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Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States (2010)

Chapter: Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables

« Previous: Appendix E: Background on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys and Data Analysis Methods
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

Appendix F
Sodium Intake Tables

This appendix includes the following tables on sodium intake:

  • Table F-1: Mean 1-Day Sodium Intake by Dietary Source by Age or Gender for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

  • Table F-2: Usual Sodium Intake Distributions from All Dietary Sources by Age or Gender for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

  • Table F-3: Usual Sodium Intake Distributions from Foods by Age or Gender for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

  • Table F-4: Mean Sodium Intake, Mean Energy Intake, and Mean Sodium Density Values for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

  • Table F-5: Usual Mean Sodium Intake Distributions from Foods by Age and Race or Ethnicity for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

  • Table F-6: Usual Sodium (mg/d) Intake Distributions from Foods by Income Level for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

  • Table F-7: Usual Sodium Intake Distributions from Foods Among Adults with Hypertension

  • Table F-8: Top 20 Sources of Sodium Intake Within Food Categories for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

  • Table F-9: Top 10 Food Sources of Sodium Intake by Age or Gender for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

  • Table F-10: Top 10 Sources of Sodium Intake by Home Versus Away for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

TABLE F-1 Mean 1-Day Sodium Intake by Dietary Source by Age or Gender for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

 

Mean Intake (mg/d)

n

Fooda

SE

Table Saltb

SE

All Ages 2+ Yrs

16,822

3,407

13.8

178

1.4

Children

 

 

 

 

 

2–3 yrs

921

2,201

31.4

28

1.9

4–8 yrs

1,680

2,795

29.6

49

1.7

Males

 

 

 

 

 

9–13 yrs

1,009

3,513

48.9

93

2.6

14–18 yrs

1,351

4,339

65.6

105

2.3

19–30 yrs

1,097

4,490

64.2

217

5.8

31–50 yrs

1,439

4,448

55.4

237

5.5

51–70 yrs

1,215

3,738

50.4

230

6.0

> 70 yrs

808

3,000

47.0

189

7.1

Femalesc

 

 

 

 

 

9–13 yrs

1,039

3,019

43.9

85

2.5

14–18 yrs

1,250

2,980

42.0

112

2.4

19–30 yrs

914

3,062

46.6

207

6.2

31–50 yrs

1,350

3,021

40.4

215

5.4

51–70 yrs

1,251

2,773

35.8

197

5.5

> 70 yrs

787

2,397

38.3

127

5.5

Pregnant and lactating femalesd

711

3,465

55.2

220

6.9

Pregnant females

623

3,541

62.2

201

7.1

Lactating females

99

3,236

121.8

270

19.4

NOTES: d = day; mg = milligram; n = unweighted sample size; SE = standard error.

aIncludes salt added in food preparation and cooking.

bSalt added by the consumer at the table.

cExcludes pregnant and lactating females (shown separately).

dIncludes 11 females who were pregnant and lactating.

SOURCE: NHANES 2003–2006.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

Tap Water

SE

Supplements

SE

All Sources

SE

27

0.3

2

0.2

3,614

14.1

9

0.4

1

0.1

2,239

31.4

12

0.4

1

0.1

2,857

29.8

17

0.7

0

0.1

3,624

48.9

27

1.0

4

0.7

4,474

65.9

32

1.3

2

2.2

4,741

65.1

32

1.1

1

0.2

4,719

56.0

28

1.0

2

0.3

3,999

51.1

25

1.0

3

0.5

3,217

48.5

16

0.6

1

0.1

3,121

44.1

20

0.8

1

0.2

3,113

42.1

29

1.2

1

0.2

3,298

47.8

31

1.1

1

0.2

3,268

41.3

32

1.0

3

0.3

3,005

36.5

26

1.0

4

1.0

2,554

39.1

24

1.4

1

0.2

3,710

55.4

22

1.4

1

0.2

3,765

63.1

28

4.3

0

0.1

3,534

119.0

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

TABLE F-2 Usual Sodium Intake Distributions from All Dietary Sources by Age or Gender for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

 

Usual Intake Percentiles (mg/d)

n

AI

UL

5th

10th

25th

All ages 2+ yrs

16,822

 

 

2,007

2,283

2,799

Children

 

 

 

 

 

 

2–3 yrs

921

1,000

1,500

1,378

1,532

1,819

4–8 yrs

1,680

1,200

1,900

1,876

2,054

2,382

Males

 

 

 

 

 

 

9–13 yrs

1,009

1,500

2,200

2,572

2,770

3,122

14–18 yrs

1,351

1,500

2,300

2,543

2,883

3,509

19–30 yrs

1,097

1,500

2,300

2,960

3,293

3,903

31–50 yrs

1,439

1,500

2,300

2,895

3,235

3,850

51–70 yrs

1,215

1,300

2,300

2,373

2,668

3,214

> 70 yrs

808

1,200

2,300

1,963

2,191

2,612

Femalesa

 

 

 

 

 

 

9–13 yrs

1,039

1,500

2,200

2,001

2,212

2,591

14–18 yrs

1,250

1,500

2,300

1,960

2,172

2,561

19–30 yrs

914

1,500

2,300

1,994

2,245

2,691

31–50 yrs

1,350

1,500

2,300

1,978

2,217

2,647

51–70 yrs

1,251

1,300

2,300

1,860

2,072

2,454

> 70 yrs

787

1,200

2,300

1,623

1,801

2,118

Pregnant and lactating femalesb

711

1,500

2,300

2,344

2,612

3,088

Pregnant females

623

1,500

2,300

2,327

2,592

3,081

Lactating females

99

1,500

2,300

2,387

2,638

3,054

NOTES: AI = Adequate Intake; d = day; mg = milligram; n = unweighted sample size; includes sodium from foods, salt added at the table, tap water, and supplements; SE = standard error; UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level.

aExcludes pregnant and lactating females (shown separately).

bIncludes 11 females who were pregnant and lactating.

