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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12847.
×

Index

A

ACE-Obesity. See Assessing Cost-Effectiveness in Obesity Study

Adaptability, 122, 168, 295

defined, 209

Adoption, 141, 145

Advocacy groups, 201

African Americans. See Ethnicity

Alternative study designs to randomized experiments, 172181, 277296.

See also Research designs

how well do alternative designs work?, 180181

American Indians. See Ethnicity

Applicability. See Generalizability

Appraisals

defining, 57, 227

Archival studies

as sources of evidence, 101

Arkansas framework for combating childhood and adolescent obesity, with national recommendations for action, 97

Assembling evidence and informing decisions, 89, 133157

guidance for assembling the evidence, 135144

knowledge integration, 154155

the L.E.A.D. framework for obesity prevention decision making, 134

a template for summarizing the evidence, 144, 146154

tools for assembling evidence, 145146

Assessing Cost-Effectiveness in Obesity Study, 98

Assessment, 9394, 97, 144.

See also Evaluating evidence

Audiences. See Target audiences

Average causal effect, 177

B

Body mass index (BMI), 23

changes in the distribution of, 24

lowering, 36, 3940

screening in schools, 75

Building a resource base

recommendations concerning, 1213, 203204

C

Caloric balance. See Energy-balance equation

Campbell Collaboration, 123

Campbell perspective, 174177, 279, 281282, 284, 288

design elements used in constructing quasi-experiments, 178179

Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination, 121

Cancer. See Diseases related to obesity

Cardiovascular disease. See Diseases related to obesity

Case-comparison studies. See Case-control studies

Case-control studies

as sources of evidence, 100102

Case study research

as sources of evidence, 103104, 109

Causal pathways, 63, 93

Causality, 27, 174180.

See also Average causal effect;

Mapping

perspectives on, 174180

CBO. See Congressional Budget Office

CBPR. See Community-based participatory research

CDC. See U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Certainty.

See also Internal validity;

Level of certainty

Clarity, 8, 144.

See also Assembling evidence and informing decisions

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12847.
×

Cluster randomization design, 172173

Cochrane Collaboration of Systematic Reviews, 59, 121, 138, 225

COCOMO. See Common Community Measures for Obesity Prevention

Cohort studies, 215

as sources of evidence, 100101

Committee on an Evidence Framework for Obesity Prevention Decision Making, 2, 17, 1922, 197

Common Community Measures for Obesity Prevention, 110, 224

Communicating and disseminating the framework, 188193

channels, 190191

implementation and monitoring, 192193

messages and materials, 192

objectives, 188

partnerships, 191192

recommendations concerning, 1415, 205206

target audiences, 188190

Communities and neighborhoods

approaches designed to foster changes in, 27, 4344

Community assessment (needs assessment), 9193, 135

Community-based participatory research, 295

Community Preventive Services Task Force, 123

Comorbidities. See Diseases related to obesity

Comparative effectiveness research, 118120

as areas of evidence needed, 9394

Comparative experiments

as areas of evidence needed, 9394

Comprehensive approach for preventing and addressing childhood obesity, 29

Conceptual frameworks for evidence selection

lack of, 5758

Conclusions, of the L.E.A.D. framework for obesity prevention decision making, 198201

Congressional Budget Office, 162

Consensus views. See Expert knowledge

Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, 121

Content analysis, 61

as sources of evidence, 104108

Context, 5, 138

evaluating, 78, 115123

influencing interventions, 6364

from a systems perspective/rationale, 7187, 151152

Continuous quality assessment, of ongoing programs, 171

Coordinated Approach to Child Health program, 49

Cost/benefit analysis

as areas of evidence needed, 9596

Cost-effectiveness analysis

as areas of evidence needed, 9596

Cost-feasibility analysis

as areas of evidence needed, 95

Cost-minimization analysis

as areas of evidence needed, 95

Cost-utility analysis

as areas of evidence needed, 95

Cross-cutting factors, 3940

Cross-sectional studies

as sources of evidence, 100102

D

Decision makers, 3, 27, 201

See also Target audiences

defined, 211

and intermediaries, 22, 188189

Decision making

comprehensive approach for preventing and addressing childhood obesity, 29

context of, 138

evidence-informed, 2

obesity prevention, and evidence needs, 2630

physical, social, and emotional health consequences of obesity in adults, children, and youth, 27

relative risk of health problems associated with obesity in adults, 27

Defining the problem, 7187.

