, 26, 42, 54, 126-127, 148-150, 151, 152, 153, 175, 183, 186, 192
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risk factors for hepatitis, 156, 157-158, 159
screening and counseling
recommendations of, 82-83, 84, 156-157, 159, 183
state cooperative agreements with, 4, 7, 42, 54, 57, 64-66, 67
surveillance initiatives, 4, 6, 7-8, 42-43, 44, 45, 50, 57, 58, 59-61, 63, 64, 65-66, 67, 68, 69, 70-71
vaccination recommendations and programs, 12, 110-111, 124-125, 126, 128-129, 134, 136, 153, 157
VFC program, 128-129, 130, 131, 134
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 129, 149.
See also Medicaid;
Medicare
Central nervous system demyelinating disorders, 32
Chicago, 28, 116, 121
Childhood Immunization Initiative, 126
Children
asymptomatic infections, 47
HBV, 23, 25, 30, 47, 116-117, 128-132
HCV, 51
information systems on, 127-128
progression of infection in, 46, 117, 118
vaccination, 4, 9, 10, 25, 30, 93, 97, 110, 111, 112, 116-117, 128-132, 134
Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), 128, 129-132, 172
Chinese Americans, 68, 81, 82, 86, 89, 90, 92, 174
Chronic infections.
See also Hepatitis B;
Hepatitis C;
Knowledge and awareness of chronic hepatitis
age at exposure and potential for, 19, 22, 46, 51, 82-83, 113, 117, 118, 156
asymptomatic nature of, 3, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 90, 159, 162
clinical outcomes, 23;
see also Liver cancer and liver cirrhosis
prevalence and incidence, 1, 34, 121
surveillance, 25, 44, 51-54, 59, 64, 67, 71
Clinical outcomes.
See also Liver cancer and liver cirrhosis
age at exposure and, 19, 22, 46, 51, 82-83, 113, 117, 118, 156
knowledge of, 80, 83, 89
Coinfection
HBV and HCV, 23, 29, 30, 32
HIV and hepatitis, 23, 29, 72, 81-82, 190
Collaborative Injection Drug User Study Drug User Intervention Trial, 94, 95
Colorado, 58
Committee task
approach, 32-35
charge to committee, 30-32
Community
health centers, 16, 149, 186-189
outreach, 9, 90, 91-92, 97, 98-99, 101
screening and testing programs, 5, 13
Confidentiality safeguards, 43-44, 65
Connecticut, 55, 58, 122
Contacts.
See also Partner services
education of, 97, 98
vaccination, 54, 57-58, 62, 93, 117, 119-120
Correctional facilities.
See also Incarcerated populations
educational programs on viral hepatitis, 88-89, 99-100
recommendations, 16
viral hepatitis services, 6, 13, 14, 16, 149, 184-186
Counseling, 5, 14, 31, 62, 63, 84, 85, 87, 95, 124, 134, 148, 151, 152, 157, 160, 163, 168, 171, 172, 177, 179, 180, 181, 186, 189, 191
D
Deaths, preventable, by disease, 20
Denmark, 121
Department of Health and Human Services, 110
National Vaccine Program Office, 126
Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities, 2, 30, 149, 152
Department of Justice, 6, 16, 149, 186
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), 2, 28, 30, 94, 130, 171, 172
Detroit, 121
Discrimination. See Stigmatization and discrimination
Drug treatment programs and facilities.
See also Illicit-drug users
educational programs on viral hepatitis, 8, 88-89, 95-96, 100, 176
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funding, 176
integrated approach, 14, 149, 179
prevention of seroconversion, 177, 178
screening and testing, 176
staff knowledge of hepatitis, 85, 88, 96
vaccination opportunities, 121, 124, 129
Drug users. See Illicit-drug users
E
Economic issues.
See also Funding;
Insurance coverage
screening and testing, 27, 161-162, 163
vaccination, 54, 57-58, 117-119, 124, 137-138
Educational programs.
