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Guide for the Care and use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition
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Index
A
Acclimation and adaptation, 111, 188
(see also Procedural habitation and training)
caloric management and, 67
to noise and vibrations, 81-82
to outdoor housing, 44, 54-55
to physical restraint, 29
Acquisition of animals (see Procurement)
Activity and exercise, xiv, 43, 52-53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63-64, 67, 84
(see also Enrichment)
Agricultural animals, 2
biomedical vs. agricultural research, 32-33
environment and housing, 29, 33, 43, 44, 137, 176-177
floor drains, 137, 138
information resources, 33, 176-177, 191-192
protocol review, 32-33
space requirements, 60, 62-63
surgery, 117, 144, 145
veterinary care, 145, 191-182
Air pressure, 45, 47, 139, 145-146, 149-150
Air quality and airborne contaminants, 45-47
Airflow (see Ventilation and airflow)
Albino animals, 48-49, 141
Allergens and allergic reactions, 18, 19, 20, 22-23, 45, 155
Alternatives to laboratory animal use, 3, 5, 12, 25, 27, 162-167
American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 16
American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 24
Guidelines for Adequate Veterinary Care, xvii, 14
Ammonia, 45, 47, 68, 70, 71, 72-73, 78, 79, 80, 81, 85
Amphibians, 41-42, 44-45, 46, 77, 78-79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 108, 119, 156, 178-179, 192
(see also Aquatic species)
Anesthesia and analgesia
considerations in selection of agents, 75, 121
equipment/delivery, 34, 122, 145, 147
euthanasia agent, 124
field conditions, 32, 117
monitoring, 119-120, 122, 123
neuromuscular blocking agents, 122-123
oversight, 34, 156
pain management, 12, 121-122
preemptive analgesia, 121
principles governing use, 12, 14, 26
recommended reading, 188-190
recordkeeping, 34
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surgery, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119-120, 122-123, 145, 188-190
training, 17, 106, 115, 122
waste gas management, 21, 147
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 30, 148
Animal care and use program
attending veterinarian, 14
collaborations, 15
defined, 6
disaster planning and emergency preparedness, 35
IACUC, 14-15, 24-33
institutional official, 13-14
oversight, 24-34
personnel management, 15-24
program management, 13-24
recommended reading, 167-172
regulations, policies, and principles, 12-13
responsibilities, 13-15
Animal care personnel,
(see also Personnel)
training and education, 16
Animal training (see Procedural habituation and training)
Animal Welfare Act, 1, 4, 25, 34, 199
Animal Welfare Information Center, xv, 16
Animal Welfare Regulations, 1, 12
housing guidelines, 56, 59
IACUC, 25
transportation of animals, 107
veterinary care, 30
Antibiotics, 116
Anxiolytics, 122-123
Apes (see Nonhuman primates)
Aquatic species, 2
(see also Amphibians;
Fish;
Reptiles)
algal growth, 86
behavior and social management, 84
diseases, 112
emergency, weekend, and holiday care, 87
enrichment and social housing, 82-83
environment, 77-82
facilities, 150-151
food and feeding, 84-85
housing, 82-83, 150-151
husbandry, 84-87
identification, 87
illumination, 81
life support system, 79-80
macroenvironment, 77-78, 86
management, 84-88
microenvironment, 77-78, 82-83
noise and vibration, 81-82
pest control, 87
population management, 87-88
recommended reading, 178-179, 192-193
recordkeeping, 87-88
sanitation, 85-86
sheltered, outdoor, and naturalistic housing, 83
space, 83
substrates, 85
temperature, humidity, and ventilation, 80-81
water quality, 78-79, 85
Aseptic practices, 17, 34, 52, 70, 75, 115, 116, 117, 118-119, 144
Attending veterinarian, 3, 4, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 24, 28, 106, 114, 116