See also Systems perspective

application and future directions, 8384

relation to the L.E.A.D. framework, 83

understanding a systems approach, 7274

uses of systems thinking, approaches, mapping, and modeling, 7583

Delphi Method, 126127

Design elements

that strengthen causal inferences in observational studies, 285

used in constructing quasi-experiments in Campbell’s perspective, 178179

Desired outcomes, 194.

See also Evaluating and refining the L.E.A.D. framework

Diabetes. See Diseases related to obesity

Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 40, 46

Diseases related to obesity, 21, 2627, 3637

Disparities, 3839

Dissemination

of the L.E.A.D. framework, 10, 188193

“Downstream” approaches, 39

E

EBM. See Evidence-based medicine

EBPH. See Evidence-based public health

EBPP. See Evidence-based public policy

Ecological models, 2829, 4142, 72

Economic cost analysis, 288290

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12847.
×

as sources of evidence, 101

Editors. See Journals and journal editors

Effectiveness research, 98, 123, 133142, 149.

See also Generalizability;

Impact

as areas of evidence needed, 9394

as sources of evidence, 106, 108109

Effects,

size of, 106,

Efficacy. See Level of certainty

Energy-balance equation, 6, 18, 2223, 3738

Ethnicity, 2425, 96, 173

Ethnographic studies, 103

Evaluability assessment

of emerging innovations, 170171, 200

Evaluating and refining the L.E.A.D. framework, 193195

adoption and utilization of, 193

data collection methods and opportunities, 194195

desired outcomes, 194

integration of evaluation findings into the L.E.A.D. framework, 195

objectives, 193194

recommendations concerning, 1415, 205206

Evaluating evidence, 78, 115131, 224

approaches to, 62

criteria for assessing quality of evidence, 125126

existing approaches to evaluating evidence, 121, 123124

generalizability and contextual considerations, 120122

identification of appropriate outcomes, 118120

the L.E.A.D. framework for obesity prevention decision making, 116

a proposed approach to evaluating the quality of scientific evidence, 124128

a user’s perspective, 117118

when scientific evidence is not a perfect fit—trade-offs to consider, 128

Evaluating interventions.

See also Assembling evidence and informing decisions

effectiveness, 137139

impact, 141142

Evaluation framework

for childhood obesity prevention policies and interventions, 39

for government efforts to support capacity development for preventing childhood obesity, 119

for industry efforts to develop low-calorie and nutrient-dense beverages and promote their consumption by children and youth, 120

Evidence. See Assembling evidence and informing decisions;

Evaluating evidence;

Gaps in evidence;

Locating evidence;

Opportunities to generate evidence;

Sources of evidence;

Status of the current evidence base

Evidence-based decision making, 2, 28

in public health, 1, 6061

Evidence-based medicine, 2, 5960, 171

Evidence-based public health, 6061

Evidence-based public policy, 61

Evidence-related projects, 223226

evaluation, 224

guidelines, 223

measures, 224

systematic reviews, 224225

uses of, 226

Evidence synthesis, 105108, 125, 136, 139, 213

meta-analyses, 106107

mixed-method evidence synthesis, 107108

as sources of evidence, 105108

syntheses of qualitative research, 107

systematic reviews, 105106

types of evidence synthesis methods and examples of their uses, 106

Evidence tables, 149151.