See also Knowledge and awareness of chronic hepatitis
advocacy efforts, 153-154
for alternative-medicine professionals, 86, 87, 89
for at-risk populations, 4, 14, 85-86, 92-93, 95-96, 97, 98-100, 153-154
CDC initiatives, 4, 8-9, 86, 87, 96, 97
contacts, 97, 98
content, 86-87
continuing medical education, 87
educational programs, 4, 8-9, 86, 87, 96, 97
evaluation of, 97
funding, 99, 152
for general population, 4, 96, 97, 98, 99, 153
goals, 9, 97
for health-care and social service workers, 4, 8-9, 58, 82, 84-88
integration into other programs, 9, 92, 95-96, 98
linguistically and culturally appropriate, 9, 87, 90, 92, 93, 97, 98-99, 101, 153, 183
outreach component, 96, 97, 98-99, 100
peer education, 95, 100
in perinatal facilities, 99-101
recommendations, 4, 8-9, 85-89, 96-101
safety precautions and procedures, 88
on screening and testing, 9, 58, 98
vaccination, 8, 9, 97, 101
Electronic medical records, 7, 50, 51, 60, 65, 68, 69, 70
Egyptian immigrants, 24, 159
Emerging Infections Program, 43, 58, 59
Employee Retirement Security Act, 134
End-stage renal disease patients, 113, 131, 152
Epidemiologic Surveillance Project, 60
Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity for Infectious Diseases program, 59
Exposure routes
knowledge and awareness, 95
sexual, 1, 23, 44, 72, 84, 119-120
unsafe vaccine injections, 24
F
Federal Employees Health Benefits Program, 5, 13, 130, 148, 172
Florida Hepatitis Prevention Program, 186-187
Food and Drug Administration, 109
Foreign-born populations.
See also Asians and Pacific Islanders;
Hispanics
access to care, 56
culturally appropriate programs, 13, 56, 173-174, 183-184
educational outreach to, 9, 90, 91-92, 97, 98-99, 101, 174-175
exposure routes, 120
geographic regions of endemicity, 81-82
HBV, 1-2, 8, 13, 14, 23, 27, 81-82, 89-90, 91-92
health disparity, 27
incidence and prevalence of HBV, 8, 27, 79, 86, 93
knowledge and awareness of risks to, 13, 79, 81-82, 86, 87, 89-90, 173-174
liver cancer and cirrhosis, 29
recommendations, 14, 175
screening and testing, 5, 13, 14, 90, 91, 148, 153-154, 155, 156, 161-162, 173
vaccination, 5, 10, 13, 14, 90, 91, 92-93, 116, 117-118, 120, 132, 148, 157, 161-162
viral hepatitis services for, 5, 13-14, 148, 173-175
Funding
education, 99, 152
surveillance, 3, 7, 42, 57, 58-59, 63, 65, 66, 67, 71, 129
vaccination, 57, 118, 120, 129, 134
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G
General population
education program, 4, 96, 97, 98, 99
knowledge and awareness of chronic hepatitis, 3, 4, 9, 17, 33, 34, 79, 98
recommendations, 13
screening and testing, 13
viral hepatitis services, 13, 170-173
Guillain-Barré syndrome, 32
H
Health Disparities Collaborative, 188
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), 6, 16, 127, 148-149, 151-152, 187, 188-189, 192
Health-care providers and workers
APIs, 82
educational programs, 4, 8-9, 58, 82, 84-88
guidelines for, 80
immunization, 124
knowledge and awareness of hepatitis, 3, 4, 8, 17, 33, 34, 79, 80-89, 154-155, 171, 182-183
outreach to, 97
safety precautions and procedures, 88
vaccination, 88, 93, 113, 117, 118, 124, 125
Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS), 126
Healthcare Systems Bureau, 152
Hemodialysis, 21, 22, 24, 44, 93, 113, 156, 158, 162
Hepatitis A, 30, 48, 49, 50, 57, 58, 137, 150-151, 189, 190
Hepatitis B.
See also Vaccination for Hepatitis B;
specific populations and services
acute infection, 1, 19, 23, 27, 34, 48, 50, 59, 70-71, 99, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, 161, 189
adults, 27, 47, 117-125, 132
at-risk populations, 1-2, 21-22, 27, 81-82, 120-125
case definition, 48, 50, 51, 52
causative agent, 19, 21
children, 23, 25, 30, 47, 116-117, 128-132
chronic infection, 19, 22, 23, 34, 48, 51, 52, 59-60, 64
community knowledge and awareness, 89-93
contact screening, 48, 82, 86
deaths, 20, 23, 26, 34, 83
economic issues, 25, 26, 128-135
education programs, 83, 90, 92-93
exposure routes, 1, 21, 23, 26, 44, 90
geographic differences, 27, 81
HBsAg determinant of infection, 10, 21, 22, 46, 48, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 69, 82-83, 99, 100-101, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 124, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 166, 174, 181, 182, 183
health-care provider knowledge, 81-83
health-care use trends, 30
health-care workers, 91, 124
HIV-infected people, 29, 124
immunization, see Vaccines and vaccination
incidence and prevalence, 1-2, 21, 23, 26-27, 29, 83, 118, 119
infants, 1, 25
institutionalized developmentally disabled people, 124
insurance coverage, 5, 128-134
knowledge and awareness of, 81-83, 89-93, 127-128
liver cancer and liver disease from, 29-30
medical management, 82, 90, 166-167
men who have sex with men, 91
mistrust of vaccination, 127-128
progression of infection and clinical outcomes, 22, 23, 25, 29, 46;
see also Liver cancer and liver cirrhosis
public vaccine programs and insurance, 128-132
racial/ethnic differences, 27, 29
reactivation, 162
registries of immunization, 126-127
risk factors, 27
screening and testing, 5, 8, 13, 14, 23, 27, 47, 48-49, 51, 81, 82-83, 86, 90, 91, 124-125, 152, 156-157, 160-162
stigma/discrimination, 23, 91-92
surveillance, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 59-60, 61, 64, 71
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Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG), 4, 9-10, 55, 69, 110, 111, 112-113, 114, 115, 182, 183-184
Hepatitis B Initiative, 92
Hepatitis C.