(see also Veterinary care)
Autoclaving
bedding material, 69, 146
drinking water, 146
feed, 66, 146
surgical instruments, 119, 145
Avian species (see Birds)
B
Bacterial gill disease, 112
Barriers
access control, 151
facilities, 113, 136, 145-146
separation of housing and research/surgery areas, 134, 144
visual, 51, 53, 83
Bedding, nesting, and substrates
aquatic species, 85
autoclaving, 69, 136, 146
behavioral aspects, 52
changing, 46, 47, 52, 69, 70, 73
disposal, 19, 20
enrichment aspects, 67
environmental aspects, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 52, 53, 69, 71
experimental influences, 68, 69
illumination and, 49
materials, 68-69
outdoor facilities, 54
storage, 136, 141
terrestrial species, 52, 68-69
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Behavioral and social management
acclimation, 111
activity and exercise, 63-64, 84
airflow and ventilation and, 150
aquatic species, 82, 83, 84, 85
bedding, nesting, and substrate materials and, 49, 52, 85
enrichment, 52-53, 54, 60, 83, 85
food and feeding, 65
illumination and, 47, 48, 49
procedural habituation and training, 29, 64-65
recordkeeping, 75
sanitation and, 72
social environment, 51, 58, 59, 64, 111
space considerations, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59
temperature and humidity and, 43, 44, 80
terrestrial species, 83-85
training of personnel, 53, 121
veterinary care and, 107, 111, 112, 114
Behavioral changes
infections and, 118
monitoring animals for, 112
moribund state, 28
pain and distress, 120-121, 123
physical restraint and, 29
sanitation and, 71
stereotypies and compulsive behaviors, 63
transportation of animals and, 150
Behavioral research, 30, 31, 111, 135, 149-150
Bioexclusion, 28
(see also Barriers)
Biologic agents and hazards, 18, 19, 20, 21, 111, 112-113, 148, 170-172
Biosecurity, animal, xviii, 105, 107, 108, 109-110, 111, 135, 170-172
Birds, 41, 44, 48, 49, 60, 121, 144, 156, 179-180, 193
Bites and scratches, 18, 23
Breeding and reproduction
aquatic animals, 44, 80, 82, 83, 87, 88
caloric restriction and, 67
cryopreservation of fertilized embryos, ova, ovaries, or spermatozoa, 76, 107
enriched environments and, 83
genetic management, 76, 77
GMAs, 28, 76
lighting and, 48, 137
nesting, bedding and substrates, 52, 70, 83
nomenclature, 77
nonhuman primates, 59
recordkeeping, 76, 77, 87, 88
rodents and rabbits, xviii, 57, 77, 107
sanitation activities and, 70
space requirements, 55, 56, 57, 33
temperature and humidity and, 44, 80, 82
vibration and, 50
Building Seismic Safety Council, 133
C
Cages and caging
(see also Housing;
Microenvironment)
cleaning and sanitation, 18, 46, 47, 52, 69, 70-71, 72, 73, 86, 142, 143, 145
dimensions and space allocation, xviii, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 133
dividers and shelters in, 53
flooring, 70
isolators, 45, 47, 52, 111, 139, 146
light intensity in, 46, 49
location on cage rack, 46, 49
mechanical washers, 71, 72, 86, 135, 136, 141, 143
metabolic, 121
in secondary enclosures, 47
ventilated, 44, 46, 47, 50, 58, 70-71, 111, 141, 146
vibration of, 50
Caloric management, 31, 57, 67
Canadian Council on Animal Care, 16
Carcass disposal, 20, 73-74, 138, 142
Cardiovascular shock models, 27
Cats
behavioral and social management, 58, 59, 63-64, 180-181
enrichment, 53
environmental requirements, 43, 44, 53, 180-181
housing and space, 49, 56, 58, 59, 180-181
procurement, 106
recommended reading, 180-181, 193
recordkeeping, 75-76
veterinary care, 193
Cattle, 62-63, 64, 176-177, 191-192
(see also Agricultural animals)
Cedar shavings, 69, 156
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Ceilings, 56, 81, 142
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 19, 21, 107, 148, 157
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, 23