SOURCE: NHANES 2003–2006.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

 

Excessive Usual Intake (mg/d)

Median

Mean

SE

75th

90th

95th

% > UL

SE

3,471

3,615

8.9

4,270

5,126

5,713

92

0.5

2,182

2,239

19.4

2,597

3,017

3,292

91

2.1

2,797

2,857

16.3

3,267

3,739

4,045

94

1.6

3,556

3,622

22.4

4,052

4,558

4,892

99

0.9

4,310

4,479

37.6

5,259

6,282

6,992

97

1.1

4,652

4,744

36.0

5,475

6,301

6,849

99

0.5

4,609

4,720

32.7

5,467

6,344

6,927

99

0.5

3,900

3,998

31.5

4,676

5,454

5,957

96

1.3

3,141

3,217

29.9

3,740

4,342

4,732

87

2.7

3,061

3,127

23.6

3,592

4,124

4,471

90

2.7

3,051

3,117

22.1

3,598

4,142

4,499

86

2.7

3,231

3,298

28.8

3,831

4,435

4,832

89

2.6

3,181

3,274

24.5

3,795

4,441

4,884

88

2.3

2,934

3,006

22.1

3,480

4,032

4,396

82

2.3

2,505

2,554

22.2

2,936

3,370

3,654

64

2.7

3,657

3,710

33.4

4,275

4,876

5,258

96

1.9

3,693

3,764

38.4

4,369

5,029

5,450

95

2.0

3,507

3,497

66.4

3,949

4,338

4,567

96

5.8

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

TABLE F-3 Usual Sodium Intake Distributions from Foods by Age or Gender for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

 

Usual Intake Percentiles (mg/d)

n

AI

UL

5th

10th

25th

All ages 2+ yrs

16,822

 

 

1,846

2,114

2,615

Children

 

 

 

 

 

 

2–3 yrs

921

1,000

1,500

1,344

1,498

1,783

4–8 yrs

1,680

1,200

1,900

1,830

2,004

2,327

Males

 

 

 

 

 

 

9–13 yrs

1,009

1,500

2,200

2,474

2,669

3,016

14–18 yrs

1,351

1,500

2,300

2,417

2,755

3,377

19–30 yrs

1,097

1,500

2,300

2,737

3,066

3,659

31–50 yrs

1,439

1,500

2,300

2,648

2,981

3,585

51–70 yrs

1,215

1,300

2,300

2,161

2,446

2,974

> 70 yrs

808

1,200

2,300

1,784

2,004

2,413

Femalesa

 

 

 

 

 

 

9–13 yrs

1,039

1,500

2,200

1,907

2,117

2,492

14–18 yrs

1,250

1,500

2,300

1,840

2,047

2,431

19–30 yrs

914

1,500

2,300

1,841

2,076

2,496

31–50 yrs

1,350

1,500

2,300

1,774

2,003

2,417

51–70 yrs

1,251

1,300

2,300

1,659

1,864

2,236

> 70 yrs

787

1,200

2,300

1,491

1,663

1,971

Pregnant and lactating femalesb

711

1,500

2,300

2,112

2,378

2,841

Pregnant females

623

1,500

2,300

2,131

2,392

2,865

Lactating females

99

1,500

2,300

2,147

2,383

2,785

NOTES: AI = Adequate Intake; d = day; mg = milligram; n = unweighted sample size; food sources include salt added in cooking and food preparation; SE = standard error; UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level.

aExcludes pregnant and lactating females (shown separately).

bIncludes 11 females who were pregnant and lactating.

SOURCE: NHANES 2003–2006.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

 

Excessive Usual Intake (mg/d)

Median

Mean

SE

75th

90th

95th

% > UL

SE

3,268

3,409

8.7

4,044

4,879

5,454

88

0.6

2,144

2,201

19.3

2,557

2,977

3,251

90

2.2

2,736

2,796

16.0

3,199

3,664

3,966

93

1.8

3,446

3,511

22.2

3,936

4,438

4,769

99

1.2

4,175

4,344

37.5

5,120

6,141

6,851

96

1.3

4,388

4,494

35.9

5,212

6,053

6,611

98

0.9

4,335

4,451

32.4

5,189

6,066

6,649

98

0.9

3,640

3,738

30.7

4,396

5,157

5,650

93

1.7

2,927

3,001

29.0

3,509

4,094

4,474

80

2.9

2,960

3,026

23.5

3,489

4,019

4,365

87

2.9

2,916

2,984

22.0

3,460

4,004

4,360

81

2.8

3,006

3,069

27.1

3,571

4,137

4,510

83

3.0

2,932

3,027

23.8

3,530

4,164

4,600

80

2.5

2,704

2,775

21.6

3236

4,164

4,134

72

2.2

2,347

2,398

21.7

2,769

3,197

3,478

53

2.5

3,398

3,466

33.5

4,028

4,650

5,039

92

2.5

3,457

3,540

38.0

4,134

4,806

5,230

92

2.6

3,231

3,230

65.9

3,674

4,072

4,309

92

8.4

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

TABLE F-4 Mean Sodium Intake, Mean Energy Intake, and Mean Sodium Density Values for Persons 2 or More

