Index
A
Acclimation and adaptation, 111, 188
(see also Procedural habitation and training)
caloric management and, 67
to noise and vibrations, 81-82
to physical restraint, 29
Acquisition of animals (see Procurement)
Activity and exercise, xiv, 43, 52-53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63-64, 67, 84
(see also Enrichment)
Agricultural animals, 2
biomedical vs. agricultural research, 32-33
environment and housing, 29, 33, 43, 44, 137, 176-177
information resources, 33, 176-177, 191-192
Air pressure, 45, 47, 139, 145-146, 149-150
Air quality and airborne contaminants, 45-47
Airflow (see Ventilation and airflow)
Allergens and allergic reactions, 18, 19, 20, 22-23, 45, 155
Alternatives to laboratory animal use, 3, 5, 12, 25, 27, 162-167
American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 16
American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 24
Guidelines for Adequate Veterinary Care, xvii, 14
Ammonia, 45, 47, 68, 70, 71, 72-73, 78, 79, 80, 81, 85
Amphibians, 41-42, 44-45, 46, 77, 78-79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 108, 119, 156, 178-179, 192
(see also Aquatic species)
Anesthesia and analgesia
considerations in selection of agents, 75, 121
equipment/delivery, 34, 122, 145, 147
euthanasia agent, 124
neuromuscular blocking agents, 122-123
preemptive analgesia, 121
principles governing use, 12, 14, 26
recordkeeping, 34
surgery, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119-120, 122-123, 145, 188-190
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 30, 148
Animal care and use program
attending veterinarian, 14
collaborations, 15
defined, 6
disaster planning and emergency preparedness, 35
regulations, policies, and principles, 12-13
Animal care personnel,
(see also Personnel)
training and education, 16
Animal training (see Procedural habituation and training)
Animal Welfare Act, 1, 4, 25, 34, 199
Animal Welfare Information Center, xv, 16
Animal Welfare Regulations, 1, 12
IACUC, 25
transportation of animals, 107
veterinary care, 30
Antibiotics, 116
Apes (see Nonhuman primates)
Aquatic species, 2
(see also Amphibians;
Fish;
Reptiles)
algal growth, 86
behavior and social management, 84
diseases, 112
emergency, weekend, and holiday care, 87
enrichment and social housing, 82-83
identification, 87
illumination, 81
microenvironment, 77-78, 82-83
pest control, 87
recommended reading, 178-179, 192-193
sheltered, outdoor, and naturalistic housing, 83
space, 83
substrates, 85
temperature, humidity, and ventilation, 80-81
Aseptic practices, 17, 34, 52, 70, 75, 115, 116, 117, 118-119, 144
Attending veterinarian, 3, 4, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 24, 28, 106, 114, 116
(see also Veterinary care)
Autoclaving
drinking water, 146
surgical instruments, 119, 145
Avian species (see Birds)
B
Bacterial gill disease, 112
Barriers
access control, 151
separation of housing and research/surgery areas, 134, 144
Bedding, nesting, and substrates
aquatic species, 85
behavioral aspects, 52
changing, 46, 47, 52, 69, 70, 73
enrichment aspects, 67
environmental aspects, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 52, 53, 69, 71
experimental influences, 68, 69
illumination and, 49
outdoor facilities, 54
Behavioral and social management
acclimation, 111
activity and exercise, 63-64, 84
airflow and ventilation and, 150
aquatic species, 82, 83, 84, 85
bedding, nesting, and substrate materials and, 49, 52, 85
enrichment, 52-53, 54, 60, 83, 85
food and feeding, 65
procedural habituation and training, 29, 64-65
recordkeeping, 75
sanitation and, 72
social environment, 51, 58, 59, 64, 111
space considerations, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59
temperature and humidity and, 43, 44, 80
training of personnel, 53, 121
veterinary care and, 107, 111, 112, 114
Behavioral changes
infections and, 118