See also Assembling evidence and informing decisions

template for, 150

Existing evidence needs, 161163

considerations for increasing evaluation of obesity prevention initiatives, 162

selected recommendations for research in childhood obesity prevention, 163

Existing tools for assembling evidence, 144146.

See also Assembling evidence and informing decisions

Experimental and quasi-experimental studies, 101, 103, 125

types of experimental and quasi-experimental evidence and examples of their uses, 103

Experimental designs, 60, 175

Expert knowledge, 123, 126

as sources of evidence, 109110

types of expert knowledge and examples of their uses, 110

External validity. See Generalizability

F

FCC. See Federal Communications Commission

Federal Communications Commission, 281, 283

Fidelity, 142143

Focus groups, 65, 103

Foresight Tackling Obesities: Future Choices Project, 8083

Form components, 143.

See also Generalizability

Foundations, 1213, 190, 203204.

See also Target audiences

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12847.
×

Framework.

See also L.E.A.D. framework

conclusions regarding, 198201

defining, 2122

need for, 3

objectives regarding, 193194

Frequency, 92

Functional components, 143.

See also Generalizability

Funders. See Research funders;

Resources needed

G

Gaps in evidence, 2630, 5659

ways to fill, 169171

Gathering evidence, 110111.

See also Information sources for locating evidence

Generalizability, 79, 58, 62, 9596, 116118, 143, 166, 200

and contextual considerations, 120123

defined, 213

evaluating, 13

limitations in the way evidence is reported in scientific journals, 166169

quality rating criteria for external validity, 122

recommendations concerning, 1314, 204205

Generating evidence. See Opportunities to generate evidence

recommendations concerning, 1314, 204205

Geographic mapping, 102

Government, as an evidence source, 272

Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation, 144145

Graph theoretic approach, 180

Grey and unpublished literature

as evidence sources, 271

Guidance for assembling the evidence, 135144.

See also Assembling evidence and informing decisions

existing tools for assembling evidence, 144146

how do we implement this information for our situation?, 142144

what specifically should we do about this problem?, 136142

why should we do something about this problem in our situation?, 135136

Guidelines

other evidence projects, 223

H

Harm, 7, 28, 83

Head Start program, 279

HEALCP. See Healthy Eating Active Living Convergence Partnership

Health Canada, 145

Health communication and social marketing approaches, to obesity prevention, 4445

Health consequences of obesity, physical, social and emotional, 27

Health disparities, 92.

See also Disparities

Health Forecasting, 127

Health impact assessment, 94, 127

Healthy Eating Active Living Convergence Partnership, 189, 191192

HEALTHY study, 96

HHS. See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

High-risk populations, 163

evidence to identify, 9193

HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus

“How” questions, 67, 9596, 9899

how do we implement this information for our situation?, 142144, 149150, 153154

areas of concerns and examples of evidence needed, 95

posing “Why,” “What,” and “How” questions after a policy or program is in place, 9698

Human immunodeficiency virus programs to prevent, 293

Hypertension. See Diseases related to obesity

I

Identification of appropriate outcomes, 118120

evaluation framework for government efforts to support capacity development for preventing childhood obesity, 119

evaluation framework for industry efforts to develop low-calorie and nutrient-dense beverages and promote their consumption by children and youth, 120

Identifying and locating evidence

evidence synthesis methods, 105108

an expanded view, 89114

experimental and quasi-experimental studies, 101, 103

expert knowledge, 109110

gathering the evidence, 110111

the L.E.A.D. framework for obesity prevention decision making, 90

mixed-method studies, 104105

nonexperimental or observational studies, 100102

parallel evidence, 108109

potentially useful, 100110

qualitative research, 103104

specifying questions—an evidence typology for the L.E.A.D. framework, 91100

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12847.
×

Impact

of interventions, 9394, 136142, 149, 151153

of the L.E.A.D. framework, 193194

Impact evaluation (or assessment), 127

as areas of evidence needed, 9394

Implementation, 141, 168, 192193

of interventions, 9596, 122, 142144

of the L.E.A.D. framework, 192193

Incorporating systems thinking

recommendations concerning, 12, 203

Indicated interventions, 3738, 141, 153

Information sources for locating evidence, 269275

government, 272

Grey and unpublished literature, 271

policies and programs, 273275

scientific literature databases, 269270

surveys, polls, and rankings, 272

Initiative on the Study and Implementation of Systems, 78

Institute of Medicine, 1819, 124, 135, 161, 197

Institutionalization, of an intervention or program, 122, 168.