 

Mean Intake (mg/d)

n

Sodium (mg)

SE

Energy (kcal)

SE

Sodiuma Density (mg/1,000 kcal)

All ages 2+ yrs

16,822

3,407

13.8

2,176

7.8

1,566

Children

 

 

 

 

 

 

2–3 yrs

921

2,201

31.4

1,525

17.9

1,443

4–8 yrs

1,680

2,795

29.6

1,879

15.5

1,488

Males

 

 

 

 

 

 

9–13 yrs

1,009

3,513

48.9

2,267

26.7

1,550

14–18 yrs

1,351

4,339

65.6

2,812

36.5

1,543

19–30 yrs

1,097

4,490

64.2

2,907

36.8

1,545

31–50 yrs

1,439

4,448

55.4

2,860

29.9

1,555

51–70 yrs

1,215

3,738

50.4

2,321

25.3

1,610

> 70 yrs

808

3,000

47.0

1,909

24.0

1,571

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

Femalesb

 

 

 

 

 

 

9–13 yrs

1,039

3,019

43.9

1,943

23.5

1,553

14–18 yrs

1,250

2,980

42.0

1,970

23.1

1,513

19–30 yrs

914

3,062

46.6

1,964

28.3

1,559

31–50 yrs

1,350

3,021

40.4

1,898

21.5

1,592

51–70 yrs

1,251

2,773

35.8

1,681

18.0

1,649

> 70 yrs

787

2,397

38.3

1,506

20.1

1,591

Pregnant and lactating femalesc

711

3,465

55.2

2,256

30.5

1,536

Pregnant females

623

3,541

62.2

2,321

34.1

1,526

Lactating females

99

3,236

121.8

2,078

67.8

1,557

NOTES: d = day; mg = milligram; kcal = calorie; n = unweighted sample size; SE = standard error.

aIncludes salt added in food preparation and cooking.

bExcludes pregnant and lactating females (shown separately).

cIncludes 11 females who were pregnant and lactating.

SOURCE: NHANES 2003–2006.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

TABLE F-5 Usual Mean Sodium Intake Distributions from Foods by Age and Race or Ethnicity for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

 

Usual Intake Percentiles (mg/d)

n

AI

UL

5th

10th

25th

All

 

 

 

 

 

 

2–3 yrs

921

1,000

1,500

1,344

1,498

1,783

4–8 yrs

1,680

1,200

1,900

1,830

2,004

2,327

9–13 yrs

2,048

1,500

2,200

2,151

2,364

2,745

14–18 yrs

2,683

1,500

2,300

2,006

2,294

2,832

19–30 yrs

2,466

1,500

2,300

2,109

2,416

2,984

31–50 yrs

2,963

1,500

2,300

1,991

2,291

2,852

51–70 yrs

2,466

1,300

2,300

1,790

2,045

2,518

> 70 yrs

1,595

1,200

2,300

1,550

1,751

2,116

19+ yrs (all adults)

9,490

 

2,300

1,851

2,132

2,659

All ages 2+ yrs

16,822

 

 

1,846

2,114

2,615

Non-Hispanic White

 

 

 

 

 

 

2–3 yrs

263

1,000

1,500

1,325

1,479

1,766

4–8 yrs

478

1,200

1,900

1,832

2,007

2,331

9–13 yrs

520

1,500

2,200

2,162

2,378

2,762

14–18 yrs

737

1,500

2,300

1,997

2,298

2,862

19–30 yrs

997

1,500

2,300

2,300

2,598

3,140

31–50 yrs

1,398

1,500

2,300

2,042

2,354

2,931

51–70 yrs

1,265

1,300

2,300

1,886

2,137

2,608

> 70 yrs

1,151

1,200

2,300

1,599

1,796

2,156

19+ yrs (all adults)

4,811

 

2,300

1,911

2,189

2,714

All ages 2+ yrs

6,809

 

 

1,879

2,148

2,655

Non-Hispanic African American

 

 

 

 

 

 

2–3 yrs

243

1,000

1,500

1,492

1,661

1,971

4–8 yrs

513

1,200

1,900

1,959

2,138

2,454

9–13 yrs

690

1,500

2,200

2,119

2,344

2,745

14–18 yrs

944

1,500

2,300

1,869

2,140

2,658

19–30 yrs

609

1,500

2,300

1,960

2,241

2,759

31–50 yrs

692

1,500

2,300

1,841

2,137

2,679

51–70 yrs

555

1,300

2,300

1,542

1,774

2,205

> 70 yrs

206

1,200

2,300

1,459

1,625

1,929

19+ yrs (all adults)

2,062

 

2,300

1,692

1,964

2,472

All ages 2+ yrs

4,452

 

 

1,765

2,021

2,496

Mexican American

 

 

 

 

 

 

