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Index
A
Abnormal Spindle-Like Microcephaly-Associated (ASPM) gene, 55-56, 269
Acetylation, 124, 132, 138, 140
Acetyl-CoA, 132, 134, 137, 138, 140, 141
Ache, 223
Acheulean traditions, 252
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, 200
Adygei, 151, 154, 156
Aerobic energy metabolism (AEM) genes, 57-59
Affymetrix 500K platform, 147, 150, 155, 156, 164, 165
Africa and African population history.
See also specific countries
agriculture, 84-85
anatomically modern humans, 10-11, 83-84
apes, 31, 32
autosomal DNA data, 4, 83, 86, 91, 92, 93, 95-96, 99
Bantu expansion, 90-91
contemporary genetic and linguistic variation, 92-99
Darwin’s views of human origins, 28-29, 31, 48-49
fossil record, 1, 10-11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20-21, 34-35, 38, 39
gene flows in movement of technology and culture, 85-91
genetic diversity, 239
genome-wide association studies, 91
hunter-gatherer history, 83, 98-99
lactase persistence, 89-90
linguistic analysis, 82-83, 85, 86, 92-99
Middle Stone Age, 84
migrations, 73, 83, 84-91, 96-97, 136, 238-239, 248, 249, 250
mtDNA analysis, 83, 84, 86, 91, 93, 94, 95, 98-99, 136
Natufian technologies, 85
Neolithic, 84-91
NRY analysis, 83-84, 86, 87, 91, 93, 94, 95, 98-99
pastoralism, 85, 87-91
patrilocality and polygyny, 91
sex-biased migration and gene flow, 91, 96
skin pigmentation, 172
slave trade, 148, 160
TMRCA, 84, 98, 99
trade, 86
African Americans, 154, 159, 161, 164
Afrotheria, 58-59
Age-dependent macular degeneration, 119
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Agriculture and agricultural populations
gene–culture coevolution, 3-4, 67, 73, 74, 76, 88, 231, 236, 240, 245, 247, 255
gene flows, 3-4, 84-85, 99
genetic adaptations, 67, 73, 74, 76, 88, 231, 236
Holocene, 245, 255
Neolithic period in Africa, 3-4, 84, 85, 88, 90
Plio-Pleistocene, 247
population movements, 3-4, 160
AIDS, 115
Albinism, 193
Alkaptonuria, 193
Alkorta-Aranburu, Gorka, 3, 63-79
Allia Bay fossils, 15, 16
Altruism, 261, 266, 268, 298, 321-322, 332-333, 334, 335
Amhara people, 65, 68
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 196
Anabaptists, 245
Anagenesis, 22, 35, 36, 38, 46
Anatomically modern Homo, 2, 8, 9, 10-11, 13, 83, 234, 236, 237-238, 241, 248, 249, 250-251.
See also Homo sapiens
Ancestral North Indians, 172
Angelman syndrome, 138
Anthropogeny, defined, xvi
Arago fossils, 46
Aramis fossils, 19, 34-35
Archaeopteryx, 28
Archaic hominins, 2, 6, 9, 14, 15-17, 23
Ardipithecus
A. kadabba, 9, 20-21, 36
A. ramidus, 9, 19-20, 21, 34-35, 237, 254
Argentinians, 149
Arginine, 71, 111, 113
Argument from design, 104, 188-189
Argument from imperfection. See Human genomic flaws
Aristotle, 168, 323
Arsuaga, Juan Luis, 2, 27-46
Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia, iv, viii, xiii, xv-xvi, 46, 125, 331
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of Asian Art, viii
Ascorbic acid synthesis, 287-288
Asfaw, Berhane, 10
Asia
anatomically modern humans, 83
apes, 29, 30, 50
fossil sites, 11
western, 11
Asthma, 115, 149, 198, 244
Ateles, 52
Atherosclerosis, 119, 120-121
Auditory system, 56
Australian aborigines, 65
Australopithecus
Au. afarensis, 9, 15-16, 17, 20, 21, 35
Au. africanus, 6, 9, 15, 17
Au. anamensis, 9, 16, 35
Au. bahrelghazali, 9, 16
Au. boisei, 18
Au. garhi, 9, 17, 19
Au. sediba, 6, 9
classification, 32
diet, 253
morphology, 15-16, 17, 20, 21, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 251
Autoimmune diseases, 113, 115, 173
Avise, John C., xiii-xiv, 104, 185-204
Auton, Adam, 102-103, 147-166
Autosomal DNA analysis
African population history, 4, 83, 86, 91, 92, 93, 95-96, 99
Hispanic/Latino ancestry, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 158, 159, 161, 162
Ayala, Francisco J., xiii-xiv, 309, 319-339
Aymara, 151, 156
B
Baboons, 53, 60
Baggara people, 96
Bailey’s Ecoregion Map, 76
Bantu people and languages, 68, 82, 88, 90-91, 97, 151, 154, 155, 156, 161
Barrett, H. Clark, 207, 293-318
Basques, 68, 151, 154, 156
Bayesian linear model method, 65
Beall, Cynthia, 3, 63-79
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, 138-139
Behe, Michael, 186, 190
Belgium, fossil sites, 11
Belohdelie fossils, 15
Bengalese finch, 288
Biaka pygmies, 151, 154, 156
Bile acid biosynthesis, 71
Bimana, 49
Biodiversity, defined, xiii
Bioenergetics.