monitoring animals for, 112
moribund state, 28
pain and distress, 120-121, 123
physical restraint and, 29
sanitation and, 71
stereotypies and compulsive behaviors, 63
transportation of animals and, 150
Behavioral research, 30, 31, 111, 135, 149-150
Bioexclusion, 28
(see also Barriers)
Biologic agents and hazards, 18, 19, 20, 21, 111, 112-113, 148, 170-172
Biosecurity, animal, xviii, 105, 107, 108, 109-110, 111, 135, 170-172
Birds, 41, 44, 48, 49, 60, 121, 144, 156, 179-180, 193
Breeding and reproduction
aquatic animals, 44, 80, 82, 83, 87, 88
caloric restriction and, 67
cryopreservation of fertilized embryos, ova, ovaries, or spermatozoa, 76, 107
enriched environments and, 83
nesting, bedding and substrates, 52, 70, 83
nomenclature, 77
nonhuman primates, 59
rodents and rabbits, xviii, 57, 77, 107
sanitation activities and, 70
space requirements, 55, 56, 57, 33
temperature and humidity and, 44, 80, 82
vibration and, 50
Building Seismic Safety Council, 133
C
Cages and caging
(see also Housing;
Microenvironment)
cleaning and sanitation, 18, 46, 47, 52, 69, 70-71, 72, 73, 86, 142, 143, 145
dimensions and space allocation, xviii, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 133
dividers and shelters in, 53
flooring, 70
isolators, 45, 47, 52, 111, 139, 146
mechanical washers, 71, 72, 86, 135, 136, 141, 143
metabolic, 121
in secondary enclosures, 47
ventilated, 44, 46, 47, 50, 58, 70-71, 111, 141, 146
vibration of, 50
Caloric management, 31, 57, 67
Canadian Council on Animal Care, 16
Carcass disposal, 20, 73-74, 138, 142
Cardiovascular shock models, 27
Cats
behavioral and social management, 58, 59, 63-64, 180-181
enrichment, 53
environmental requirements, 43, 44, 53, 180-181
housing and space, 49, 56, 58, 59, 180-181
procurement, 106
recommended reading, 180-181, 193
veterinary care, 193
Cattle, 62-63, 64, 176-177, 191-192
(see also Agricultural animals)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 19, 21, 107, 148, 157
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, 23
Chairing, 29
Chemical agents
non-pharmaceutical-grade, 31
hazardous, 18, 19, 20, 21, 136
Chlorines and chloramines, 72, 78-79, 80, 85, 86
Circadian rhythm, 43, 48, 49, 137, 149
(see also Sanitation)
(see also Vetterinary care)
Clinical care and management
emergency care, 114
medical management, 114
recordkeeping, 115
Clothing and footwear, 20, 21, 146
Cold storage and refrigeration, 66, 73, 136, 142
Collaborations, interinstitutional, 15
Computer modeling
alternative to animal use, 5, 12, 25, 199
genetic variability, 76
Conditioned-response protocols, 31
Construction guidelines, 136-143
Containment of hazardous materials, 21, 148-149
Contaminants
airborne, 22, 45, 46-47, 139, 140, 143, 145, 146-147, 149
food, 19, 65, 66, 67, 84, 141, 146
genetic, 76
microbial, 72, 81, 108, 109, 110, 113, 118, 144-145
recommended readings
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 107
Corridors, 86, 134, 136, 137, 141, 142
Cryogens, 147
Cyanobacteria, 86
D
Defecation, 72
Definitions
animal biosecurity, 109
animal care and use program, 6, 11
animal use, 2
attending veterinarian, 14
engineering standard, 6
humane care, 6
institutional animal care and use committee, 14
institutional official, 13
laboratory animals, 2
life support system, 79
macroenvironment, 42
“may,” 8
microenvironment, 42
“must,” 8
policies, 7
practice standard, 7
principles, 7
procedures, 7
“should,” 8
thermoneutral zone, 43
Dehydration, 68
Diet and dietary control
(see also Food and feedng)
abrupt changes in, 67
autoclavable, 66
caloric management, 31, 57, 67
certified diets, 65
chemically defined diets, 65, 66
nutritionally balanced, 67
treats, 67
Disease control, 23, 72, 81, 108, 109, 110, 112-113, 118, 144-145, 190
Disinfection, 20, 51, 52, 68, 69, 70-72, 78, 79, 80, 84, 86, 110, 118, 119, 138, 143, 144, 150
Disposable clothing, 146