2–3 yrs

303

1,000

1,500

1,202

1,350

1,624

4–8 yrs

524

1,200

1,900

1,725

1,892

2,203

9–13 yrs

670

1,500

2,200

2,052

2,276

2,684

14–18 yrs

819

1,500

2,300

2,021

2,284

2,766

19–30 yrs

664

1,500

2,300

1,769

2,098

2,709

31–50 yrs

612

1,500

2,300

2,074

2,350

2,857

51–70 yrs

489

1,300

2,300

1,341

1,586

2,049

> 70 yrs

185

1,200

2,300

1,155

1,336

1,690

≥ 19 yrs

1,950

 

2,300

1,704

1,999

2,555

All ages 2+ yrs

4,266

 

 

1,716

1,981

2,482

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

 

Excessive Usual Intake (mg/d)

Median

Mean

SE

75th

90th

95th

% > UL

SE

2,144

2,201

19.3

2,557

2,977

3,251

90

2.2

2,736

2,796

16.0

3,199

3,664

3,966

93

1.8

3,212

3,280

16.9

3,739

4,282

4,644

94

1.7

3,531

3,693

23.6

4,371

5,288

5,929

90

1.4

3,699

3,816

23.7

4,514

5,360

5,931

92

1.3

3,582

3,734

22.9

4,446

5,366

5,995

90

1.2

3,122

3,234

20.4

3,825

4,563

5,062

83

1.5

2,574

2,651

19.0

3,100

3,648

4,016

65

1.8

3,346

3,493

12.1

4,163

5,037

5,635

86

0.7

3,268

3,409

8.7

4,044

4,879

5,454

88

0.6

2,132

2,193

36.9

2,554

2,987

3,271

89

3.8

2,743

2,811

30.8

3,217

3,702

4,021

93

3.0

3,234

3,307

34.3

3,770

4,326

4,702

94

2.8

3,605

3,806

49.8

4,522

5,557

6,301

90

2.4

3,822

3,943

36.2

4,610

5,438

6,000

95

1.7

3,675

3,830

34.0

4,559

5,504

6,148

91

1.7

3,213

3,316

27.8

3,912

4,627

5,096

86

2.1

2,612

2,692

22.4

3,138

3,688

4,058

67

2.2

3,401

3,549

16.9

4,221

5,097

5,694

87

1.0

3,324

3,478

14.1

4,130

5,002

5,603

88

0.8

2,355

2,404

39.1

2,784

3,209

3,482

95

3.9

2,834

2,874

26.6

3,250

3,661

3,926

96

3.1

3,228

3,282

29.2

3,759

4,287

4,628

93

3.7

3,341

3,479

37.2

4,149

4,996

5,562

86

2.8

3,423

3,550

45.1

4,204

5,023

5,570

89

3.7

3,365

3,499

44.4

4,168

5,024

5,612

86

3.0

2,757

2,862

39.4

3,402

4,082

4,542

71

3.3

2,310

2,362

42.4

2,738

3,166

3,443

51

5.1

3,131

3,271

24.9

3,915

4,756

5,331

81

1.8

3,107

3,231

15.6

3,829

4,595

5,116

85

1.3

1,969

2,018

31.7

2,359

2,749

3,003

83

4.4

2,607

2,672

28.5

3,073

3,542

3,844

90

3.3

3,175

3,230

30.2

3,708

4,248

4,608

92

3.2

3,377

3,486

35.6

4,084

4,823

5,320

90

3.0

3,478

3,581

47.4

4,338

5,191

5,744

86

2.6

3,503

3,620

43.5

4,256

5,040

5,564

91

2.8

2,662

2,831

50.6

3,420

4,280

4,899

65

3.0

2,152

2,236

55.9

2,683

3,234

3,607

42

4.4

3,291

3,425

27.4

4,149

5,018

5,597

83

1.6

3,135

3,264

16.8

3,903

4,708

5,249

86

1.2

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

 

Usual Intake Percentiles (mg/d)

n

AI

UL

5th

10th

25th

Other Race or Ethnicity

 

 

 

 

 

 

2–3 yrs

63

1,000

1,500

1,550

1,676

1,903

4–8 yrs

106

1,200

1,900

1,745

1,914

2,229

9–13 yrs

109

1,500

2,200

2,073

2,262

2,610

14–18 yrs

105

1,500

2,300

1,381

1,735

2,429

19–30 yrs

106

1,500

2,300

2,598

2,853

3,316

31–50 yrs

143

1,500

2,300

1,710

2,000

2,562

51–70 yrs

94

1,300

2,300

2,108

2,331

2,744

> 70 yrs

33

1,200

2,300

≥ 19 yrs

376

 

2,300

1,941

2,212

2,717

All ages 2+ yrs

759

 

 

1,782

2,044

2,535

NOTE: AI = Adequate Intake; d = day; mg = milligram; n = unweighted sample size; SE = standard error; UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level.

