states use for reporting to FHWA. Costs also vary by state with prevailing construction costs, design requirements (barrier dimensions of height and length), and the definition of a cost basis for each state. Nevertheless, there appear to be sufficient data to predict costs when the specifics of a building site are known.

Present FHWA policy limits noise mitigation around highways to the construction of barriers, so the relative merits and costs of noise reduction from the installation of quieter road surfaces, although currently being investigated, are not part of noise mitigation policy.

Recommendation 7-1: A formal cost-benefit analysis should be performed to compare the costs and benefits of using pavement technology for noise reduction with the costs and benefits of installing noise barriers. This cost-benefit analysis should be a cooperative effort of the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the several states with technology programs in road surface design. Inputs to the analysis should include data from analyses of noise reduction efforts around airports.

Alexandrova, O., K.E. Kaloush, and J.O. Allen. 2007. Impact of asphalt rubber friction course overlays on the tire wear emissions and air quality models for Phoenix, Arizona, airshed. Transportation Research Record, 2011: 98–106. Available online at http://bit.ly/c7z88A.

CDOT (California Department of Transportation). 2005. I-80 Davis OGAC Pavement Noise Study: Traffic Noise Levels Associated with Aging Open Grade Asphalt Concrete Overlay. Available online at http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/noise/pub/IH80_davis_ogacpvmntwtudy_7yrrpt.pdf.

CE Delft. 2008. Handbook on Estimation of External Costs in the Transport Sector. Available online at http://ec.europa.eu/transport/costs/handbook/doc/2008_01_15_handbook_external_cost_en.pdf.

Corbisier, C. 2005. Roadmap to Quieter Highways. Proceedings of NOISE-CON 05, The 2005 National Conference on Noise Control Engineering, Minneapolis, MN, October 17–19. Available online at http://www.bookmasters.com/marktplc/00726.htm.

Donavan, P.D. 2005a. Overview of the Arizona Quiet Pavement Program. Proceedings of NOISE-CON 05, The 2005 National Conference on Noise Control Engineering, Minneapolis, MN, October 17–19. Available online at http://www.bookmasters.com/marktplc/00726.htm.

Donavan, P.D. 2005b. Reducing Traffic Noise with Quieter Pavements. Proceedings of NOISE-CON 05, The 2005 National Conference on Noise Control Engineering, Minneapolis, MN, October 17–19. Available online at http://www.bookmasters.com/marktplc/00726.htm.

Donavan, P.D. 2006. Generation of Noise by Truck and Car Tires on Various Types of Asphalt Concrete Pavements. Proceedings of INTER-NOISE 06, The 2006 International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Honolulu, Hawaii, December 3–6. Available online at http://www.bookmasters.com/marktplc/00726.htm.

Eagan, M.E. 2007. Supplemental metrics to communicate aircraft noise effects. Transportation Research Record, 2011: 175–183. Available online at http://bit.ly/bTjRBo.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1981. Noise in America: The Extent of the Noise Problem. EPA/ONAC Report No. 550/9-81-101. Washington, DC: EPA. Available online at http://www.nonoise.org/epa/Roll6/roll6doc7.pdf.

EPA. 2000. Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses. Available online at http://yosemite.epa.gov/ee/epa/eed.nsf/webpages/Guidelines.html.

EC (European Commission). 2006. Noise Classification of Road Pavements. Task 2: Cost-Effectiveness of Low Noise Pavements. Available online at http://www.cowiprojects.com/noiseclassification/docs/noise-class_task2report.pdf.

FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). 2008. See, for example, http://faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/aep/models/history.

FEHRL (Forum of European National Highway Research Laboratories). 2006a. Final report S12.408210 Tyre/Road Noise, Volume 1.25, Brussels. Available online at http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/automotive/projects/report_tyre_road_noise1.pdf.

FEHRL. 2006b. SILVIA: Sustainable Road Surfaces for Traffic Noise Control. Available online at http://www.trl.co.uk/silvia/silvia/pdf/silvia_guidance_manual.pdf.

FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). 2005. Guidance on Quiet Pavement Pilot Programs and Tire/Pavement Noise Research. Available online at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/qpppeml.htm.

FHWA. 2006. Highway Traffic Noise in the United States: Problem and Response. Available online at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/usprbrsp.pdf.

FHWA. 2007. Summary of Noise Barriers. Available online at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/barrier/summary.htm.

FHWA. 2009a. Highway Traffic Noise Barriers at a Glance. Available online at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/keepdown.htm.

FHWA. 2009b. FHWA Traffic Noise Model. Available online at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/tnm/index.htm. See also http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/qpppmem.htm.

FHWA. 2009c. Highway Traffic Noise Analysis and Abatement Policy and Guidance. Available online at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/polguid.pdf.

FHWA. 2009d. FHWA Highway Noise Barrier Design Handbook. Available online at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/design/index.htm.

FHWA. 2009e. Tire-Pavement Noise Home Page. Available online at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/tp_noise.htm.

FICON (Federal Interagency Committee on Noise). 1992. Federal Agency Review of Selected Airport Noise Analysis Issues. Available online at http://www.fican.org/pdf/nai-8-92.pdf.