Chairing, 29
Chemical agents
cleaning materials, 71, 72
non-pharmaceutical-grade, 31
hazardous, 18, 19, 20, 21, 136
Chickens, 48, 60
Chimpanzees, xviii, 61
Chlorines and chloramines, 72, 78-79, 80, 85, 86
Circadian rhythm, 43, 48, 49, 137, 149
Cleaning agents, 18, 71, 72
(see also Sanitation)
(see also Vetterinary care)
Clinical care and management
emergency care, 114
medical management, 114
recordkeeping, 115
Clothing and footwear, 20, 21, 146
Cold storage and refrigeration, 66, 73, 136, 142
Cold stress, 43, 44, 53
Collaborations, interinstitutional, 15
Computer modeling
alternative to animal use, 5, 12, 25, 199
facility design, 46, 133
genetic variability, 76
Conditioned-response protocols, 31
Construction guidelines, 136-143
Containment of hazardous materials, 21, 148-149
Contaminants
airborne, 22, 45, 46-47, 139, 140, 143, 145, 146-147, 149
bedding, 69, 141, 146
cleaning implements, 72, 85
food, 19, 65, 66, 67, 84, 141, 146
genetic, 76
microbial, 72, 81, 108, 109, 110, 113, 118, 144-145
recommended readings
water, 67-68, 81, 86, 138
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 107
Corridors, 86, 134, 136, 137, 141, 142
Cryogens, 147
Cryopreservation, 76, 107
Cyanobacteria, 86
D
Defecation, 72
Definitions
animal biosecurity, 109
animal care and use program, 6, 11
animal use, 2
attending veterinarian, 14
engineering standard, 6
humane care, 6
institutional animal care and use committee, 14
institutional official, 13
laboratory animals, 2
life support system, 79
macroenvironment, 42
“may,” 8
microenvironment, 42
“must,” 8
performance standard, 6-7
policies, 7
practice standard, 7
principles, 7
procedures, 7
“should,” 8
thermoneutral zone, 43
three Rs, 4-5
Dehydration, 68
Desiccation stress, 45, 46
Diet and dietary control
(see also Food and feedng)
abrupt changes in, 67
aquatic animals, 84, 85
autoclavable, 66
caloric management, 31, 57, 67
certified diets, 65
chemically defined diets, 65, 66
natural-ingredient, 65, 66
nutritionally balanced, 67
purified diets, 65, 66
quality assurance, 65, 66
treats, 67
Disaster planning, 35, 74-75
Disease control, 23, 72, 81, 108, 109, 110, 112-113, 118, 144-145, 190
Disease susceptibility, 19, 42
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Disinfection, 20, 51, 52, 68, 69, 70-72, 78, 79, 80, 84, 86, 110, 118, 119, 138, 143, 144, 150
Disposable clothing, 146
Distress
(see also Pain and distress)
defined, 121
neuromuscular blocking agents and, 122-123
recommended reading, 188-190
Diurnal cycles, 48, 141
Dogs
behavioral and social management, 29, 59, 63-64, 180-181
enrichment, 53
environmental requirements, 43, 44, 180-181
housing and space, 49, 58, 59, 136, 138, 180-181
infusion pumps, 29
pain and distress, 121
procurement, 106
recommended reading, 180-181, 193
recordkeeping, 75-76
veterinary care, 193
Doors, 136, 137, 138, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150
Drafts, 46, 140
Drainage, 54, 136, 138, 143, 144, 149, 150
E
Ecdysis (molting), 45, 156
Education (see Training and education)
Electric power, 136, 141, 142, 143, 145, 150
Emergency, weekend, and holiday care
husbandry, 35, 74-75, 87
medical, 114, 118
Enclosures (see Cages and caging; Primary enclosures; Secondary enclosures)
Endangered Species Act, 157
Endpoints
(see also Experimental endpoints;
Humane endpoints)
IACUC review, 26, 27-28
Engineering standards, 6, 7
Enrichment, xiv, xviii, 33, 43, 50, 52-54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 64, 82-83, 85, 137, 173- 175
(see also Social environment)
Entrapment, accidental, 51, 82
Environment
(see also Enrichment;
Housing;
Macroenvironment;
Microenvironment;
Social environment)
aquatic species, 77-82
recommended reading, 172-175
terrestrial species, 42-50
Eosinopenia, 49
Ergonomic injury, 19
Ethical considerations, xiii, xvii, 4-5, 12