SOURCE: NHANES 2003–2006.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

 

Excessive Usual Intake (mg/d)

Median

Mean

SE

75th

90th

95th

% > UL

SE

2,189

2,260

65.7

2,535

2,927

3,211

96

9.8

2,624

2,670

59.5

3,062

3,486

3,750

91

8.1

3,057

3,158

75.2

3,591

4,177

4,589

92

9.2

3,309

3,462

143.3

4,286

5,329

6,084

78

6.7

3,887

3,974

90.3

4,543

5,215

5,650

98

3.9

3,344

3,580

118.7

4,350

5,477

6,252

83

6.0

3,269

3,353

88.1

3,871

4,485

4,888

91

8.8

2,366

2,419

130.3

54

11.0

3,382

3,542

60.0

4,197

5,084

5,690

88

3.9

3,190

3,371

43.2

4,009

4,928

5,576

87

2.8

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

TABLE F-6 Usual Sodium (mg/d) Intake Distributions from Foods by Income Level for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

 

Usual Intake Percentiles

n

AI

UL

5th

10th

25th

Poverty: ≤ 130%

 

 

 

 

 

 

2–3 yrs

457

1,000

1,500

1,363

1,534

1,841

4–8 yrs

737

1,200

1,900

1,854

2,027

2,349

9–13 yrs

775

1,500

2,200

1,924

2,165

2,600

14–18 yrs

1,025

1,500

2,300

1,984

2,261

2,776

19–30 yrs

903

1,500

2,300

2,008

2,324

2,908

31–50 yrs

719

1,500

2,300

1,667

1,949

2,485

51–70 yrs

544

1,300

2,300

1,467

1,711

2,168

> 70 yrs

441

1,200

2,300

1,412

1,602

1,951

All ages 2+ yrs

5,601

 

 

1,677

1,938

2,430

Poverty: 131%–185%

 

 

 

 

 

 

2–3 yrs

108

1,000

1,500

1,402

1,555

1,834

4–8 yrs

217

1,200

1,900

1,797

1,963

2,280

9–13 yrs

278

1,500

2,200

2,192

2,400

2,778

14–18 yrs

313

1,500

2,300

1,901

2,185

2,736

19–30 yrs

324

1,500

2,300

2,010

2,277

2,770

31–50 yrs

325

1,500

2,300

1,763

2,085

2,686

51–70 yrs

247

1,300

2,300

1,811

2,062

2,513

> 70 yrs

277

1,200

2,300

1,558

1,726

2,042

All ages 2+ yrs

2,089

 

 

1,769

2,019

2,487

Poverty: > 185%

 

 

 

 

 

 

2–3 yrs

313

1,000

1,500

1,311

1,450

1,711

4–8 yrs

663

1,200

1,900

1,829

2,004

2,326

9–13 yrs

920

1,500

2,200

2,291

2,485

2,832

14–18 yrs

1,212

1,500

2,300

2,025

2,318

2,869

19–30 yrs

1,106

1,500

2,300

2,197

2,514

3,082

31–50 yrs

1,822

1,500

2,300

2,157

2,447

2,989

51–70 yrs

1,545

1,300

2,300

1,858

2,112

2,585

> 70 yrs

771

1,200

2,300

1,650

1,855

2,224

All ages 2+ yrs

8,352

 

 

1,933

2,202

2,707

NOTES: AI = Adequate Intake; d = day; mg = milligram; n = unweighted sample size; income level is defined as a percentage of the poverty line based on annual household income and household size; 130% is the income eligibility cutoff for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and 185% is the income eligibility cutoff for free- and reduced-price school meals and WIC; SE = standard error; UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.

SOURCE: NHANES 2003–2006.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

 

Excessive Intake

Median

Mean

SE

75th

90th

95th

% > UL

SE

2,219

2,285

29.8

2,655

3,114

3,428

91

3.0

2,756

2,807

23.5

3,211

3,655

3,934

94

2.7

3,143

3,239

32.7

3,772

4,433

4,880

89

2.9

3,450

3,610

36.9

4,271

5,164

5,779

89

2.4

3,657

3,814

42.7

4,547

5,509

6,168

90

2.4

3,201

3,393

48.1

4,083

5,072

5,776

81

2.9

2,764

2,896

44.1

3,476

4,245

4,776

70

3.1

2,397

2,474

35.3

2,908

3,434

3,793

56

3.0

3,079

3,244

15.5

3,873

4,755

5,376

84

1.1

2,181

2,225

53.0

2,568

2,953

3,200

92

6.4

2,689

2,733

42.3

3,136

3,555

3,820

92

6.0

3,247

3,317

46.1

3,774

4,319

4,687

95

4.8

3,477

3,651

72.0

4,376

5,341

5,997

87

5.7

3,387

3,469

54.4

4,078

4,767

5,209

89

4.9

3,476

3,649

74.6

4,434

5,450

6,124

85

4.0

3,074

3,186

61.8

3,731

4,444

4,943

83

5.3

2,453

2,532

41.1

2,935

3,438

3,775

59

4.7

3,098

3,231

22.9

3,832

4,616

5,147

85

1.9

2,048

2,109

31.5

2,440

2,847

3,117

88

4.0

2,733

2,796

25.7

3,197

3,669

3,979

93

2.7

3,254

3,297

21.8

3,715

4,162

4,447

97

2.2

3,588

3,761

36.5

4,454

5,408

6,083

90

1.9

3,781

3,895

35.1

4,579

5,415

5,983

94

1.6

3,692

3,832

27.9

4,520

5,393

5,984

93

1.4

3,191

3,302

25.7

3,897

4,633

5,126

85

1.9

2,676

2,746

26.9

3,190

3,722

4,080

71

2.7

3,362

3,498

12.2

4,135

4,963

5,532

90

0.7

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

TABLE F-7 Usual Sodium Intake Distributions from Foods Among Adults with Hypertension