See also Energy metabolism
and ascent of man, 128, 142-144
and brain evolution, 102, 143-144
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and complex diseases, 127-128, 131, 135-137, 138, 142-144
energy environments (regions), 127, 130, 131, 132, 133-137
energy fluctuation (seasons) and cyclic adaptation, 102, 127, 130, 131, 132, 136, 137-141
energy reservoirs (niches), 127, 130, 131, 132
epigenomic regulation of, 127-128, 131, 132, 137-139
introns and, 195-196
levels of, 127, 129-132
mathematical formulations, 144, 145
mtDNA genes, 56-59, 70-71, 102, 127-128, 130-131, 133-135, 137-139, 142
nDNA mutations, 127, 128, 130-131, 136, 137, 139, 142
and origin of complexity, 102, 127, 128-129
signal transduction and metabolic regulation, 132, 139-141
and speciation, 127, 130, 132, 136
and subpopulation radiation, 127, 133-137
threshold, 135
Biology, universal laws in, 106
Blind mole rat (Spalax), 284
Bodo fossils, 12
Bonobos (Pan paniscus), 7, 8, 15, 20, 21, 50, 52, 53, 106
Bos taurus, 59
Boyd, Robert, 206, 231-255
Brain evolution.
See also Cognitive and emotional stimulation
bioenergetics and, 102, 143-144
body size and, 39, 55
cerebral cortex, 55, 320
developmental processes, 282-283
diet and, 253
energy metabolism, 3, 47-48, 56-59
frontal cortex, 241
genetic correlates, 55-59, 269
language, 246
and life span, 47-48, 58, 59
phylogenomic assessment of, 54-59
plasticity, 60
postnatal development period, 54, 60
Siglecs and, 111, 112, 114, 124
size, 11, 13, 14, 18, 39-40, 48, 60, 214, 237, 242, 247, 250, 251, 253, 265, 320
Brazilians, 149
Broken Hill (Kabwe) fossils, 10, 45, 46
Brown Sands fossils, 15
Bryc, Katarzyna, 102-103, 147-166
Bustamante, Carlos D., 102-103, 147-166
C
Caenorhabditis elegans, 143
Callicebus, 52
Callithrix jacchus (marmoset), 53
Calmodulin, 132
Camel domestication, 89
Cameroon, 90, 93, 96
Campbell, Donald T., 283
Cancer, 72, 108, 117, 119, 120, 135, 136, 149, 170-171, 179, 180, 181, 196, 198, 199, 200
Canis familiaris, 59
Capuchin monkeys, 60, 337, 338
Cardiovascular disease, 117, 119, 120-121, 135, 149, 225, 226-227
Catarrhines, 55, 60
Cave of Hearths fossils, 10-11
Central Africa and Central Africans, 82, 84, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96
Central Awash Complex fossils, 19
Ceprano fossils, 45-46
Cercopithecus, 52
Chad, fossil sites, 16, 20
Chadic language and speakers, 82, 85, 86, 93, 94, 96
Chagnon, Napoleon, 262-263
Chaplin, George, 103, 167-183
Charnov, E. L., 213, 216
Chemeron fossils, 14
Chesowanja fossils, 18
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).