recommended reading, 163-164
training in, 17
Euthanasia
(see also Humane endpoints)
AV responsibility, 106, 114, 156
AVMA Guidelines, 123
carbon dioxide for rodents, 124
criteria for, 123
defined, 123
disaster planning, 35
fetuses and larval life forms, 123-124
field studies, 32
methods, 123-124
pest control, 74
preemptive, 28
psychological effects on personnel, 124
training, 17, 124
Exercise (see Activity and exercise)
Exotic, wild, and zoo animals, 2, 18, 32, 44, 84, 107, 181-182, 193-194
Experimental design and statistics, recommended reading, 164-165
(see also Protocols)
Experimental endpoints, 27-28, 112, 121
F
Facilities
(see also Physical plant)
aquatic species housing, 150-151
barrier facilities, 145-146
for behavioral studies, 149-150
hazardous agent containment, 148-149
imaging, 146-147
irradiation, whole-body, 157-158
recommended reading on design and construction, 196-197
for sanitizing materials, 143
surgical, 116-117, 144-145
Farm animals (see Agricultural animals)
Field studies, 18, 32, 155
(see also Exotic, wild, and zoo animals)
Fish
(see also Aquatic species)
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air quality considerations, 81
biosecurity, 110
food and feeding, 84-85
GMAs, 28
illumination, 81
noise and vibration, 81-82
pain and distress, 121
recirculating systems, 79-80
recommended reading, 178-179, 192-193
recordkeeping, 87-88
sanitation, 85, 86
schooling, 82, 83
space requirements, 83
temperature, 41-42
toxic substances, 78-79, 85
veterinary care, 192-193
Flaky skin, 45, 156
Floors, 137-138
Food and Drug Administration Good Laboratory Practice standards, 65
Food and feeding
(see also Diet)
aquatic species, 84-85
enrichment activities with, 67
feeders, 66-67
management of caloric intake, 67
restricted or scheduled access, 30-31
sanitation of feeders and waterers, 71-72
storage, vermin control, and handling, 65-66
terrestrial species, 65-67
G
Genetically modified animals (GMAs)
breeding, 76
humane endpoints, 29
monitoring for unexpected outcomes, 28-29
occupational health and safety considerations, 21
recommended reading, 175-176
Genetics, recommended reading, 175-176
Gerbils, 43, 44, 52
Gnotobiotic animals, 52, 70, 135
Goats, 49, 62, 111, 156, 177, 192
Guinea pigs, 44, 51, 57, 71 n.2, 111, 156
(see also Rodents)
H
Hamsters, 44, 57, 64, 68, 71 n.2, 156
(see also Rodents)
Hazard identification and risk assessment, 18-19
Hazardous agents, 20-21
Health Research Extension Act, 34
Heat stress, 43, 44
Heating and air-conditioning, 139-140
Helicobacter spp, 111, 113
Hepatitis B virus, 22
Herpesvirus, 23, 112
Horses and ponies, 63, 64
Housing
(see also Cages and caging;
Macroenvironment;
Microenvironment;
Secondary enclosures;
Space requirements;
and specific animals)
aquatic species, 82-83
design considerations, 51
environmental enrichment, 52-54, 82-83, 173-175
flooring, 51-52, 54
life support system, 79-80
naturalistic environments, 55, 83
occupational health and safety considerations, 19-20
recommended reading, 172-173
repair or replacement, 51
sheltered or outdoor, 42, 44, 51, 54-55, 68, 74, 81, 83, 118, 134, 135, 139, 140
social, 51, 55, 58-59, 60, 82-83
terrestrial species, 50-63
Humane care, defined, 6
Humane endpoints, xvii, 5, 12, 27-28, 29, 114, 123, 165-166
Humidity (see Temperature and humidity)
Husbandry
(see also Sanitation)
aquatic species, 84-87
bedding and nesting materials and substrates, 68-69, 85
caloric restriction, 30-31, 67
emergency, weekend, and holiday care, 35, 74-75, 87
food, 65-67, 84-85
pest control, 74, 87
terrestrial species, 65-75
waste disposal, 73-74
water, 67-68
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Hydrogen peroxide, 72
Hygiene, personal, 18, 19, 20
I
Identification of animals, 75, 87
Illumination/lighting, 47-49, 81, 141
Imaging facilities, 146-147
Immunization, 22