See also Quality rating criteria for external validity

Integration

of evaluation findings into the L.E.A.D. framework, 187, 195

of the L.E.A.D. framework into public health decision making and related research, 188, 194, 195

of relevant evidence and knowledge into systems, 154

Interdisciplinary integration, 84

Internal validity.

See also Level of certainty

key assumptions/threats to, and example remedies for randomized controlled trials and alternatives, 176

International Obesity Task Force, 65, 91

Interrupted time series analysis, 174, 176, 180, 277278, 281283

as sources of evidence, 101, 103105

Interventions

defined, 215

IOM. See Institute of Medicine

IOTF. See International Obesity Task Force

ISIS. See Initiative on the Study and Implementation of Systems

Iterative steps, in system dynamics modeling, 79

ITS. See Interrupted time series analysis

J

Journals and journal editors, 1112, 14, 15, 20, 57, 65, 110, 111, 160, 166, 190191, 193, 200201, 203, 205, 206, 293.

See also Target audiences

K

Kaiser Permanente, 20, 197

Knowledge integration, 134, 154, 200

defined, 215

L

L.E.A.D. framework, 5, 6668

communication and dissemination of, 187193

conclusions regarding, 199, 201

evaluation and refinement of, 187, 193195

fundamental evidence concepts in, 5965

implementing fully, 111

key assumptions guiding use of, 11, 202

and new opportunities for research, 3

for obesity prevention decision making, 67, 73

and population health problems, 55

rationale for and overview of, 5570, 149

recommendations concerning, 1415, 205206

using the L.E.A.D. framework, 410

Level of certainty, 7, 8, 11, 59, 62, 64, 115, 118, 121, 123, 124, 127, 138, 149, 152, 161, 172, 174176, 200, 202, 283284, 287288, 294.

See also Internal validity

key assumptions/threats to internal validity and example remedies for randomized controlled trials and alternatives, 176

Locate Evidence, Evaluate Evidence, Assemble Evidence, Inform Decisions. See L.E.A.D. framework

Locating evidence, 7

information sources for, 269275

strategies for, 89114, 148149

Logic models/modeling, 28, 65, 135136, 151, 294

for obesity prevention, 3941, 119

as sources of evidence, 103104

Longitudinal studies, 100, 102, 118, 282, 289

as sources of evidence, 100, 102

Low-income

as a risk factor for obesity, 24, 26, 163

M

Maintenance, 141, 168, 187, 201, 224

assessing the extent of for an intervention, 118

as a dimension of generalizability, 52, 122

as part of RE-AIM, 144145

Managed care programs, 45

Mapping, 84, 104, 139, 141, 146, 293294,

See also Matching, mapping, pooling, and patching

defined, 215

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12847.
×

of obesity causality in the United States, 7981

systems, 12, 74, 203

the obesity “system”—a broad causal map, 81

MATCH. See Multilevel Approach to Community Health

Matched cohort studies

as sources of evidence, 101, 103

Matching, 139, 146, 177, 290292, 294.