See also Longevity
brain evolution, 54, 56-57, 60
cranial capacity/brain size, 39, 41, 55
culture and language, 53, 334
diet, 35
epidermal differentiation, 170-171
evolutionary rate, 52
fertility, 222-225
FOXP2 gene, 55
genome sequencing, 101, 110
gorilla kinskip with, 39, 51, 52-53
heart disease, 120
human kinship with, 7, 29, 30-31, 32, 47, 49, 50, 51-54, 55, 101, 106
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last common ancestor of humans and, 35, 53, 55
life expectancy, 227
life history evolution, 216-217
Linnaean hierarchy, 7-8, 33, 51, 52-53
locomotion, 34, 35
“missing link” between humans and, 28
molecular supermatrix analysis, 7
morphological structure, 7, 20, 21, 35, 47, 49
protein structure, 7
sialic acid genetics, 106, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115, 120
China, fossil sites, viii, 12, 38, 40, 43
ChIP-on-chip technology, 240-241
3-Chloroacrylic acid, 71
Chomsky, Noam, 277-278
Chronic hepatitis, 115
Cladogenesis, 22, 36, 38, 48
Clark University, vii
Cognitive and emotional evolution.
See also Brain evolution;
Reasoning about social exchanges
abstract reasoning, 207 257, 258-259, 262-263, 269-272, 321
blank-slate theory, 208, 294
body size and, 39, 49
childhood period and life span and, 257, 263-264, 265, 266, 273
coevolution of cognition, language, and sociality, 207, 253-254 257, 265-267, 269-272
cognitive niche theory, 207, 257, 259-269
cooperation among nonkin and, 257-259, 260-261, 262-263, 264, 265-267
cooperative breeding and, 228-229, 235, 236, 254, 263-264
cultural adaptation to constrained cognition, 235
cultural divergence, 264
Darwin’s views, 49, 54, 205, 258
diet and, 265
extinction effects of, 260
evolutionary arms races and, 259, 260
fire use and, 234, 252
gene-culture coevolution, 246-247, 250, 253-254, 255
grammatical language, 207, 208-209, 253-254, 261-263, 267, 268, 270, 277, 281, 282, 290-292, 300
habitats and food ranges and, 257, 263
hominid evolution and, 264-265
indices of, 237
intuitive theories, 257, 259, 260, 261, 267, 269, 272, 276, 294
metaphorical abstraction ability, 257, 259, 269-272
morphological adaptations and, 54, 264
opportunity for exploitation and, 260, 263
paleoclimate and, 242, 263
reciprocation and reciprocal altruism, 261, 266, 296, 297, 298-299, 312
self-awareness and death awareness, 205, 321, 334
technological know-how and, 257, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266-267
Wallace’s views of, 257, 258-259, 264
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 33
Colombians, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157-158, 160, 163, 164
Color vision, 288
Comparative primate morphology.
See also individual species
anatomically modern Homo, 2, 8, 9, 10-11, 13
apomorphies (derived characters), 32, 44, 45
autapomorphy, 13, 45
body mass estimates, 15, 20
body plan, 35-40
cranial anatomy, 1, 2, 10, 11, 12-13, 14, 15, 16-17, 18-19, 20, 23, 25, 28, 36, 39, 40-46, 320
dietary adaptations, 12, 14, 20, 23, 35
dwarfing, 13
gross, 7
homology vs. homoplasy, 2, 19, 21, 23, 24-25
imaging technologies, 2, 24-25
and language, 14, 320
limb proportions, 12, 14
mandibular and dental features, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16-17, 18, 19, 20-21, 24-25, 28, 254, 320
megadont archaic hominins, 8, 9, 17-19, 23
opposing thumbs, 117, 54, 320
panins, 5, 15, 20, 21-23, 39
plesiomorphies, 32
possible hominins, 2, 8, 9, 19-21
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postcranial skeletons, 12, 13, 35-40, 41, 45-46
posture and locomotion, 12, 14, 15-16, 17, 20, 23, 34-35, 320
premodern Homo, 8, 9, 11-13
sexual dimorphism, 15, 16, 18
species concepts, 2, 22
and tool-making ability, 1, 17, 54
transitional hominins, 8, 9, 13-14, 28, 34
Complement factor H, 107
Complex biological traits
genetic mechanisms, 186
imperfections in, 188;
see also Human genomic flaws
origin of, 102, 127, 133, 128-129, 199-201
Computed tomography, 24
Confocal microscopy, 24
Contactin-associated protein-like 2
(CNTNAP2) gene, 241
Convergent adaptive evolution, 2, 47, 48, 59, 60. 102, 107, 126, 135-136, 249-250
Coop, Graham, 3, 63-79
Cooper’s Cave fossils, 17
Cooperation and resource sharing, 217, 235, 236, 257-259, 260-261, 264, 265-267, 275, 299, 317, 321, 332
Copernicus, Nicolaus, xv
Cosmides, Leda, 207, 293-318
Costa Ricans, 149
Cranial anatomy.
