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Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States (2010)
Food and Nutrition Board (FNB)

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. "Appendix D: Salt Substitutes and Enhancers." Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010.

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Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States

Ingredient

Applications

Comments

Mixtures of NaCl substitutes and enhancers

Many foods

Proprietary mixtures are produced by many companies; mixtures consist of a number of ingredients such as non-sodium salts, yeast extracts, potassium chloride, sodium, and sodium gluconatee,m,n,o

aYamaguchi, 1987.

bKilcast and den Ridder, 2007.

cKeast et al., 2004.

dBrandsma, 2006.

ePszczola, 2007.

fAjinomoto Food Ingredients LLC, 2008.

gBreslin and Beauchamp, 1995.

hArmor Proteines, 2007.

iKilcast, 2007.

jAinsworth and Plunkett, 2007.

kNdabikunze and Lahtinen, 1989.

lDesmond, 2007.

mDSM Food Specialties, 2004.

nPszczola, 2006.

oJungbunzlauer, 2007.

REFERENCES

Ainsworth, P., and A. Plunkett. 2007. Reducing salt in snack products. In Reducing salt in foods: Practical strategies, edited by D. Kilcast and F. Angus. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead. Pp. 296-315.

Ajinomoto Food Ingredients LLC. 2008. Ajinomoto monoammonium glutamate (MAG) and monopotassium glutamate (MPG). http://www.ajiusafood.com/5MAG/main.asp (accessed 2008).

Anthony, M. 2007. Season with (only) a grain of salt. http://www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2007/204.html (accessed September 2008).

Armor Proteines. 2007. Lactosalt Optitaste. http://www.armor-proteines.com/ENG/lactosalt_UK.pdf (accessed 2008).

Brandsma, I. 2006. Reducing sodium: A European perspective. Food Technology 60(3): 24-29.

Breslin, P. A. S., and G. K. Beauchamp. 1995. Suppression of bitterness by sodium: Variation among bitter taste stimuli. Chemical Senses 20(6):609-623.

Cauvain, S. P. 2007. Reduced salt in bread and other baked products. In Reducing salt in foods: Practical strategies, edited by D. Kilcast and F. Angus. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead. Pp. 283-295.

Desmond, E. 2006. Reducing salt: A challenge for the meat industry. Meat Science 74(1): 188-196.

Desmond, E. 2007. Reducing salt in meat and poultry products. In Reducing salt in foods: Practical strategies, edited by D. Kilcast and F. Angus. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead. Pp. 233-255.

Page
407
Front Matter (R1-R12)
Summary (1-16)
1 Introduction (17-28)
2 Sodium Intake Reduction: An Important But Elusive Public Health Goal (29-66)
3 Taste and Flavor Roles of Sodium in Foods: A Unique Challenge to Reducing Sodium Intake (67-90)
4 Preservation and Physical Property Roles of Sodium in Foods (91-118)
5 Sodium Intake Estimates for 2003–2006 and Description of Dietary Sources (119-152)
6 The Food Environment: Key to Formulating Strategies for Change in Sodium Intake (153-212)
7 The Regulatory Framework: A Powerful and Adaptable Tool for Sodium Intake Reduction (213-234)
8 Committee's Considerations and Basis for Recommendations (235-284)
9 Recommended Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake and to Monitor Their Effectiveness (285-296)
10 Next Steps (297-316)
Committee Member Biographical Sketches (317-324)
Appendix A: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Glossary (325-334)
Appendix B: Government Initiatives and Past Recommendations of the National Academies, the World Health Organization, and Other Health Professional Organizations (335-356)
Appendix C: International Efforts to Reduce Sodium Consumption (357-404)
Appendix D: Salt Substitutes and Enhancers (405-408)
Appendix E: Background on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys and Data Analysis Methods (409-416)
Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables (417-442)
Appendix G: National Salt Reduction Initiative Coordinated by the New York City Health Department (443-452)
Appendix H: Federal Rulemaking Process (453-456)
Appendix I: Nutrition Facts Panel (457-458)
Appendix J: State and Local Sodium Labeling Initiatives (459-466)
Appendix K: Approach to Linking Universal Product Code (UPC) Sales Data to the Nutrition Facts Panel (467-468)
Appendix L: Public Information-Gathering Workshop Agenda (469-472)
Index (473-494)