Immunodeficient animals, 21, 28, 66, 145
Infectious agents (see Biologic agents and hazards)
Infectious disease research, 27
Inspection of facilities and equipment, 34
Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR), 2, 16
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
agricultural animals, 32-33
animal care and use programs and, 6, 11, 13
collaborating institutions, 15
endpoint considerations, 27-28
field investigations, 32
food and fluid regulation, 30-31
investigating and reporting animal welfare concerns, 23
membership and function of committee, 17, 24-25
multiple survival surgical procedures, 30
non-pharmaceutical-grade chemicals or substances, 31
occupational health and safety and, 17
physical restraint, 29-30
program management and, 13, 14-15
protocol review, 25-26
recommended reading, 169-170
special considerations during review process, 27-33
surgery and, 115-118
surgical procedures, 30
training and education, 15
unexpected outcomes, 28-29
Institutional official, 13-14, 17, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35
International Air Transport Association, 107
International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice, 77
Invertebrate animals, 2
Irradiation facilities, 157-158
L
Laboratory Animal Welfare and Training Exchange, 16
Latex toxicity, 84
Laws, regulations, and policies
(see also Animal Welfare Act;
Animal Welfare Regulations;
Public Health Service Policy;
other specific acts and policies)
recommended reading, 168
training in, 17
Lighting (see Ilumination/lighting)
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, 113
M
Macacine herpesvirus, 23, 112
Macaques, 23, 112
Macroenvironment
aquatic species, 77-78, 86
defined, 42
terrestrial species, 42
Management of animals (see Behavioral and social management; Husbandry; Population management)
aquatic species, 84-88
medical, 114
recommended reading, 172-173
terrestrial species, 63-77
Mice
(see also Rodents)
acclimation, 111
aggression in males, 53, 64
anxiety studies, 53
bedding and nesting materials, 52, 53, 68
breeding animals, 52
caloric restriction, 67
enrichment, 53, 54
GMAs, 28, 68, 145-146
housing, 53, 57, 145-146
identification/nomenclature, 77
illumination, 49, 137
infections, 111, 112
nude or hairless animals, 68
recommended reading, 184-187, 194-196
social stress, 53
space requirements, 57, 156
specific pathogen-free mice, 145-146
temperature and humidity, 43, 45
toe-clipping, 75
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Microenvironment (primary enclosure)
aquatic species, 77-78, 82-83
defined, 42
terrestrial species, 42, 50-52
Midwest Plan Service, 33
Monitoring and surveillance
disease prevention, 112-113
facilities, equipment, and exposure, 19-20
food and fluid intake, 31
GMAs, 28
intraoperative, 119
postapproval, 33-34
postoperative care, 119
restrained animals, 29
sanitation practices, 72-73
Monkeys (see Nonhuman primates)
Monoclonal antibody production, 27
Moribund state, 28
Mouse hepatitis virus, 112, 113
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, 112
N
National Institutes of Health, 19, 155
National Research Council Committee on Animal Nutrition, 65
Necropsies, 21
Nesting (see Bedding, nesting, and substrates)
Neuromuscular blocking agents, 122-123
Nocturnal animals, 48
Noise and vibration
aquatic animals, 81-82
control, 142, 143
hearing protection for personnel, 22, 49
terrestrial animals, 49-50
Non-pharmaceutical-grade chemicals or substances, 31-32
Nonhuman primates
acclimation, 111
behavioral and social management, xviii, 29, 53
enrichment, 53, 67, 137
environment, 43, 44, 45, 50, 139
food and feeding, 67
housing, xviii, 49, 111-112, 136
illumination, 48
infections, 23, 111-112
infusion pumps, 29
noise and vibration effects, 50
personal protective equipment for staff, 21-22