See also Matching, mapping, pooling, and patching

the Multilevel Approach to Community Health model used to align the source of evidence with the targets of an intervention, plan and evaluate programs, and integrate knowledge for community partnering, 292

Matching, mapping, pooling, and patching, 139, 160, 290296

as tools for assembling evidence, 146

Measurement

approaches to, 6465

of BMI in schools, 75

Menu-labeling case study, 99

Meta-analyses, 57, 105107, 138139, 145, 167, 171, 180, 227

Mexican Americans. See Ethnicity

Military readiness, effect of obesity on, 26

Mixed-method evidence synthesis

as sources of evidence, 107108

Mixed-method studies, 104105, 125,

as sources of evidence, 104105

types of mixed-method evidence and examples of their uses, 104105

Monitoring, the L.E.A.D. framework, 192193

Multilevel, multisector obesity prevention approaches, 4649

example of a multilevel approach—childhood obesity prevention in Texas, 4749

multilevel, multisector approach to childhood obesity prevention in Texas, 48

need for, 4647

Multilevel Approach to Community Health, 291292

Multisite designs, 172173.

See also Randomized controlled trials

N

National Chronic Disease Directors, 190

National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research, 191192

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1, 2224, 45, 272

National Health Examination Survey, 22

National Health Interview Survey, 105

National Institutes of Health, 45, 127, 154, 162, 165

Native Hawaiians. See Ethnicity

Natural experiments, 9, 159, 163, 169, 200

defined, 216

NCCOR. See National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research

Needs assessment, 150, 216

as areas of evidence needed, 96

New York City Department of Health, 4344, 137

Next steps, in communicating, disseminating, evaluating and refining the L.E.A.D. framework, 10, 187195.

See also L.E.A.D. framework

communicating and disseminating the framework, 188193

communication and dissemination plan, 187

conclusions regarding, 201

evaluating and refining the framework, 193195

evaluation and refinement plan, 187

NHANES. See National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

NIH. See National Institutes of Health

Nonequivalent control group design. See Observational studies

Nonexperimental studies, 216.

See also Observational studies

O

Obesity, 1, 23, 200, 216

diseases related to, 21, 26

and health consequences in adults, children, and youth, 27

and overweight as a societywide problem, 1, 17, 2226

prevalence of, 18, 2325, 44

Obesity prevention approaches, 3554

approaches designed to foster changes in communities and neighborhoods, 4344

approaches involving changes in organizational policies, environments, and practices, 4243

in the broader context of other public health initiatives, 4951

considerations for increasing evaluation of, 162

current evidence base, 910, 5559, 201202, 227267

definitions and types of prevention, 3639

differences from obesity treatment, 21

health communication and social marketing approaches, 4445

interventions in health care settings, 45

lessons for obesity prevention from other public health problems, 50

logic models for obesity prevention, 3940

multilevel, multisector obesity prevention approaches, 4649

policy and legislative approaches, 42

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12847.
×

population-based, 22

the spectrum of obesity prevention approaches, 4149

target behaviors for, 41

types of, 3739

in the United Kingdom, 80, 8283

Obesity “system”

a broad causal map, 81

simplified version of the United Kingdom Foresight Group’s causal loop obesity system map, 82

Objectives, of communicating, disseminating, evaluating, and refining the L.E.A.D. framework, 188, 193194

Observational studies, 65, 100102, 125, 139, 176, 283287

comparison of their results with results of randomized studies, 180181

design elements that strengthen causal inferences in observational studies, 285

as evidence sources, 100102

types of observational evidence and examples of their uses, 102

within the evidence hierarchy, 60

Opportunities to generate evidence, 5, 910, 117, 159186

alternatives to randomized experiments, 172181

existing evidence needs, 161183

the L.E.A.D. framework for obesity prevention decision making, 161

limitations in the way evidence is reported in scientific journals, 166169

the need for new directions and transdisciplinary exchange, 164166

perspectives on causal inference, 174180

recommendations concerning, 1314, 204205

ways to fill the gaps in the best available evidence, 169171

Organizational policies, environments, and practices.