See also specific populations and services
acute infection, 19, 28, 29, 34, 47, 49, 51, 71, 136, 137, 163, 165
adults, 51
at-risk populations, 21-22, 28, 93-101, 158
case definition, 49, 50, 53, 68
causative agent, 19, 21, 137
children, 51
chronic infection, 17, 22, 34, 51-52, 59, 64, 136-138
economic issues, 25, 26, 137-138
education programs, 84-85, 95-96
exposure routes, 2, 5, 21, 24, 26, 28, 44, 84
health-care provider knowledge, 83-85
in HIV-infected people, 30
knowledge and awareness, 83-85, 93-96
medical management, 167-169
mortality, 20, 23, 26, 34, 45
prevalence and incidence, 21, 22-23, 24, 26, 28-29, 137, 138
prevention, 5, 24, 79, 136-138, 196-187
progression of infection and clinical outcomes, 22, 24, 29-30, 47, 84;
see also Liver cancer and liver cirrhosis
racial/ethnic differences, 29-30, 168-169
risk factors, 29-30, 84
screening and testing, 5, 8, 28, 51-52, 53-54, 62, 68, 84, 85, 86, 93-94, 152, 157-159, 162-165
spontaneous resolution, 51, 136
stigma/discrimination, 24, 85, 94-95
surveillance, 28, 44, 45, 47, 49, 51-52, 53-54, 59-60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 71
vaccine development, 2, 5, 24, 136-138
Hepatitis C Continuity Program, 185-186
Hepatitis D, 30
Hepatitis E, 30
Hepatocellular carcinoma. See Liver cancer and liver cirrhosis
High-risk populations. See At-risk populations
Hispanics, 2, 10, 27, 30, 93, 116, 121, 159, 168-169, 184-185
HIV/AIDS, 124
burden of disease, 25, 26
coinfection, 23, 29, 72, 81-82, 190
funding for activities, 45, 150-151
HBV vaccination, 93, 113, 120, 124, 129
mortality, 20, 45
partner services, 63, 72
Prevention for Positives initiatives, 95
public awareness campaign, 98
screening and testing, 120, 156, 162
surveillance, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 72
HIV/AIDS Bureau, 152
Homeless people, 56, 62, 71, 152, 154-155, 187, 188, 191
I
Illicit-drug users, injection drug users.
See also Drug treatment programs and facilities
access to health services, 2, 24, 29, 56, 85, 176
acute infections, 120, 137, 189
contact notification, 63, 72, 86
education programs, 95-96, 97, 154, 179
gaps in services for, 175-181
HBV, 1, 14, 23, 61-62, 82, 83, 120-121, 122-123, 176
HCV, 2, 5, 8, 14-15, 24, 28-29, 61, 62, 83, 84, 86, 93-94, 95-96, 136-137, 148, 158, 175-176
health-care use, 14, 176
high-risk period, 14-15
knowledge and awareness of risks to, 82, 83, 86, 94, 95-96
needle-exchange/safe injection programs, 5, 9, 14, 28, 80, 88-89, 94, 97, 100, 120-121, 148, 155, 166, 177, 180
prevalence and incidence of infection, 14, 27, 61-62, 82, 96, 120, 176
recommendations, 15, 179-181
referral for medical management, 148
screening, testing, and counseling, 14, 62, 83, 85, 86, 94, 148, 156-157, 158, 162, 163, 179
stigmatization and discrimination, 24, 85
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surveillance, 2, 56, 61-62, 63
transmission of hepatitis, 1, 14, 24
vaccination, 14, 93, 120-121, 122-123, 124, 129, 157
viral hepatitis services, 5, 14-15, 63, 148-149, 175-181
Illicit-drug users, non-injection drug users, 9, 14, 96, 97, 122-123, 175-176
Immigrant services, 8.
See also Foreign-born populations
Immunization.