See also Brain evolution
analytical approach, 40-46
body size and, 39
endocranial volume, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 39-40
hominins, 1, 2, 10, 11, 12-13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 36, 39, 40
homoplasies, 23
paleontological species definition by, 40-46
panins, 21, 39, 41
premodern Homo, 11
transitional form, 25, 28
Creationism
counterargument, see Human genomic flaws
intelligent design version, xv, 104, 185, 186, 187-188, 189-190, 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 204, 257, 277, 279, 284
irreducible complexity argument, 186, 190
landmark court cases, 186-187
natural theology and argument from design, 104, 185, 188-189, 190, 195, 324
in public school curricula, 186-188
theological enigmas posed by, 185, 190-192, 193, 203-204
Cubans, 149
Culture and cultural evolution.
See also Gene–culture coevolution;
Language development/lingistics
adaptive rates, 233
art, 84, 99, 232, 237, 248, 250, 253, 321, 331
complexity of social organizations, 321
defined, 232, 321
demography and, 237
environmental influences, 321, 233-234
epigenetic rules, 235
and gene flows, 85-91
genetic evolution compared with, 232-235
moral codes, 319, 326, 328, 336-337, 338-339
religion, 244
social cooperation and resource sharing, 217, 235, 236, 257-259, 260-261, 264, 265-267, 275, 299, 317, 321, 332
tool use and tool making, 1, 17, 54, 205, 206, 208, 237, 238, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 259, 260, 262, 264, 265, 266-267, 280, 321, 329, 331, 332
Cushitic languages and speakers, 82, 85, 87, 88
Cyanobacteria, 129, 133
Cystinuria, 193
Cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase(CMAH), 105, 108, 111, 112, 117, 124
Cytokine storm, 115
Cytosolic β-glucosidase (GBA3) gene, 70
D
Dali, 12
Dart, Raymond, 32
Darwin, Charles, 1
on African origins of humans, 28-29, 31, 48-49
aversion to slavery, 168
on cognitive abilities of human mind, 49, 54, 59, 205, 258
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on human evolution, xvi, 168
influence of, 9
legacy, xv-xvi, 27-31, 48-49
on moral sense, 323-327, 333, 336
natural selection theory, xv, 48, 50, 104, 128, 132, 143, 182, 189
and natural theology, 103-104, 189, 192
on phylogenetic relationships of primates, xvi, 2, 27-31, 47, 48-50, 52, 106, 214
sexual-selection hypothesis for skin pigmentation, 103, 168, 169
and Wallace, 127, 143
Darwin’s finches, 132
Darwinian Revolution, xvi, 189
Datog people, 87
de Chardin, Teilhard, 205
Deacon, Terrence, 207-208, 275-292
Dembski, William, 190
Di Rienzo, Anna, 3, 63-79
Diabetes, 64, 71, 72, 74, 119, 135, 137, 142, 149, 173, 193
Diet
cereals/plant-based, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74
and cognitive evolution, 265
fats, meat, and milk, 65, 67, 72, 73, 76, 88-89, 90, 105-106, 117-119, 120-121, 134, 138, 140, 236, 251, 253, 265
genetic adaptations, 64, 65, 66-74, 76, 88, 244, 253, 287-288
metabolic incorporation of Neu5Gc, 105-106, 117-119, 120-121
morphology and, 8, 12, 14
roots and tubers, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73-74, 76
DiGeorge syndrome, 199
Dikika fossils, 15
Discovery Institute, 190
Discovery of fossil hominins
earliest discoveries and expeditions, 8-10
Landsat thematic mapping and large-format camera high-resolution images, 10
Dmanisi fossils, 38, 42
DNA-DNA hybridization data, 51-52
DNA.