 

Usual Intake Percentiles (mg/d)

n

AI

UL

5th

10th

25th

All adultsa

 

 

 

 

 

 

19–30 yrs

78

1,500

2,300

3,641

3,869

4,272

31–50 yrs

569

1,500

2,300

2,015

2,303

2,849

51–70 yrs

1,386

1,300

2,300

1,790

2,034

2,486

> 70 yrs

1,127

1,200

2,300

1,479

1,679

2,049

All adults 19+ yrs

3,160

 

2,300

1,711

1,963

2,437

Males

 

 

 

 

 

 

19–30 yrs

66

1,500

2,300

4,801

4,833

4,886

31–50 yrs

314

1,500

2,300

2,472

2,800

3,420

51–70 yrs

661

1,300

2,300

2,112

2,375

2,858

> 70 yrs

520

1,200

2,300

1,711

1,935

2,345

All males 19+ yrs

1,561

 

2,300

2,057

2,347

2,890

Femalesa

 

 

 

 

 

 

19–30 yrs

11

1,500

2,300

3,059~

3,222~

3,498~

31–50 yrs

254

1,500

2,300

1,909

2,099

2,439

51–70 yrs

725

1,300

2,300

1,662

1,870

2,248

> 70 yrs

607

1,200

2,300

1,424

1,602

1,930

All females 19+ yrs

1,597

 

2,300

1,587

1,791

2,165

NOTES: AI = Adequate Intake; d = day; mg = milligram; n = unweighted sample size; hypertension is defined as a measurement of systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg or current treatment with a prescription medication; SE = standard error; UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level.

aExcludes pregnant and lactating females.

~Unreliable due to small sample size.

SOURCE: NHANES 2003–2006.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

 

Excessive Usual Intake (mg/d)

Median

Mean

SE

75th

90th

95th

% > UL

SE

4,757

4,808

86.8

5,289

5,812

6,148

100

 

3,581

3,734

51.4

4,459

5,375

5,980

90

3.0

3,064

3,179

26.4

3,746

4,469

4,961

82

2.1

2,519

2,589

22.5

3,053

3,591

3,941

62

2.0

3,064

3,215

19.5

3,827

4,661

5,237

80

1.3

4,947

4,947

11.1

5,007

5,063

5,096

100

 

4,225

4,373

75.0

5,165

6,137

6,781

97

2.1

3,465

3,566

39.0

4,163

4,886

5,368

92

2.7

2,853

2,915

35.1

3,418

3,975

4,331

77

3.5

3,593

3,739

30.3

4,425

5,313

5,922

91

1.6

3,818~

3,845~

153.3

4,162~

4,501~

4,721~

100~

 

2,860

2,917

42.4

3,337

3,813

4,118

82

8.4

2,744

2,838

30.8

3,328

3,928

4,329

73

2.8

2,340

2,395

26.5

2,800

3,259

3,554

52

2.6

2,642

2,731

20.0

3,199

3,783

4,177

68

1.9

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

TABLE F-8 Top 20 Sources of Sodium Intake Within Food Categories for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

Food Category

Food Item

Percentage of Sodium Contributed Within the Food Category

Mixed dishes = 44% of total daily sodium

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

35.3

Pizza with meat

12.2

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers

8.5

Mexican entrées

6.9

Pasta dishes, Italian style

6.5

Meat mixtures with red meat

3.7

Rice dishes

3.4

Macaroni and cheese

3.2

Pizza (no meat)

3.1

Meat mixtures with chicken or turkey

3.0

Grain soups

3.0

Vegetable mixtures (incl. soup)

2.9

Other grain mixtures

2.8

Meat soup

2.2

Chili con carne

1.7

Bean soup

0.8

Meat mixtures with fish

0.7

Tomato sauce and meat (no pasta)

0.2

Meat and meat alternates = 15.5% of total daily sodium

Chicken

25.0

Cheese

15.3

Eggs

12.1

Bacon or sausage

10.6

Beef

7.7

Fish

6.4

Cold cuts

5.0

Pork

4.4

Hot dogs

3.3

Ham

3.3

Shellfish

3.2

Ground beef

2.2

Turkey

0.8

Lamb and misc. meats

0.8

Organ meats

0.2

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

Food Category

Food Item

Percentage of Sodium Contributed Within the Food Category

Grains = 11.4% of total daily sodium

Bread

21.5

Cold cereal

18.5

Rice

10.9

Pancakes, waffles, French toast

9.6

Crackers

9.0

Flour tortillas

6.3

Biscuits, scones, croissants

5.8

Hot cereal

4.2

Bagels

4.2

Cornbread

3.2

Rolls

3.1

Pasta

1.4

Breakfast or granola bar

0.9

English muffin

0.6

Taco shells

0.5

Corn tortillas

0.4

Vegetables = 9.3% of total daily sodium

Salad (greens)

30.0

Cooked potatoes—not fried

16.7

Cooked potatoes—fried

15.2

Cooked tomatoes

9.2

Cooked green beans

4.3

Other cooked (low nutrients)

4.1

Cooked corn

3.5

Cooked mixed

2.8

Vegetable juice

2.5

Cooked broccoli

2.1

Raw cabbage or coleslaw

2.1

Other cooked (high nutrients)