See also Vaccines and vaccination
HBIG adjuvant, 4, 9-10, 55, 69, 110, 111, 112-113, 114, 115, 182, 183-184
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 160, 161
Immunosuppresive therapy, 162
Incarcerated populations
acute infections, 121
education programs, 5, 8, 9, 99-100
HBV, 16, 27, 62, 83, 90-91, 121-124, 184
HCV, 8, 16, 28, 62, 83, 86, 100, 184
knowledge and awareness of risks to, 83, 86, 90-91
prevalence and incidence of infection, 121, 184
racial/ethnic differences, 184-185
recommendations, 186
screening and testing, 16, 156-157, 185
size of, 62, 99
surveillance, 62
vaccination, 121-124, 157, 185
viral health services, 6, 16, 149, 184-186
Incidence of hepatitis. See Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis
Infants.
See also Perinatal infections
antiviral therapy, 183-184
followup, 56
HBV case definition, 55
HBV infection, 4, 9-10, 25, 54-55, 75, 93, 100, 110, 111-116, 173, 182
immunization, 4, 9-10, 25, 54-55, 75, 93, 100, 110, 111-116, 173, 182
incidence and prevalence of hepatitis, 100, 111, 112, 182
potential for and progression to chronic infection, 22, 46, 51, 82, 113, 156
preterm, 111, 112, 114, 115
screening/testing, 54, 162
surveillance, 182
Infectious Diseases Society of America, 159
Inflammatory bowel disease, 162
Influenza, 20, 27, 110
Information systems, 5, 11, 72, 126-127
Initiative on Immunization Registries, 126
Institute of Medicine, 127-128
Institutionalized developmentally disabled people, 62, 93, 113, 124, 156-157
Insurance coverage
gaps and barriers, 11, 134-135, 170
private plans, 11, 12, 132-134
public plans, 11-12, 128-132, 172-173;
see also specific programs
recommendations, 11-12, 172-173
screening and testing, 13, 148
vaccination, 5, 11-12, 128-132, 135
International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, 82, 83
Injection-drug users. See Illicit-drug users
Iowa, 95
Italy, 163
J
Jade Ribbon Campaign, 92, 153-154
K
Knowledge and awareness of chronic hepatitis.
See also Educational programs
age and, 93
asymptomatic infected individuals, 1, 3, 24, 26, 27, 50, 51, 90
at-risk populations, 3, 4, 8, 9, 13, 34, 82, 89-91, 93-96, 173
of clinical outcomes, 80, 83, 89
community, 89-101
contact notification and screening, 9, 84
correctional facilities, 88-89, 99-100
and discrimination and stigma, 8, 9, 85, 91-92, 94-95
drug-treatment facilities and needle-exchange programs, 5, 8, 9, 100
exposure routes, 95
general public, 3, 4, 9, 17, 33, 34, 79, 98
HBV, 81-83, 89-93, 127-128
HCV, 83-85, 93-96
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health-care and social-service providers, 3, 4, 8, 17, 33, 34, 79, 88-89, 154-155, 171, 182-183
mistrust of vaccination, 8, 127-128
perinatal facilities, 82-83, 100-101
policy-makers, 3, 17, 98
of prevalence and incidence, 8, 79, 80, 81, 83, 89, 153-154
of prevention approaches, 80, 89
race/ethnicity and, 93
recommendations, 4, 8-9, 85-89, 96-101
or risk factors and high-risk population characteristics, 80, 81-84, 89
of screening, testing, and management methods, 5, 8, 9, 79, 80, 82-83, 84, 90
surveillance and, 45
Korean Americans, 90
L
Lamivudine prophylaxis, 162, 170, 183
Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 115-116
Liver cancer and liver cirrhosis
age and, 79
deaths, 1, 23, 24, 25, 29
incidence and prevalence, 22-23, 79, 154
prevention, 1, 19, 109
progression of infection to, 46-47
racial/ethnic differences, 29-30, 153-154, 169
risk factors, 29-30, 169
surveillance, 67, 72
survival rate, 23
Liver transplants, 25, 67, 110, 169
M
Maryland, 27 n.1, 116, 173
Massachusetts, 63, 69, 186
Measles, 20, 116 n.1, 136
Medicaid, 13, 128-129, 132, 148, 152, 168, 172
Early Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment, 11, 130-131, 134
Medical management of hepatitis, 3, 5, 166-170
access to, 56, 79, 130, 183
antiviral therapy, 6, 15, 24, 79, 86, 149, 184
coinfections, 23
components of, 155
costs and cost-effectiveness, 163, 169-170
disparities, 169
education on, 86
goals, 166