Distress
(see also Pain and distress)
defined, 121
neuromuscular blocking agents and, 122-123
Dogs
behavioral and social management, 29, 59, 63-64, 180-181
enrichment, 53
environmental requirements, 43, 44, 180-181
housing and space, 49, 58, 59, 136, 138, 180-181
infusion pumps, 29
pain and distress, 121
procurement, 106
recommended reading, 180-181, 193
veterinary care, 193
Doors, 136, 137, 138, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150
Drainage, 54, 136, 138, 143, 144, 149, 150
E
Education (see Training and education)
Electric power, 136, 141, 142, 143, 145, 150
Emergency, weekend, and holiday care
Enclosures (see Cages and caging; Primary enclosures; Secondary enclosures)
Endangered Species Act, 157
Endpoints
(see also Experimental endpoints;
Humane endpoints)
Enrichment, xiv, xviii, 33, 43, 50, 52-54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 64, 82-83, 85, 137, 173- 175
(see also Social environment)
Entrapment, accidental, 51, 82
Environment
(see also Enrichment;
Housing;
Macroenvironment;
Microenvironment;
Social environment)
Eosinopenia, 49
Ergonomic injury, 19
Ethical considerations, xiii, xvii, 4-5, 12
training in, 17
Euthanasia
(see also Humane endpoints)
AV responsibility, 106, 114, 156
AVMA Guidelines, 123
carbon dioxide for rodents, 124
criteria for, 123
defined, 123
disaster planning, 35
fetuses and larval life forms, 123-124
field studies, 32
pest control, 74
preemptive, 28
psychological effects on personnel, 124
Exercise (see Activity and exercise)
Exotic, wild, and zoo animals, 2, 18, 32, 44, 84, 107, 181-182, 193-194
Experimental design and statistics, recommended reading, 164-165
(see also Protocols)
Experimental endpoints, 27-28, 112, 121
F
Facilities
(see also Physical plant)
aquatic species housing, 150-151
for behavioral studies, 149-150
hazardous agent containment, 148-149
irradiation, whole-body, 157-158
recommended reading on design and construction, 196-197
for sanitizing materials, 143
Farm animals (see Agricultural animals)
(see also Exotic, wild, and zoo animals)
Fish
(see also Aquatic species)
air quality considerations, 81
biosecurity, 110
GMAs, 28
illumination, 81
pain and distress, 121
recommended reading, 178-179, 192-193
space requirements, 83
Food and Drug Administration Good Laboratory Practice standards, 65
Food and feeding
(see also Diet)
enrichment activities with, 67
management of caloric intake, 67
restricted or scheduled access, 30-31
sanitation of feeders and waterers, 71-72
storage, vermin control, and handling, 65-66
G
Genetically modified animals (GMAs)
breeding, 76
humane endpoints, 29
monitoring for unexpected outcomes, 28-29
occupational health and safety considerations, 21
Genetics, recommended reading, 175-176
Gnotobiotic animals, 52, 70, 135
Goats, 49, 62, 111, 156, 177, 192
Guinea pigs, 44, 51, 57, 71 n.2, 111, 156
(see also Rodents)
H
Hamsters, 44, 57, 64, 68, 71 n.2, 156
(see also Rodents)
Hazard identification and risk assessment, 18-19
Health Research Extension Act, 34
Heating and air-conditioning, 139-140
Hepatitis B virus, 22
Housing
(see also Cages and caging;
Macroenvironment;
Microenvironment;
Secondary enclosures;
Space requirements;
and specific animals)
design considerations, 51
environmental enrichment, 52-54, 82-83, 173-175
naturalistic environments, 55, 83
occupational health and safety considerations, 19-20
repair or replacement, 51
sheltered or outdoor, 42, 44, 51, 54-55, 68, 74, 81, 83, 118, 134, 135, 139, 140
social, 51, 55, 58-59, 60, 82-83
Humane care, defined, 6
Humane endpoints, xvii, 5, 12, 27-28, 29, 114, 123, 165-166
Humidity (see Temperature and humidity)
Husbandry
(see also Sanitation)
bedding and nesting materials and substrates, 68-69, 85
caloric restriction, 30-31, 67
Hydrogen peroxide, 72
I
Identification of animals, 75, 87
Illumination/lighting, 47-49, 81, 141
