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Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States
school meals, 186
sodium intake relationship, 6 , 21 , 45 -46 , 47 , 49 -50 , 59 , 128 -129 , 130 , 137 -140 , 141 -142 , 143 , 145 , 266 , 307 -308 , 309 , 314 , 315
surveys of intakes, 411
Campbell Soup Company, 34 , 168 , 170 , 171 , 237
Canada
food industry characteristics, 155 , 156 , 157 , 158
hyperkalemia, 279
intakes of sodium, 358
sodium reduction initiatives, 241 , 243 , 358 -359
Canadian Community Health Survey, 358 , 359
Canadian Heart Foundation, 135
Cancer, 30 , 53 , 340 , 351
Carbohydrates, 108 , 223 , 224 , 232 , 271 , 459 , 460 , 462 , 463 , 464 , 465
CARDIA study, 136 -137
Carrageenan, 109
Categories of foods.
See also specific categories
characterizing sodium contributions by, 140 -147 , 414 -415
FDA standardization of, 299 , 445 , 446
functions of sodium additives by, 103 -115
intakes of sodium by, 122 , 140 -141 , 142 -143 , 414 -415 , 434 -437
label claims by, 50 -51
GRAS status modification framework, 298 -301
menu items, 448 -449
new product introductions by, 159
portion sizes differences by, 48
preservative uses of sodium by, 105 , 106 , 110 , 112 , 114
target salt reductions by, 242 , 370 -403 , 446
UK framework, 241 , 245 , 298 , 299 , 370 -403 , 444 -445 , 446 , 448 -449
USDA standardization of for packaged foods, 445
Center for Science in the Public Interest, 34 , 169
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 18 , 119
Division of Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, 267
public education, 267 , 268 , 295 , 340
recommended strategies for, 11 -12 , 278 , 294 -295
sodium reduction activities, 336
State Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention Program, 267 , 293
summary of past activities and recommendations of, 32 -33 , 336 , 340
surveys, see National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Cereal. See Breakfast cereals;
Grains and grain products
Characterizing sodium in food supply
contributions by food category, 140 -147 , 414 -415
disappearance data, 55 -56 , 145 -146
identifying food sources, 140 -145
market basket study, 146 -147 ;
see also Total Diet Study
national food composition databases, 137 , 145 , 147 , 148 , 295 -296 , 409 , 412
prepared at home vs. away from home, 141 -145
Chartwells School Dining Services, 182
Child and Adult Care Food Program, 185
Children and youth.
See also Adolescents;
Infants
advertising targeted at, 268
AI, 120 , 126
blood pressure levels, 21 , 23 , 60 , 78
fast food consumption, 197
genesis of hypertension, 23
intakes and intake density of sodium, 5 , 6 , 58 , 59 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 129 , 130 , 138 , 358 , 418 -425 , 430 -431
international trends, 358
interventions targeting, 35 , 186 -187 , 200 , 268 , 344
preference for salt, 24 , 78 -79 , 81
public health concerns about, 127
recommendations for, 349
reporting intakes of, 121 -122 , 130
restaurant menu items, 182
school breakfast and lunch programs, 47 , 184 -187 , 344
sodium-to-calorie intake, 130
sources of sodium, 103 , 418 -421
UL, 127 , 358
WIC program, 34 , 131 , 184 , 185 , 188 , 252 , 290 , 345 , 413 , 430