guidelines, 30, 32, 80, 155, 166-168
insurance coverage, 130, 170
interferon-alpha-based treatment, 30, 170
provider knowledge, 82, 86
racial/ethnic disparities, 168-169
referral for, 5, 6, 14, 15, 31, 56, 62-63, 70, 72, 83, 120-121, 148, 149, 153, 166, 170, 171, 177, 181, 182, 183, 189
Medicare, 5, 13, 128, 130, 132, 134, 148, 152, 168, 172
Men who have sex with men, 21, 27, 44, 71, 81, 82, 91, 97, 113, 156, 162, 191
Metabolic syndrome, 30
Minnesota, 58, 172
Mobile health units, 6, 13, 16-17, 120-121, 122, 149, 189, 191-192
Montana, 116
Multiple sclerosis, 32
N
National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors (NASTAD), 42-43, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 189
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Tuberculosis Prevention, 26, 45, 150-151
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 15, 126, 181-182
National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS), 61
National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS), 60-61, 64
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 62
National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, 62, 72
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National Immunization Program, 126
National Immunization Surveys, 111-112, 126, 128
National Institutes of Health, 6, 15, 30, 149, 184
National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC), 126, 127
National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable, 2, 30
Needle-stick injuries, 1, 21, 88, 158
New Haven, 120, 122-123
New Jersey Academy of Family Physicians, 82, 83
New York City, 28, 58, 85, 90, 92, 120-121, 122, 173, 186, 190
New York state, 58, 185-186
Nosocomial infections, 24, 67, 87, 88
O
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 88
Office of Management and Budget, 129
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, 128-129
Optic neuritis, 32
Oregon, 58
Outbreak
detection and control, 48, 67, 70
prevention, 88
P
Partner services
CDC guidelines, 63
contact notification, 9, 15, 63
cost-effectiveness, 63
funding, 72
screening and testing, 48, 82, 86, 98, 100, 154, 162
surveillance, 48, 62-63, 68, 72
vaccination, 54, 57-58, 62, 93, 113, 117, 119-120
Perinatal hepatitis B coordinators, 15, 54, 152
Perinatal infections.
See also Pregnant women
educational programs on, 99-101
HBV, 46, 111-116, 152
immunization, 9, 54-55, 111-116
knowledge and awareness, 82-83, 100-101
prevention, 5-6, 15, 54, 183-184
progression of, 46
screening and testing, 54-56
surveillance, 54-56
Peripartum antiviral therapy, 6, 15, 149, 184
Policy-makers
knowledge and awareness of chronic hepatitis, 3, 17, 98
Polio, 20, 110, 116 n.1
Pregnant women.
See also Perinatal infections
antiviral therapy, 6, 15, 149, 184
case management, 70, 149, 182
education, 97, 100-101
educational programs on viral hepatitis, 9, 99-100
foreign-born women, 23, 182-183
HBV, 6, 15, 23, 25, 82-84, 90, 149, 182-183
HCV, 83-84
household contacts and sexual partners, 54, 182
knowledge and awareness of risks to, 82-84
lamivudine prophylaxis, 162, 170, 183
medical management, 6, 15, 149, 182-183
recommendations, 15-16, 184
screening and testing, 15, 25, 54-56, 69, 82-83, 84, 111, 120, 149, 162, 181-182
surveillance, 54, 69, 70, 182
vaccination, 4, 10, 54, 111-116, 129, 131, 132, 182
viral hepatitis services, 15, 149, 181-184
Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis
accuracy of estimates, 50-51, 56, 57, 66, 70-71
acute infections, 1, 50, 70-71, 99, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125
APIs, 1-2, 23, 27, 29, 81-82, 83, 93, 117-118, 153-154, 161, 183, 184-185
at-risk populations, 62, 81
CDC estimates, 25, 26, 27, 62, 120, 182, 189
chronic infections, 1, 34, 121
definitions, 7 n.1
immigration and, 2
knowledge and awareness of, 8, 79, 80, 81, 83, 89, 153-154
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monitoring and reporting, 71;
see also Surveillance
U.S., 1, 2, 25-29, 86
worldwide, 22-24
Prevention and control of hepatitis.