See also Obesity prevention approaches

approaches involving changes in, 4243

Osteoarthritis. See Diseases related to obesity Outcomes

for decision making, as a dimension of external validity, 122

for evaluating obesity prevention interventions, 5859

Overweight

prevalence in the United States, 1

P

Pacific Islanders. See Ethnicity

Paradigm shift in thinking about obesity prevention, 17, 35

Parallel evidence, 100, 108109, 126

as sources of evidence, 108109

types of parallel evidence and examples of their uses, 109

PATCH. See Planned Approach to Community Health

Patching, 139, 141, 146, 290, 295296.

See also Matching, mapping, pooling, and patching

Planned Approach to Community Health, 295

Peer-reviewed journals. See Journals and journal editors

Physical activity. See Energy-balance equation

Planned Approach to Community Health, 295

Policies and programs as evidence sources, 273275

Policy analysis

as sources of evidence, 101

Policy makers. See Target audiences

Policy scanning/tracking

locating, 274

as sources of evidence, 127

Pooling, 139, 140, 145, 146, 290, 293294.

See also Matching, mapping, pooling, and patching

Population-based interventions for obesity, 35, 37, 42

challenges of applying the traditional evidence base to, 5759

Population health problems

addressing with transdisciplinary exchange, 164165

and the L.E.A.D. framework, 55

and a systems approach, 74

Practice-based interventions (or evidence), 14, 169, 200, 205, 294296

Pre-/posttest designs, 175177, 287288

Predictive studies

as sources of evidence, 101102

Prevalence, 77, 107, 211

and economic-cost analysis study designs, 288290

as a measure of the scope of a problem, 99, 107, 118

of obesity compared to the paucity of the knowledge base with which to inform prevention efforts, 56

of obesity in diverse populations, 18

Prevention, of obesity in adults and children, 36

definitions and types of, 3639

Professional organizations, 190, 204.

See also Target audiences

Program planners, 201.

See also Target audiences

Program theory analysis

as sources of evidence, 103104

Propensity scoring, 286287

Prospective studies, 215

Public health organizations, 12.

See also Target audiences

Public health problems—lessons for obesity prevention,

strategies to address, 50

Publishers of research findings, 4, 11, 13, 14, 22, 117, 190.

See also Journals and journal editors;

Target audiences

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12847.
×

Q

Qualitative research, 60, 65, 84, 103104, 125, 137139, 153

assessing quality of, 125127

for evaluating evidence, 62

as sources of evidence, 100, 103105, 107108

synthesis of, 105, 107108

types of qualitative evidence and examples of their uses, 104

Quality rating criteria for external validity, 122

maintenance and institutionalization, 122

outcomes for decision making, 122

program or policy implementation and adaptation, 122

reach and representativeness, 122

Quantitative data (or research), 65, 84, 125, 127, 138139, 145, 153, 277, 279, 280281, 295296

Quasi-experimental studies, 60, 64, 84, 125, 138, 145, 164, 174, 178, 277, 278, 283, 287

as sources of evidence, 100101, 103, 105106

Questions

asked by the decision maker, 99, 147148

that guide the gathering of evidence, 67, 91

that need to be answered, types of, 6162

R

Randomized controlled trials, 57, 62, 116, 138139, 176, 277, 280

alternatives to, 172181

multisite designs, 172

prevailing preference for, 164

as sources of evidence, 101, 103, 105

Randomized encouragement design, 174, 176, 218

RCTs. See Randomized controlled trials

RD. See Regression discontinuity design

Reach, 122, 141, 149, 168

defined, 218

Realist reviews, 63, 106, 138, 145, 153, 219

Recommendations, of the committee, 1015, 201206

building a resource base, 1213, 203204

communicating, disseminating, evaluating, and refining the L.E.A.D. framework, 1415, 205206

establishing standards for evidence quality, 13, 204

incorporating systems thinking, 12, 203

supporting the generation of evidence, 1314, 204205

utilizing the L.E.A.D. framework, 1112, 202203

Reductionist research, 62, 84

Refining the L.E.A.D. framework. See Evaluating and refining the L.E.A.D. framework

Registry of reports

establishing, 203204

Regression discontinuity design, 101, 176, 180, 277281

illustration using the example of an evaluation of the effect of school lunch programs on children’s health, 280

Replicability, 167

Reporting likely effectiveness, 152153

Reporting likely reach and impact, 153

Reporting template, for summarizing evidence, 146154

evidence table, 149151

example L.E.A.D. framework evidence report, 148149

questions asked by the decision maker, 147

strategies for locating evidence, 148149

summary of evidence, 151154

Representativeness, 122, 166168.