Immunization, 22
Immunodeficient animals, 21, 28, 66, 145
Infectious agents (see Biologic agents and hazards)
Infectious disease research, 27
Inspection of facilities and equipment, 34
Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR), 2, 16
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
animal care and use programs and, 6, 11, 13
collaborating institutions, 15
endpoint considerations, 27-28
field investigations, 32
food and fluid regulation, 30-31
investigating and reporting animal welfare concerns, 23
membership and function of committee, 17, 24-25
multiple survival surgical procedures, 30
non-pharmaceutical-grade chemicals or substances, 31
occupational health and safety and, 17
program management and, 13, 14-15
special considerations during review process, 27-33
surgical procedures, 30
training and education, 15
Institutional official, 13-14, 17, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35
International Air Transport Association, 107
International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice, 77
Invertebrate animals, 2
Irradiation facilities, 157-158
L
Laboratory Animal Welfare and Training Exchange, 16
Latex toxicity, 84
Laws, regulations, and policies
(see also Animal Welfare Act;
Animal Welfare Regulations;
Public Health Service Policy;
other specific acts and policies)
recommended reading, 168
training in, 17
Lighting (see Ilumination/lighting)
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, 113
M
Macroenvironment
defined, 42
terrestrial species, 42
Management of animals (see Behavioral and social management; Husbandry; Population management)
medical, 114
Mice
(see also Rodents)
acclimation, 111
anxiety studies, 53
bedding and nesting materials, 52, 53, 68
breeding animals, 52
caloric restriction, 67
identification/nomenclature, 77
nude or hairless animals, 68
recommended reading, 184-187, 194-196
social stress, 53
specific pathogen-free mice, 145-146
temperature and humidity, 43, 45
toe-clipping, 75
Microenvironment (primary enclosure)
defined, 42
terrestrial species, 42, 50-52
Midwest Plan Service, 33
Monitoring and surveillance
facilities, equipment, and exposure, 19-20
food and fluid intake, 31
GMAs, 28
intraoperative, 119
postoperative care, 119
restrained animals, 29
Monkeys (see Nonhuman primates)
Monoclonal antibody production, 27
Moribund state, 28
Mouse hepatitis virus, 112, 113
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, 112
N
National Institutes of Health, 19, 155
National Research Council Committee on Animal Nutrition, 65
Necropsies, 21
Nesting (see Bedding, nesting, and substrates)
Neuromuscular blocking agents, 122-123
Nocturnal animals, 48
Noise and vibration
hearing protection for personnel, 22, 49
Non-pharmaceutical-grade chemicals or substances, 31-32
Nonhuman primates
acclimation, 111
behavioral and social management, xviii, 29, 53
environment, 43, 44, 45, 50, 139
food and feeding, 67
housing, xviii, 49, 111-112, 136
illumination, 48
infusion pumps, 29
noise and vibration effects, 50
personal protective equipment for staff, 21-22
recommended reading, 182-184, 194
restraint, 29
space requirements, xviii, 56, 58-60, 61
temperature and humidity, 43, 44, 45, 140
transport, 107
veterinary care, 194
zoonosis surveillance and, 23, 110
Noroviruses, 113
O
Occupational health and safety program
administrative controls, 18
collaborative approach, 17, 21
control and prevention strategies, 18
facility and equipment support, 19-20
field studies or wildlife research, 18
hazard identification and risk
hazardous animal experimentation, 18, 20-21
hazardous material containment, 149
medical evaluation and preventive medicine for personnel, 22-23
personal protective equipment, 18, 20, 21, 23, 109, 146, 148, 167-172
recommended reading, 17, 19, 21, 170-172
responsibility, 18
safety committee, 17-18, 21, 32