1.5

Other cooked dark green

1.4

Other cooked deep yellow

1.0

Cooked carrots

1.0

Other fried

0.9

Cooked peas

0.9

Raw carrots

0.4

Other raw (low nutrients)

0.3

Other raw (high nutrients)

0.1

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

Food Category

Food Item

Percentage of Sodium Contributed Within the Food Category

Sweets = 5.0% of total of total daily sodium

Cookies

22.0

Cake or cupcakes

21.6

Ice cream

10.5

Pies or cobblers

9.3

Doughnuts

7.8

Candy

7.3

Pastries

7.0

Muffins

6.6

Sweet rolls

3.8

Pudding

3.3

Jello

0.6

Ices or popsicles

0.3

Condiments, oils, fats = 4.3% of total daily sodium

Catsup, mustard, relish, soy sauce

39.9

Gravy

12.3

Salad dressing

11.7

Garnishes such as pickles or olives

10.6

Margarine

7.4

Butter

5.6

Cream or sour cream

5.2

Syrups or sweet toppings

2.7

Cream cheese

2.0

Other added fats or oil

1.3

Mayonnaise

0.8

Jelly

0.3

Sugar

0.3

Seasonings

0.1

Other added oils

0.0

Salty snacks = 3.4% of total daily sodium

Corn-based salty snacks

32.1

Popcorn

25.9

Potato chips

23.0

Pretzels or party mix

19.1

Milk = 2.9% of total daily sodium

Unflavored 2% milk

28.8

Unflavored whole milk

19.2

Unflavored skim milk

12.9

Unflavored 1% milk

9.9

Yogurt

5.8

Flavored whole milk

5.4

Flavored 2% milk

4.5

Dry or evaporated milk

4.4

Flavored milk—% not further specified

2.8

Soymilk

2.1

Flavored 1% milk

1.5

Flavored skim milk

1.4

Unflavored milk—% not further specified

1.3

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

Food Category

Food Item

Percentage of Sodium Contributed Within the Food Category

Beverages = 2.2% of total daily sodium

Non-carbonated sweetened drink

28.0

Regular soda

25.2

Sugar-free soda

12.8

Coffee

11.7

Beer

7.3

Tea

6.7

Liquor

6.6

Wine

1.0

Low-calorie or sugar-free drink

0.8

Beans, nuts, and seeds = 2.1% of total daily sodium

Baked or refried beans

37.6

Nuts

18.7

Beans

16.8

Protein or meal enhancement

12.4

Peanut or almond butter

6.9

Soy products

5.9

Seeds

1.8

Fruit = 0.1% of total daily sodium

Citrus juice

25.8

Non-citrus juice

24.5

Avocado or guacamole

13.8

Fresh melon

12.4

Other fresh fruit

4.5

Other canned or frozen

3.2

Fresh banana

3.0

Fresh apple

2.6

Fresh grapes

2.2

Canned or frozen peaches

1.9

Dried fruit

1.5

Applesauce, canned or frozen apples

1.3

Fresh watermelon

1.2

Fresh berries

0.9

Fresh pear

0.6

Fresh other citrus

0.3

Canned or frozen pineapple

0.2

Lemon or lime—any form

0.0

SOURCE: NHANES 2003–2006.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

TABLE F-9 Top 10 Food Sources of Sodium Intake by Age or Gender for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

Age or Gender Group

Food Source

Percentage of Sodium Contributed

Ages 2–3 yrs (males and females)

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

11.6

Pasta dishes, Italian style

5.9

Cheese

4.3

Cold cereal

4.2

Chicken

4.0

Hot dogs

3.6

Macaroni and cheese

3.2

Pizza with meat

3.0

Unflavored whole milk

2.9

Unflavored 2% milk

2.5

Sum

45.1

Ages 4–8 yrs (males and females)

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

11.7

Chicken

5.9

Pizza with meat

5.7

Cold cereal

4.7

Pasta dishes, Italian style

3.9

Macaroni and cheese

3.5

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers

3.2

Cheese

3.1

Pizza (no meat)

2.5

Pancakes, waffles, French toast

2.2

Sum

46.3

Males 9–13 yrs

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

16.3

Pizza with meat

7.3

Hamburgers/cheeseburgers

4.8

Mexican entrées

4.5

Chicken

4.1

Pasta dishes, Italian style

3.9

Cold cereal

3.2

Cheese

2.5

Pizza (no meat)

2.3

Grain soups

2.1

Sum

51.1

Females 9–13 yrs

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

15.2

Pizza with meat

5.9

Chicken

4.7

Pasta dishes, Italian style

4.5

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers

3.2

Mexican entrées

3.1

Cold cereal

2.7

Cheese

2.5

Macaroni and cheese

2.3

Grain soups

2.2

Sum

46.3

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

Age or Gender Group

Food Source

Percentage of Sodium Contributed

Males 14–18 yrs

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

18.0

Pizza with meat

10.9

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers

7.0

Chicken

4.9

Mexican entrées

2.9

Cold cereal

2.7

Pizza (no meat)

2.5

Pasta dishes, Italian style

2.5

Catsup, mustard, relish, etc.