See also Generalizability;

Reach

Research designs, experimental and quasi-experimental common, 277290

economic cost analysis, 288290

interrupted time series analysis, 281283

observational studies, 283287

pre-/posttest designs, 287288

regression discontinuity design, 279281

a typology of research designs, 277

Research funders, 4, 22, 189.

See also Target audiences

recommendations for, 11, 1315, 202206

Research needed. See Needs assessments;

Next steps

Researchers, 3, 14, 189.

See also Target audiences

recommendations for, 1115, 202205

Resources needed, to utilize the L.E.A.D. framework, 1112

Review of existing reviews on obesity prevention, 227267

critical reviews, 260261

integrative reviews, 230231, 242243, 250251, 262263

narrative reviews, 236237, 248249, 254255

review of reviews, 250251

reviews, 232233, 258259

synthesis research studies, 238239

systematic reviews, 220, 228235, 238261

Risk factors. See Ethnicity;

High-risk populations;

Low-income

Risk reduction approach, 37

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 20, 170, 197

Rubin’s perspective, 177178, 279, 286

potential outcomes model, 177

RWJF. See Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

S

SAMHSA. See Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12847.
×

Scientific literature

databases as evidence sources, 269270

Secondary analysis

as sources of evidence, 100102

Selective interventions, 3738, 141, 153

Sensitivity analysis, 176

Sesame Street program, 278

Shape Up Somerville, 95, 289

Simplified version of the causal loop obesity system map, 82

Simulation modeling, 79

Social determinants

as areas of evidence needed, 9193

defined, 220

Social marketing strategies, 38, 4445

Society for Prevention Research, 123

Sources of evidence, 100110, 140, 169171.

See also Gathering evidence;

Identifying and locating evidence;

Information sources for locating evidence

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, 119

Specifying questions, 67

applying the evidence typology—an illustrative example, 98100

an evidence typology for the L.E.A.D. framework, 91100

“How” questions, 9596

posing “Why,” “What,” and “How” questions after a policy or program is in place, 9698

questions that guide the gathering of evidence, 91

“What” questions, 9394

“Why” questions, 9193

Spectrum of Prevention, 41, 46

Stable unit treatment value assumption, 177

Stakeholders, 15, 201, 206, 220.

See also individual stakeholders

Standards for evidence quality

recommendations concerning, 13, 204

Statistical regression, 288

Status of the current evidence base, 5659

choice of outcomes, 5859

lack of conceptual frameworks, 5758

quantity of available evidence, 57

review of existing reviews on obesity prevention, 227267

Stocks and flows, 77.

See also Systems thinking Strategic planning

as areas of evidence needed, 95

Study approach, 34

Study designs and methodologies, an in-depth look, 277300

economic cost analysis, 288290

interrupted time series analysis, 281283

mapping, 293

matching, 290292

observational studies, 283286

patching, 295296

pooling, 293294

pre-/posttest, 287288

regression discontinuity, 279281

typology of research designs, 277279

Subpopulations affected, 2426, 38

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 295

Summary of evidence, 151154.