See also Mitochondrial DNA;
Nuclear DNA
introns (noncoding regions), 88, 195-196, 201, 202-203
junk, 196, 201
methylation, 132, 137-138, 171, 179, 181, 198
recovery from fossils, 12
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv, 32, 36, 129, 205, 331
Dog, 288
Domestication, 288-290
Dominican Republic and Dominicans, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164
Drimolen Cave fossils, 14, 17
Drosophila melanogaster, 143
Dry ecoregions
selection for, 67, 68, 74
UV radiation, 176
Dryopithecus of Lartet, 29
Dubois, Eugène, 9-10, 12
Duplicons, 201-202, 286
E
Early Iron Age, 90-91
Early Pleistocene, 36-37, 40, 42, 45, 46, 242
East Africa and East Africans, 10-11, 15, 16, 18, 23, 35, 38, 83, 86, 87, 89-90, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98-99
East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, 9
East Asia and East Asian people, 68, 93, 172, 173
Echinops telfairi (lesser hedgehog tenrec), 58-59
Ecoregion pressures.
See also Polar ecoregions
cultural adaptations to, 234
dry regions, 67, 68, 74
energy metabolism, 64
genome-wide scan for selection, 65-70
humid temperate regions, 67, 74-75, 76
humid tropical regions, 67, 72, 75
polar regions, 60, 67, 70, 71, 74, 76
Ecuadorians, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154-155, 156, 158-159, 160, 163, 164
Ehler, Edvard, 3, 63-79
Electrocardiographic traits, 71, 72
Elephants, 48, 58-59, 267
Energy metabolism.
See also Bioenergetics
biogenergetic regulation of, 139
brain evolution, 3, 47-48, 56-59
carbohydrates and fats, 134, 139
climate-related adaptations, 70-71, 74
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diet/subsistence strategy and, 64, 65, 70-71
mitochondrial DNA, 56-59, 70-71, 127-128, 130, 131, 133-135, 137-139, 142
phenotypes, 71, 72, 78-79
Engis cave fossils, 11, 25
England, fossil sites, 11-12, 45, 46
Escherichia coli, 121
Ethiopia
fossil record, 10, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20-21, 34-35, 38, 39
language, 99
lowland Amhara, 65
pastoralism, 89
proto-Cushitic culture and language, 85
Euarchontoglires, 58-59
Eukaryotes, 48, 129, 131, 133, 200
Europe and Europeans.
See also individual countries
fossil record, 11, 12, 83
Hispanic/Latino ancestors, 103, 147, 148, 149, 150-151, 152-153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159-161, 162, 163, 164, 165-166
lactase persistence, 88-89, 95
Middle Ages, 162
skin pigmentation, 173
views on human origins in, 28-29
Evolutionary arms races, 102, 107, 116, 259, 260, 279
Extinctions, 135, 260
F
Fejej fossils, 10, 15
Fertility
age-specific rates, 223
chimpanzee, 216, 222-225, 254
cooperative breeding and, 228-229
cryptic ovulation, 120
cultural changes and, 229, 244, 263-264
frailty differences and, 206, 224
gene-culture coevolution, 244, 254
genomic imperfections and, 202-203
grandmother hypothesis, 215, 217
heterogeneity hypothesis, 214, 222-225, 226-227
hunter-gatherers, 223-225
juvenile mortality and, 225
and longevity, 211, 213, 219, 222-225, 229
religion and, 244-245
skin pigmentation and, 171, 173, 181
Florisbad fossils, 10-11
Folate
deficiency and birth defects, 69, 171-172
and DNA, 171, 172, 179
dietary availablity, 67, 69, 70, 74
metabolism/biosynthesis, 69, 70, 71, 74, 171, 172
skin pigmentation and, 167, 171-172, 179
UV exposure and, 167, 171-172, 179
Food poisoning, 121
Foraging, 64, 67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 76, 88, 214-215, 224, 232, 236, 237, 259, 262, 295, 296;
see also Hunter-gatherers
Forbes’ Quarry fossils, 9, 28
Forensic Data Bank, 41
Forkhead Box P2 (FOXP2) gene, 56, 239, 241, 249, 254, 268
Fossil record.