recommended reading, 182-184, 194
recordkeeping, 75-76
restraint, 29
space requirements, xviii, 56, 58-60, 61
temperature and humidity, 43, 44, 45, 140
transport, 107
ventilation, 47, 139
veterinary care, 194
zoonosis surveillance and, 23, 110
Noroviruses, 113
O
Occupational health and safety program
administrative controls, 18
animal housing systems, 19-20
collaborative approach, 17, 21
control and prevention strategies, 18
engineering controls, 18, 19
facility and equipment support, 19-20
field studies or wildlife research, 18
hazard identification and risk
assessment, 18-19
hazardous animal experimentation, 18, 20-21
hazardous material containment, 149
hygiene, 18, 19, 20
medical evaluation and preventive medicine for personnel, 22-23
monitoring, 19-20
noise exposure, 22, 49
personal protective equipment, 18, 20, 21, 23, 109, 146, 148, 167-172
recommended reading, 17, 19, 21, 170-172
regulations, 17, 18, 20, 21
reporting requirements, 23-24
responsibility, 18
safety committee, 17-18, 21, 32
security, 23
training, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24
Organ or system failure research, 27
Other animals, recommended reading, 187-188
Outdoor enclosures/habitats, 42, 44, 51, 54-55, 68, 74, 81, 83, 118, 134, 135, 139, 140
Oversight
(see also Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)
postapproval monitoring, 33-34
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recommended reading, 169-170
responsibility for, 13
Owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus), 112
P
Pain and distress
(see also Distress)
analgesics and anesthetics, 12, 121-123
chronic, 122
guidelines and, 12, 199-200
humane endpoints, 5, 27, 123
indicators of, 120-121, 123
modeling/studies, 28
monitoring GMAs for, 29
multiple survival surgical procedures, 30
postoperative, 117, 120
prevention or alleviation, 5, 12, 26, 33, 35, 105, 114, 120-121, 200
recommended reading, 120, 188-190
restraint devices, 29
studies of, 34
“wind-up” phenomenon, 120
Parvoviruses, 113
Pasteurella multocida, 112
Pedigree management, 55, 76, 87
Performance standard, defined, 6-7
Personnel
(see also Occupational health and safety program;
Training and education;
specific personnel)
animal welfare concerns and, 23-24
hygiene, 18, 19, 20
management, 15-24
medical evaluation and preventive medicine for, 22-23
occupational health and safety program, 17-23
protection, 21-22
security, 23
Pest control, 74, 87, 110
Pesticides, 65, 74
Photoperiod, 47, 48, 81, 137, 143
Photostressors, 47
(see also Illumination/lighting)
Phototoxic retinopathy, 48, 49
Physical hazards, 18, 19
Physical plant
(see also Facilities)
centralized vs. decentralized, 134-135
construction guidelines, 136-143, 196-197
corridors, 136
doors to animal rooms, 137
drainage, 138
floors, 137-138
functional areas, 135-136
general considerations, 133-135
HVAC, xviii, 46-47, 139-140
location, 134
noise control, 142
power and lighting, 141
recommended reading, 196-197
security and access control, 151
storage areas, 141-142
vibration control, 142
walls and ceilings, 138-139
windows, exterior, 137
Phytoestrogens, 65
Pigeons, 60, 180, 193
Pilot studies, 26, 28
Poikilothermic animals, 41, 44, 55, 80, 82, 108
Policies, defined, 7
Population management
aquatic species, 87-88
breeding, genetics, and nomenclature, 75-76
identification, 75, 87
recordkeeping, 75-76, 87-88
terrestrial species, 75-77
Poultry, 44, 48, 60
Practice standard, 7, 12
Preventive medicine
animal biosecurity, xviii, 79, 105, 107, 108, 109-110, 111, 135
disease surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment, 112-113
quarantine and stabilization, 110-111
separation of animals by health status and species, 111-112
Primary enclosures, 42, 43, 44-45, 46, 50-52, 72, 77, 82
(see also Cages and caging;
Microenvironment)
Primates (see Nonhuman primates)