See also Template for summarizing the evidence

Surveys, 60

polls, and rankings as evidence sources, 272

as sources of evidence, 100102

Sustainability

as areas of evidence needed, 9596

defined, 220

in evaluating impact of interventions, 144

SUTVA. See Stable unit treatment value assumption Syntheses

existing tools, 144146

of information from disparate sources, 139141

methods, of evidence, 105108, 126

of qualitative research, 107

research studies, 238239

System dynamics, 74

Systematic reviews, 60, 105106, 224225

Systems approach, 7174

Systems investigation, 74

Systems perspective, 56, 36, 64, 7187, 221

importance of, 30

logic models and the complexity of interventions, 136137

Systems science, 74

Systems theory, 74

Systems thinking, 74

concepts and variables in, 7677

encouraging the use of, 12

increasing understanding of, 11

uses of, examples, 7583

T

Target audiences, of the L.E.A.D. framework, 34, 22, 188190, 201

decision makers and intermediaries, 188189

other important audiences, 189190

publishers of research results, 190

research funders, 189

researchers, 189

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12847.
×

Target populations, 38.

See also Subpopulations affected

Template for summarizing the evidence, 144, 146154.

See also Assembling evidence and informing decisions

elements of the reporting template, 146148

evidence table, 149151

question asked by the decision maker, 147148

strategy for locating evidence, 148149

summary of evidence, 151154

Texas, multi-level approach to childhood obesity prevention, 4749

Tobacco control movement, 5051, 75, 7879, 140, 169

lessons for obesity prevention, 43, 46

sources of evidence, as natural experiments, 169

systems thinking, 7579

Transdisciplinary research, 164166

Transdisciplinary team science

factors facilitating and constraining, 165

Transferability. See Generalizability

Translation, 10, 32, 154, 201, 215, 221

of evidence, 96

of an intervention, 9596

knowledge translation, 154

Transparency in decision making, 64

Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs, 121

Trends, in obesity rates, 2326, 92

Typology of research designs, experimental and quasi-experimental, 277.

See also Research designs

U

Universal interventions, 3738, 40, 141, 153

“Upstream” approaches, 39

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 12, 20, 45, 49, 127, 169170, 190, 197, 203, 291

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 192

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 192

Secretary of, 1213, 203204

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 121, 123, 127

U.S. Surgeon General, 50

USDA. See U.S. Department of Agriculture

Uses of systems thinking, approaches, mapping, and modeling, 7583

BMI screening in schools, 75

mapping of obesity causality in the United States, 7981

obesity prevention in the United Kingdom, 80, 8283

primer on concepts and variables in systems thinking, 7677

the tobacco control movement, 75, 7879

Using the L.E.A.D. framework, 410

assembling evidence and informing decisions, 89

evaluating evidence, 78

to inform decisions, 147

locating evidence, 7

opportunities to generate evidence, 910

recommendations concerning, 1112, 202203

specifying questions, 67

systems perspective, 56

USPSTF. See U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

V

Validity, 221.

See also Generalizability;

Level of certainty

external, 7, 62, 64, 121123, 168, 175

internal, 7, 62, 64, 175176, 282, 284

VERBTM campaign, 45

W

Washington State Department of Health, 152153

“What if” scenarios, 83.

See also Systems thinking

“What” questions, 67, 9394, 9899

areas of concerns and examples of evidence needed, 93

posing “Why,” “What,” and “How” questions after a policy or program is in place, 9698

what specifically should we do about this problem?, 136142, 149153

WHO. See World Health Organization

“Why” questions, 67, 9193, 96, 99

areas of concerns and examples of evidence needed, 92

posing “Why,” “What,” and “How” questions after a policy or program is in place, 9698

why should we do something about this problem in our situation?, 135136, 148, 150151

WIC. See Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

Within-subjects design, 177.

See also Rubin’s perspective

Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial, 173

World Cancer Research Fund, 40

World Health Organization, 37

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12847.
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To battle the obesity epidemic in America, health care professionals and policymakers need relevant, useful data on the effectiveness of obesity prevention policies and programs. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention identifies a new approach to decision making and research on obesity prevention to use a systems perspective to gain a broader understanding of the context of obesity and the many factors that influence it.

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