See also Counseling;
Educational programs;
Medical management of hepatitis;
Screening and testing;
Vaccines and vaccination;
Viral hepatitis services
barriers to, 2-3
CDC recommendation, 30
charge to committee, 31
education on, 80, 87
funding, 44, 54
harm reduction, 155, 166
knowledge and awareness of methods, 84, 86
needle-exchange/safe injection programs, 5, 9, 14, 28, 80, 88-89, 94, 97, 100, 120-121, 148, 155, 166, 180
perinatal transmission, 25, 183-184
research recommendations, 15
state plans, 152-153
strategies, 25, 31, 84, 177-179
Prevention for Positives initiatives, 95
Public Health Information Network (PHIN), 7, 61, 64, 65, 70
R
Race/ethnicity
and knowledge and awareness of hepatitis, 93
vaccination disparities, 10, 116-117, 121
Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) 2010, 93
Recommendations
at-risk populations, 14, 15, 16-17, 175, 179-181, 184, 186
committee approach, 32
community health centers, 188-189
education programs, 4, 8-9, 85-89, 96-101
insurance coverage, 11-12, 172-173
integrated services, 192
outcomes of implementing, 17, 34
screening and testing, 4, 6, 13, 16, 148
vaccination, 4-5, 9-12, 93, 114, 117, 125, 127, 135, 136, 138
Referral for additional services, 5, 6, 14, 15, 31, 56, 62-63, 70, 72, 83, 120-121, 148, 149, 153, 166, 170, 171, 177, 181, 182, 183, 189
Reporting systems and requirements, 59-61, 68
Resource allocation, 45
barriers to, 3
CDC, 5-6, 14, 15, 16-17, 26, 42, 54, 126-127, 148-150, 151, 152, 153, 175, 183, 186, 192
Respiratory syncytial virus, 20
Rheumatoid arthritis, 162
Rhode Island, 90
Risk factors for hepatitis
APIs, 90
CDC, 156, 157-158, 159
knowledge and awareness of, 80, 81-84, 89
screening for, 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 16, 85, 86, 124-125, 148, 153, 155, 156-159, 162
Ryan White CARE Act and program, 33, 152, 170
S
Safety precautions and procedures, 88
San Diego, 134, 170, 189-190
San Francisco, 58, 81, 120, 121, 122-123, 173, 174, 182
Schistosomiasis-eradication campaign, 24
Scotland, 122-123
Screening and testing
access to, 3
acute infections, 47-51, 160, 161, 163, 165
antigens and antibodies used for, 160, 161
at-risk populations, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13-14, 16, 27, 71-72, 91-92, 97, 120, 124-125, 148, 152, 153-154, 156-157, 158-159, 161-162, 173
barriers to, 124-125
CDC recommendations, 82-83, 84, 156-157, 159, 183
community-based programs, 5, 13
confirmatory tests, 162-163
contacts/partners, 48, 82, 86, 98, 100, 154, 162
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cost-effectiveness, 27, 161-162, 163
cultural aversion to, 91-92, 98
education on, 9, 58, 98
electronic laboratory reporting, 7, 60, 65, 68-69, 70
enzyme immunoassay, 51, 53, 54, 162-163, 164-165
followup/repeat, 48-49, 80
general population, 13
goals, 154-155
guidelines, 80, 86
HBV, 5, 8, 13, 14, 23, 27, 48-49, 51, 81, 82-83, 86, 90, 91, 124-125, 152, 156-157, 160-162
HCV, 5, 8, 28, 51-52, 53-54, 62, 68, 84, 85, 86, 93-94, 152, 157-159, 162-165
importance, 23
insurance coverage, 13, 148, 171
interpretation of results, 94, 160-161, 162, 164-165
knowledge and awareness of methods, 5, 8, 9, 79, 80, 82-83, 84, 90
laws, 83
nucleic acid testing, 49, 53-54, 68, 159, 163, 164-165
pregnant women, 15, 25, 54-56, 69, 82-83, 84, 111, 120, 149, 162
recombinant immunoblot assay, 49, 53, 163, 164-165
recommendations, 4, 6, 13, 16, 148
referral for medical management, 5, 6, 14, 15, 31, 56, 62-63, 70, 72, 83, 120-121, 148, 149, 153, 166, 170, 171, 177, 181, 182, 183, 189
reporting test results, 4, 6, 7, 41-56, 58, 59-61, 65, 66, 67, 68-69
resource allocation, 3, 17, 45
resources available for, 49, 54, 56, 57-58
risk-factor, 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 16, 85, 86, 91, 124-125, 148, 153, 155, 156-159, 162
serologic, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 47, 51, 53-54, 120, 148, 156, 159-165
VA program, 28, 158
Section 317 Immunization Grant program, 11, 126, 129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 153
Services. See Viral hepatitis services
Sexual exposure to hepatitis, 1, 23, 44, 72, 84, 113, 119-120
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
clinic services for hepatitis, 6, 13, 14, 16-17, 54, 86, 87, 119-120, 124, 25, 129, 134, 149, 151, 170, 171, 176, 189-190, 191, 192
disease intervention specialists, 63
funding for services, 45, 151
integrating services for STD and hepatitis, 189-190
partner notification, 63
surveillance, 59, 61, 63
Shelter-based programs, 6, 13, 16-17, 149, 189, 191, 192
Social and peer support, 3, 95, 100, 155
Social-service providers.