Principal investigator, 5, 16, 18, 27, 28, 32, 114, 155
Principles
(see also U.S. Government Principles)
defined, 7
the Guide, 1
Procedural habituation and training, 29, 64-65
Procedures, defined, 7
Procurement of animals, 106-107
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Protocols for animal use
alternatives to animal use, 3, 5, 12, 25, 27, 162-164
conditioned-response, 31
food and fluid regulation, 30-31
IACUC review, 26-33
number of animals used, 5, 12, 15, 25, 26, 28, 106, 199, 201
postapproval monitoring, 33-34
reuse of animals, 5, 30
special considerations, 27-33
Three Rs, xvii, 3, 4-5, 17, 201
topics considered, 25-26
Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 1, 12, 25, 56
Q
Quail, 60, 180, 193
Quarantine and stabilization, 110-111
R
Rabbits
behavioral and social management, 63
enrichment, 54
environment, 43, 44, 49, 54, 140
food and feeding, 67
housing, 51, 53, 58, 59
infections, 112
nomenclature, 77
recommended reading, 184-187
sanitation of cages, 71 n.2
space requirements, xviii, 59
Rabies, 22
Radiation hazards, 18, 20, 73, 147
Rainbow trout, 112
Rat Genome and Nomenclature Committee, 77
Rat theilovirus, 112
Rats
(see also Rodents)
acclimation, 111
albino, 48-49
bedding and nesting materials, 52
breeding animals, 52
caloric restriction, 67
diseases, 45, 111, 112
GMAs, 145-146
identification/nomenclature, 77
illumination, 48-49, 137
recommended reading, 184-187, 194-196
space requirements, 57, 156
temperature and humidity, 43, 44, 45
Recordkeeping
clinical care, 115
population management, 75-76, 87-88
Removal of animals from protocol, 26, 29, 31
Reporting
accidents, bites, scratches, and allergic reactions, 23
animal welfare concerns, 17, 23-24
hazardous conditions or “near miss” incidents, 19
status of Animal care and use program, 25
Reproduction (see Breeding and reproduction)
Reptiles, 41-42, 44, 45, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 156, 178-179, 192-193
Research and testing methodology, recommended reading, 165-166
Research team, training and education, 16-17
Respirators and respiratory protection, 22, 23
Restraint, 29-30, 55, 122, 144
Reuse of animals, 5
Ringtail, 45
Rodents, laboratory
(see also individual species)
acclimation, 111
aggression in males, 53, 64
albino animals, 48-49, 141
anxiety studies, 53
barrier facilities, 145-146
bedding and nesting materials, 52, 53, 68-69
breeding, xviii, 49, 52, 57
caloric restriction, 67
diseases, 111, 112, 113
enrichment, 53, 54
euthanasia, 124
GMAs, 28, 68, 145-146
housing, 53, 57, 145-146
identification/nomenclature, 77
illumination, 48, 49, 137
implanted systems, 29
noise and vibration effects, 49, 50
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pain and distress, 121-122
recommended reading, 184-187, 194-196
social stress, 53
space requirements, xviii, 56-58, 156
temperature and humidity, 43, 45
thermoneutral zone, 43
S
Sanitation
aquatic species, 85-86
assessing effectiveness of, 72-73
bedding/substrate change, 70
defined, 69-70
facilities for sanitizing materials, 143
macroenvironment, 72-73
microenvironment, 70-72
Secondary enclosures, 42, 43, 45-46, 47, 78
(see also Macroenvironment)
Security, 23, 55, 151
(see also Biosecurity)
Separation of animals by health status and species, 111-112
Sheep, 62, 64, 111, 156, 176-177, 191-192
Simian hemorrhagic fever, 111-112
Simian immunodeficiency virus, 111-112
Social environment, xviii, 51, 53, 64, 82-83, 121
(see also Behavioral and social management;
Enrichment;
Housing)
Space requirements
agricultural animals, 60-63
aquatic species, 83
general considerations, 55-56
IACUC review, 56
laboratory rodents, xviii, 56-58
“minimum,” xviii
nonhuman primates, 58-61
other common species (dogs, cats, rabbits; pigeons, quail, chickens), 58, 59, 60
rabbits, xviii