security, 23
training, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24
Organ or system failure research, 27
Other animals, recommended reading, 187-188
Outdoor enclosures/habitats, 42, 44, 51, 54-55, 68, 74, 81, 83, 118, 134, 135, 139, 140
Oversight
(see also Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)
responsibility for, 13
Owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus), 112
P
Pain and distress
(see also Distress)
analgesics and anesthetics, 12, 121-123
chronic, 122
modeling/studies, 28
monitoring GMAs for, 29
multiple survival surgical procedures, 30
prevention or alleviation, 5, 12, 26, 33, 35, 105, 114, 120-121, 200
recommended reading, 120, 188-190
restraint devices, 29
studies of, 34
“wind-up” phenomenon, 120
Parvoviruses, 113
Pasteurella multocida, 112
Pedigree management, 55, 76, 87
Performance standard, defined, 6-7
Personnel
(see also Occupational health and safety program;
Training and education;
specific personnel)
animal welfare concerns and, 23-24
medical evaluation and preventive medicine for, 22-23
occupational health and safety program, 17-23
security, 23
Photoperiod, 47, 48, 81, 137, 143
Photostressors, 47
(see also Illumination/lighting)
Phototoxic retinopathy, 48, 49
Physical plant
(see also Facilities)
centralized vs. decentralized, 134-135
construction guidelines, 136-143, 196-197
corridors, 136
doors to animal rooms, 137
drainage, 138
general considerations, 133-135
location, 134
noise control, 142
power and lighting, 141
security and access control, 151
vibration control, 142
windows, exterior, 137
Phytoestrogens, 65
Poikilothermic animals, 41, 44, 55, 80, 82, 108
Policies, defined, 7
Population management
breeding, genetics, and nomenclature, 75-76
Preventive medicine
animal biosecurity, xviii, 79, 105, 107, 108, 109-110, 111, 135
disease surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment, 112-113
quarantine and stabilization, 110-111
separation of animals by health status and species, 111-112
Primary enclosures, 42, 43, 44-45, 46, 50-52, 72, 77, 82
(see also Cages and caging;
Microenvironment)
Primates (see Nonhuman primates)
Principal investigator, 5, 16, 18, 27, 28, 32, 114, 155
Principles
(see also U.S. Government Principles)
defined, 7
the Guide, 1
Procedural habituation and training, 29, 64-65
Procedures, defined, 7
Protocols for animal use
alternatives to animal use, 3, 5, 12, 25, 27, 162-164
conditioned-response, 31
food and fluid regulation, 30-31
number of animals used, 5, 12, 15, 25, 26, 28, 106, 199, 201
postapproval monitoring, 33-34
Three Rs, xvii, 3, 4-5, 17, 201
Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 1, 12, 25, 56
Q
Quarantine and stabilization, 110-111
R
Rabbits
behavioral and social management, 63
enrichment, 54
environment, 43, 44, 49, 54, 140
food and feeding, 67
infections, 112
nomenclature, 77
sanitation of cages, 71 n.2
Rabies, 22
Radiation hazards, 18, 20, 73, 147
Rainbow trout, 112
Rat Genome and Nomenclature Committee, 77
Rat theilovirus, 112
Rats
(see also Rodents)
acclimation, 111
bedding and nesting materials, 52
breeding animals, 52
caloric restriction, 67
identification/nomenclature, 77
recommended reading, 184-187, 194-196
temperature and humidity, 43, 44, 45
Recordkeeping
clinical care, 115
population management, 75-76, 87-88
Removal of animals from protocol, 26, 29, 31
Reporting
accidents, bites, scratches, and allergic reactions, 23
animal welfare concerns, 17, 23-24
hazardous conditions or “near miss” incidents, 19
status of Animal care and use program, 25
Reproduction (see Breeding and reproduction)
Reptiles, 41-42, 44, 45, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 156, 178-179, 192-193
Research and testing methodology, recommended reading, 165-166
Research team, training and education, 16-17
Respirators and respiratory protection, 22, 23