See also Substance-abuse services and providers
educational programs, 88-89
knowledge and awareness of hepatitis, 80-89
Society of General Internal Medicine, 82
South Dakota, 116
Southeast Asian immigrants, 24, 79, 82, 183
Standardization of data, 69
State and territorial health departments
case followup, 55
cooperative agreements with CDC, 4, 7, 42, 54, 57, 64-66, 67
funding, 152
surveillance role, 4, 6, 7
STD/HIV clinics, 87, 189-190
Stigmatization and discrimination, 8, 9, 23, 24, 56, 85, 87, 89, 91-92, 94-95, 97, 98, 170, 174
Study to Reduce Intravenous Exposures (STRIVE), 95
Sub-Saharan African immigrants, 23, 79, 82, 90
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 149, 152
Substance-abuse services and providers. See Drug treatment programs and facilities
Surveillance
acute infections, 29, 44, 47-51, 59, 64, 67, 71
analyzing, reporting, and disseminating findings, 67, 70-71
applications of data from, 41, 42, 43-46
at-risk populations, 2, 4, 6, 7, 32, 61-62, 67, 68, 71-72
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automated data collection, 7, 51, 56, 60, 65, 68-70
AVHPC surveys, 42-43, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 70
case definitions, 7, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 65, 68, 69
case management uses, 43, 45-46, 57-58, 62-63, 65, 68, 70, 72
CDC initiatives, 4, 6, 7-8, 42-43, 44, 45, 50, 57, 58, 59-61, 63, 64, 65-66, 67, 68, 69, 70-71, 150
challenges, 29, 47-54, 56, 60
chronic infections, 25, 44, 51-54, 59, 64, 67, 71
committee charge and approach, 31-32, 41-42
confidentiality safeguards, 43-44, 65
core activities, 4, 6, 7, 43, 66, 67, 68
current system, 3, 25, 34, 41-42
design of programs, 6, 59
disease-specific issues, 46-56
electronic medical records, 7, 50, 51, 60, 65, 68, 69, 70
enhanced projects, 58, 62, 71-72
evaluation of systems, 63-64, 66, 69, 70
funding, 3, 7, 42, 57, 58-59, 63, 65, 66, 67, 71, 129
identifying infections, 4, 6, 41-56, 69
infrastructure and process-specific issues, 57-66, 67, 70
jurisdictional issues, 56, 57, 60, 65-66
and knowledge and awareness of heptatitis, 45
liver cancer and cirrhosis, 67, 72
model programs, 43, 65, 66-72
outbreak detection and control uses, 44, 48, 67, 70
partners of infected people, 48, 62-63, 68, 72
perinatal infections, 54-56
PHIN-compliant systems, 7, 61, 64, 65, 70
pregnant women, 54, 69, 70, 182
programmatic design and evaluation uses, 3, 41, 45, 57, 67
quality of data, 50, 57, 64, 66, 67, 71, 79, 94
recommendations, 4, 6-7, 43, 63-66
reporting systems and requirements, 7, 48, 51, 58, 59-61, 65, 66, 67, 68-69
resource allocation uses, 3, 17, 45
serologic testing, 4, 6, 7, 47, 51, 53-54, 68, 71, 159-165
standardization issues, 6, 7, 41, 56, 61, 64, 65, 66-67, 68, 69, 70
state-CDC cooperative agreements, 4, 7, 42, 54, 57, 64-66, 67
targeted, 43, 66, 71-72
underreporting/misclassification of infections, 3, 27, 34, 47, 50, 60, 62, 70-71
vaccinations, 59, 72, 111
T
Tattooing and piercing, 99, 158-159
Transverse myelitis, 32
Travelers, 22, 93, 113, 117, 156
Tuberculosis, 20, 26, 45, 61, 150, 151, 186
U
United Kingdom, 162
US Preventive Services Task Force, 82-83, 159, 181
US Public Health Service, 132, 150, 159, 190
V
Vaccines and vaccination, HBV
accessibility, 120-121, 124, 128, 129, 134, 135
ACIP recommendations, 4, 9-10, 11, 55, 83, 88, 93, 100, 110-115, 116, 125, 127, 132, 133, 134, 181
adults, 11, 32, 93, 110, 111, 113, 116, 117-125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134
at-risk populations, 4, 9, 10-11, 27, 81, 93, 113, 117-125
barriers to, 8, 10, 11-12, 118, 120, 124-125, 127-136
CDC recommendations and programs, 12, 110-111, 124-125, 126, 128-129, 134, 136, 153, 157
children and adolescents, 4, 9, 10, 25, 30, 93, 97, 110, 111, 112, 116-117, 126, 127, 128-132, 134
cost-effectiveness, 54, 57-58, 117-119, 124, 137-138, 162
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coverage data, 111-112, 114-115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 126, 132