Specific pathogen-free animals, 72, 108, 113, 135, 136, 145-146
Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), 112
Statement of task, xix, 201-202
Storage areas, 141-142
Surgery
aseptic technique, 17, 34, 115, 116, 117, 118-119, 144
facilities, 116-117, 144-145
intraoperative monitoring, 119
multiple survival procedures, 30
oversight, 34
postoperative care, 44, 119-120
presurgical planning, 116
procedures, 117-118
recommended reading, 188-190
training. 115-116
Swine, 49, 53, 60, 62, 112, 136
T
Tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), 112
Temperature and humidity
aquatic species, 41-42, 80-81
HVAC systems and, 139-140
terrestrial species, 43-45
Terrestrial species
activity, 63-64
bedding and nesting materials, 68-69
behavioral and social management, 83-85
breeding, genetics, and nomenclature, 75-76
emergency, weekend, and holiday care, 74-75
enrichment, 52-54
environment, 42-50
food and feeding, 65-67
housing, 50-63
husbandry, 65-75
identification, 75
illumination, 47-49
macroenvironment, 42
management, 63-77
microenvironment, 42, 50-52
noise and vibration, 49-50
pest control, 74
population management, 75-77
procedural habituation and training, 64-65
recordkeeping, 75-76
social environment, 64
space requirements, 55-63
temperature and humidity, 43-45
ventilation and air quality, 45-47
waste disposal, 73-74
water, 67-68
Tetanus, 22
Thermoneutral zone, 43, 156
Three Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement), xvii, 3, 4-5, 17, 201
Toxicology research, 27
Toxins (see Biologic agents and hazards)
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Training and education, 20, 115-116
animal care personnel and technicians, 16, 50, 78
aquatic systems, 78
emergency preparedness, 35
IACUC members, 17
IACUC oversight of, 15
noise reduction, 50
postapproval review as, 34
recommended reading, 168-169
research team, 16-17
U.S. Government Principles, 12, 199-200
veterinary and other professional staff, 15-16
Transportation of animals, 12, 14, 32, 105, 107-109, 110, 111, 134, 135, 147, 150, 156, 188, 199
Trauma research, 27
Tuberculosis, 23, 112
Tumor models/studies, 27, 34
U
Unexpected outcomes, 28-29, 34
US Department of Agriculture, 19, 30, 107, 148, 157
US Fish and Wildlife Service, 106, 107, 157
U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training, 4, 12, 199-200
Uses and users of the Guide, 4-5
V
Vaccine challenges/studies, 27
Ventilation and airflow
(see also Air quality)
aquatic species, 80-81
containment of hazardous agents, 21, 47
filtered, 47
for static isolation caging, 47
HVAC system, 46, 47, 139-140
individually ventilated cages, 44, 46, 50, 58, 70-71, 111, 141, 146
preventive maintenance and evaluation, 47
recommended reading, 196-197
recycling air, 46-47
terrestrial species, 43, 45-47
Veterinary care
(see also Clinical care and management;
Preventive medicine;
Surgery)
anesthesia and analgesia, 121-123
euthanasia, 123-124
pain and distress, 120-121
principles, 12
procurement of animals, 106-107
recommended reading, 188-196
responsibilities of attending veterinarian, 14
training and education of professional staff, 15-16
transportation of animals, 12, 32, 33, 55, 107-109, 156, 195
Vibration (see Noise and vibration)
W
Walls and ceilings, 138-139
Waste management
(see also Sanitation)
anesthetic gases, 21, 147
disposal options, 73-74
drainage, 54, 138
flushing, 72
gases from primary enclosures, 46
hazardous materials, 20, 73-74, 148-149
soiled bedding, 85, 143
storage before incineration or removal, 136, 142
training, 20, 74
wastewater, 80, 87
Water/fluids
devices and delivery systems, 68
outdoor sources, 68
quality for aquatic species, 78-79, 85
regulated, 30-31
terrestrial species, 67-68
Windows, exterior, 137
X
Xenopus spp., 79-80, 83, 88, 178-179, 192-193
Z
Zebrafish, 79, 83
Zoonosis surveillance, 23, 32, 110