Restraint, 29-30, 55, 122, 144
Reuse of animals, 5
Ringtail, 45
Rodents, laboratory
(see also individual species)
acclimation, 111
anxiety studies, 53
bedding and nesting materials, 52, 53, 68-69
caloric restriction, 67
euthanasia, 124
identification/nomenclature, 77
implanted systems, 29
recommended reading, 184-187, 194-196
social stress, 53
space requirements, xviii, 56-58, 156
temperature and humidity, 43, 45
thermoneutral zone, 43
S
Sanitation
assessing effectiveness of, 72-73
bedding/substrate change, 70
facilities for sanitizing materials, 143
Secondary enclosures, 42, 43, 45-46, 47, 78
(see also Macroenvironment)
(see also Biosecurity)
Separation of animals by health status and species, 111-112
Sheep, 62, 64, 111, 156, 176-177, 191-192
Simian hemorrhagic fever, 111-112
Simian immunodeficiency virus, 111-112
Social environment, xviii, 51, 53, 64, 82-83, 121
(see also Behavioral and social management;
Enrichment;
Housing)
Space requirements
aquatic species, 83
IACUC review, 56
laboratory rodents, xviii, 56-58
“minimum,” xviii
other common species (dogs, cats, rabbits; pigeons, quail, chickens), 58, 59, 60
rabbits, xviii
Specific pathogen-free animals, 72, 108, 113, 135, 136, 145-146
Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), 112
Statement of task, xix, 201-202
Surgery
aseptic technique, 17, 34, 115, 116, 117, 118-119, 144
intraoperative monitoring, 119
multiple survival procedures, 30
oversight, 34
postoperative care, 44, 119-120
presurgical planning, 116
Swine, 49, 53, 60, 62, 112, 136
T
Tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), 112
Temperature and humidity
Terrestrial species
bedding and nesting materials, 68-69
behavioral and social management, 83-85
breeding, genetics, and nomenclature, 75-76
emergency, weekend, and holiday care, 74-75
identification, 75
macroenvironment, 42
pest control, 74
procedural habituation and training, 64-65
social environment, 64
temperature and humidity, 43-45
ventilation and air quality, 45-47
Tetanus, 22
Three Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement), xvii, 3, 4-5, 17, 201
Toxicology research, 27
Toxins (see Biologic agents and hazards)
Training and education, 20, 115-116
animal care personnel and technicians, 16, 50, 78
aquatic systems, 78
emergency preparedness, 35
IACUC members, 17
IACUC oversight of, 15
noise reduction, 50
postapproval review as, 34
U.S. Government Principles, 12, 199-200
veterinary and other professional staff, 15-16
Transportation of animals, 12, 14, 32, 105, 107-109, 110, 111, 134, 135, 147, 150, 156, 188, 199
Trauma research, 27
U
Unexpected outcomes, 28-29, 34
US Department of Agriculture, 19, 30, 107, 148, 157
US Fish and Wildlife Service, 106, 107, 157
U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training, 4, 12, 199-200
Uses and users of the Guide, 4-5
V
Vaccine challenges/studies, 27
Ventilation and airflow
(see also Air quality)
containment of hazardous agents, 21, 47
filtered, 47
for static isolation caging, 47
individually ventilated cages, 44, 46, 50, 58, 70-71, 111, 141, 146
preventive maintenance and evaluation, 47
terrestrial species, 43, 45-47
Veterinary care
(see also Clinical care and management;
Preventive medicine;
Surgery)
anesthesia and analgesia, 121-123
principles, 12
procurement of animals, 106-107
responsibilities of attending veterinarian, 14
training and education of professional staff, 15-16
transportation of animals, 12, 32, 33, 55, 107-109, 156, 195
Vibration (see Noise and vibration)
W
Waste management
(see also Sanitation)
flushing, 72
gases from primary enclosures, 46
hazardous materials, 20, 73-74, 148-149
storage before incineration or removal, 136, 142
Water/fluids
devices and delivery systems, 68
outdoor sources, 68
quality for aquatic species, 78-79, 85
Windows, exterior, 137
X
Xenopus spp., 79-80, 83, 88, 178-179, 192-193
Z