education programs, 8, 9, 97, 101
efficacy, 110
evaluation of programs, 45
foreign-born people, 5, 10, 13, 14, 90, 91, 92-93, 116, 117-118, 120, 132, 148, 152, 161-162
formulations, 109-110, 136
funding for, 57, 118, 120, 129, 134, 152
geographic variability, 116
HBIG adjunct, 110, 114
health-care and social-service workers, 88, 93, 113, 117, 118, 124, 125
HIV-infected people, 93, 113, 120, 124, 129
identifying at-risk adults for, 124-125
illicit-drug users, 14, 93, 120-121, 122-123, 124, 129
immunization-information systems, 5, 11, 72, 126-127
incarcerated people, 11, 113, 121-124, 125
incentives, 121
infants, 4, 9-10, 25, 54-55, 75, 93, 97, 110, 111-116, 120, 173, 182
institutionalized developmentally disabled people, 93, 124
insurance coverage, 5, 11-12, 128-132, 135
liver cancer prevention, 109
liver transplants and, 110
mandatory, 116-117, 134, 153
mistrust of, 8, 127-128
partners and household members (ring vaccination), 54, 57-58, 62, 93, 117, 119-120, 162
payment for, 57, 128-135, 152, 153
perinatal, 4, 10, 54, 111-116, 129, 131, 132
public programs and insurance, 128-132
racial and ethnic disparities, 10, 116-117, 121
recommendations (committee), 4-5, 9-12, 93, 114, 117, 125, 127, 135, 136, 138
safety issues, 32-33, 127-128
schedules and completion of series, 11, 25, 55, 91, 101, 110, 111, 114, 116 n.1, 120, 121, 125, 127, 157
supply of vaccines, 5, 12, 118, 127, 135-136
surveillance, 59, 72, 111
travelers, 22, 93, 113, 117, 156
WHO guidelines, 30, 114
Vaccines and vaccination, HCV
development, 2, 24, 136-138, 166
feasibility, 136-137
need for, 137
recommendations, 5, 12, 138
therapeutic, 136
Vaccines for Children (VFC) program, 128-129, 130, 131, 134
Veterans, 28, 94, 130-131, 158, 168, 171
Vietnamese Americans, 68, 90, 171
Viral hepatitis services.
See also Counseling;
Educational programs;
Medical management of hepatitis;
Screening and testing;
Vaccines and vaccination
access to, 2, 3, 34, 56, 79, 151, 169, 170
adult viral-hepatitis prevention
coordinators, 42-43, 57, 59, 61, 64, 70, 152-153
adults, 3, 5, 6, 13, 16-17, 56, 79, 149, 189-192
case management, 45-46, 57-58, 62-63, 70, 72, 149, 170
CDC allocations for, 5-6, 14, 15, 16-17, 26, 42, 54, 126-127, 148-150, 151, 152, 153, 175, 183, 186, 192
community-based approaches, 5, 6, 13, 14, 16, 148, 149, 174-175, 186-188
core components, 5, 12, 13, 148, 153, 154-157
current status, 148-154
design and evaluation of programs, 3, 41, 45, 57, 67
foreign-born people, 5, 12, 13-14, 16, 92, 148, 173-175
funding (public), 148-149, 150-152, 171, 172-173
gaps in, 12-17, 170-192
general population, 12, 13, 148, 170-173
HBV, 5-6, 14, 15, 148, 149, 153, 182-183
HCV, 5, 14, 148-149, 153
identifying infected persons, see Screening and testing
illicit-drug users, 2, 5, 12, 14-15, 148-149, 175-181
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incarcerated populations, 6, 13, 16, 149, 184-186
integrated approach, 14, 16-17, 149, 171-172, 179, 180-181, 189-192
knowledge and awareness of, 91
mobile health units, 6, 13, 16-17, 120-121, 122, 149, 189, 191-192
model programs, 33, 152, 157, 170, 171-172
nongovernmental organizations, 153-154
pregnant women, 5-6, 13, 15, 54, 70, 149, 181-184
prevention, 3, 5, 12, 15, 166, 177-179, 183-184;
see also Vaccines and vaccination
program venues for high-risk groups, 13, 176-177
recommendations, 5-6, 12-17, 148-149, 172-173, 179-181, 192
shelter-based programs, 6, 13, 16-17, 149, 189, 191, 192
social support, 3
at STD/HIV clinics, 6, 13, 14, 16-17, 54, 86, 87, 119-120, 124, 125, 129, 134, 149, 151, 170, 171, 176, 189-190, 191, 192
Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Emerging Infections Program, 58
Vitamin K prophylaxis, 115
W
Washington State Basic Health Insurance Plan, 171
Whites, 2, 10, 27, 30, 33, 81, 116, 168, 169, 184-185
World Health Organization, 23, 30, 115
Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Viral Hepatitis, 151