2.4

Cooked potatoes—fried

1.9

Sum

55.7

Females 14–18 yrs

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

17.7

Pizza with meat

8.0

Chicken

4.5

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers

4.4

Mexican entrées

4.0

Salad (greens)

3.4

Cold cereal

2.7

Pasta dishes, Italian style

2.6

Cheese

2.5

Macaroni and cheese

2.3

Sum

52.2

Males 19–30 yrs

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

17.3

Pizza with meat

8.7

Mexican entrées

5.7

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers

4.9

Chicken

3.7

Pasta dishes, Italian style

2.9

Catsup, mustard, relish, etc.

2.3

Salad (greens)

2.1

Cheese

2.0

Rice dishes

1.9

Sum

51.6

Females 19–30 yrs

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

14.6

Pizza with meat

4.7

Mexican entrées

4.6

Chicken

4.5

Salad (greens)

3.9

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers

3.8

Pasta dishes, Italian style

3.1

Cheese

2.9

Bread

2.5

Rice dishes

2.2

Sum

46.6

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

Age or Gender Group

Food Source

Percentage of Sodium Contributed

Males 31–50 yrs

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

16.1

Pizza with meat

6.1

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers

4.2

Chicken

3.7

Mexican entrées

3.5

Salad (greens)

2.7

Pasta dishes, Italian style

2.7

Bread

2.3

Eggs

2.1

Bacon or sausage

2.0

Sum

45.3

Females 31–50 yrs

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

14.7

Salad (greens)

4.3

Chicken

4.2

Pizza with meat

4.0

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers

3.2

Mexican entrées

3.2

Pasta dishes, Italian style

2.3

Cheese

2.1

Bread

2.0

Vegetable mixtures (incl. soup)

2.0

Sum

41.9

Males 51–70 yrs

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

17.8

Pizza with meat

3.6

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers

3.2

Bread

3.0

Chicken

3.0

Salad (greens)

2.9

Bacon/sausage

2.5

Eggs

2.4

Pasta dishes, Italian style

2.4

Cooked potatoes—not fried

2.3

Sum

43.0

Females 51–70 yrs

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

11.9

Salad (greens)

4.5

Bread

3.6

Pasta dishes, Italian style

3.4

Cheese

3.3

Chicken

3.1

Eggs

2.6

Pizza with meat

2.5

Vegetable mixtures (incl. soup)

2.4

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers

2.4

Sum

39.7

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

Age or Gender Group

Food Source

Percentage of Sodium Contributed

Males > 70 yrs

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

17.5

Bread

4.2

Vegetable mixtures (incl. soup)

3.3

Cold cereal

3.2

Cooked potatoes—not fried

2.9

Eggs

2.8

Chicken

2.6

Pasta dishes, Italian style

2.4

Bacon or sausage

2.3

Salad (greens)

2.3

Sum

43.7

Females > 70 yrs

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

15.4

Bread

4.3

Salad (greens)

3.5

Cooked potatoes—not fried

3.3

Vegetable mixtures (incl. soup)

3.1

Cold cereal

2.9

Meat mixtures with red meat

2.7

Meat soup

2.4

Chicken

2.3

Cheese

2.1

Sum

41.8

Pregnant and lactating females

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

12.6

Pizza with meat

5.1

Salad (greens)

3.7

Cheese

3.7

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers

3.6

Chicken

3.6

Mexican entrées

3.2

Macaroni and cheese

2.9

Cold cereal

2.8

Eggs

2.6

Sum

43.6

SOURCE: NHANES 2003–2006.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×

TABLE F-10 Top 10 Sources of Sodium Intake by Home Versus Away for Persons 2 or More Years of Age

Location

Food Item

Percentage of Sodium Contributed

Store (home)

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

16.0

Pasta dishes, Italian style

3.8

Cold cereal

3.3

Bread

3.0

Cheese

3.0

Chicken

2.4

Pizza with meat

2.3

Salad (greens)

2.3

Bacon or sausage

2.1

Eggs

2.0

Sum

40.2

Restaurant, cafeteria, dining facility

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

15.3

Pizza with meat

12.0

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers

8.7

Chicken

6.9

Mexican entrées

6.7

Salad (greens)

3.9

Cooked potatoes—fried

3.2

Pizza (no meat)

3.1

Catsup, mustard, relish, etc.

2.9

Rice dishes

2.3

Sum

65.0

Other

Sandwiches (excl. burgers)

12.4

Cake or cupcakes

4.3

Chicken

2.8

Fish

2.7

Cooked potatoes—not fried

2.7

Hamburgers/cheeseburgers

2.7

Pasta dishes, Italian style

2.7

Mexican entrées

2.6

Other grain mixtures

2.5

Cheese

2.5

Sum

37.8

SOURCE: NHANES 2003–2006.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Sodium Intake Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12818.
×
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Reducing the intake of sodium is an important public health goal for Americans. Since the 1970s, an array of public health interventions and national dietary guidelines has sought to reduce sodium intake. However, the U.S. population still consumes more sodium than is recommended, placing individuals at risk for diseases related to elevated blood pressure.

Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States evaluates and makes recommendations about strategies that could be implemented to reduce dietary sodium intake to levels recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The book reviews past and ongoing efforts to reduce the sodium content of the food supply and to motivate consumers to change behavior. Based on past lessons learned, the book makes recommendations for future initiatives. It is an excellent resource for federal and state public health officials, the processed food and food service industries, health care professionals, consumer advocacy groups, and academic researchers.

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