See also Discovery of fossil homonins;
specific fossil sites
anagenetic (gradualistic) interpretation, 22
cladogenetic (punctuated equilibrium)
interpretation, 23, 41-42
human clade, 7-8, 23
Foundation for Thought and Ethics, 189-190
FOXO transcription factor, 139, 140
Framingham Heart Study, 244
France and French people, 68, 151, 154, 155, 157
Fulani people, 89, 93, 94-96
G
GAA gene, 70
Galactolipids, 69
Galectins, 55
Galileo, xv
Garrod, Archibald, 193
GBE1 gene, 70
Gebremedhin, Amha, 3, 63-79
GenBank, 164
Gene–culture coevolution
agricultural subsistence systems and, 3-4, 67, 73, 74, 76, 88, 231, 236, 240, 245, 247, 255
autosomal DNA analysis, 238, 249
Baldwin effect, 234, 235, 243, 281-282
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behavioral traits, 246-247, 250
chimpanzees, 252-253
clothing and, 174, 180, 234, 249
cooperative breeding and, 228-229, 235, 236, 254
cognitive evolution, 246-247, 250, 253-254, 255
commensal and parasite evolution, 249
culture-led, 231-255
current selection, 231, 243-245
demography and, 236, 237-239, 243, 244, 245, 248, 249, 255
dietary adaptations, 65, 72, 88-89, 95, 239-240, 245, 253
disease-related adaptations, 231, 240, 244, 245
evidence and problems to solve, 243-255
fertility, 244-245, 254
fire use and, 252-253
genome-wide scans of SNPs, 240, 248
genomic tools applied to, 206, 232, 238-241
Holocene, 231, 235, 236, 238, 245-247, 249, 250, 254, 255
in hominin history, 206, 235-238
language and social organization, 236-237, 239, 241, 246-247, 249, 252, 253-255
Late Pleistocene, 235, 242, 245, 247, 248-251, 254
Late Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene, 251-253
linkage disequilibrium patterns, 231, 240, 241, 255
and moral sense, 334-335
mtDNA analysis, 238, 249, 251, 255
paleoenvironmental change and, 231-232, 235, 241-242, 249, 250, 251
Plio-Pleistocene, 247-248, 255
symbiosis in, 234-235
tool making and use and, 237, 238, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252
Gene duplications, 201-202, 285-287
Gene therapy, 115
Genetic drift, 75, 83, 91, 95-96, 98, 111, 135, 191, 199, 233, 238, 239, 246-247, 285, 287, 290
Genome sequencing, 7, 52, 53, 54, 101, 192.
See also Human genomic flaws
Genome-wide association studies, 71, 72, 78-79, 64, 81, 94
Genome-wide scans of SNPs.
See also Single nucleotide polymorphisms
assessing evidence for excess of
functional SNPs, 66-67, 77-78
Bayes factor, 65, 66, 75, 77
Bayesian linear model method, 65, 75, 77
canonical pathway analysis, 71-72, 78
ecoregion, subsistence, and dietary
adaptations, 3, 66-76
environmental contrast analysis, 70, 77, 78
environmental variables, 76
FRAPPE analysis, 147, 150, 154-155, 165
FST-based analyses of population distances, 69-70, 75, 78, 155, 160-161
GWAS results compared with, 71, 72, 78-79
Hispanic/Latino ancestry, 147-166
linkage disequilibria patterns, 77-78, 88-89, 147-148, 153-154
locus-specific ancestry, 148, 153, 154-158, 165
polygenic selection model, 64-65
STRUCTURE analysis, 92, 93, 94, 99, 147, 153, 154-155, 158, 165
Genomes Project (1000), 248
Geographic ranges and locations, 16, 42.
See also specific continents, countries, and fossil sites
linguistic affiliation of population clusters, 93-95
Geological Society of London, 132
Geometric Kebaran artifacts, 85
Georgia, Republic of, fossil sites, 38, 42
Germany, fossil sites, 11, 12, 42, 45, 237
Gestation periods, 55, 59
Gibbons, 29, 30, 31, 32, 50, 53
Gibraltar Scientific Society, 9
Gladysvale cave fossils, 15
Gluconeogenesis, 70, 71
Glucose metabolism, 72
GLUD-encoding (GLUD2) gene, 57
Glutamate, 57
Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) gene, 57
Glycans, cell-surface, 101, 105, 106, 107, 121, 123-124
Glycogen, 70
Glycolysis, 70, 71, 138, 139, 140, 141
Goat’s Hole Cave fossils, 8, 10
Gompertz, B., 217
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Gona study area fossils, 19, 39
Gondolin Cave fossils, 17
Goodman, Morris, 2-3, 32, 47-61
Gorilla gorilla (gorilla), 7, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 39, 41, 49, 50, 51-52, 53, 106, 258, 320
Gran Dolina fossils, 13, 42, 45-46
Grandmother hypothesis, 206, 213, 214-216, 227-228
Great apes.
See also Bonobos;
Chimpanzees;
Gibbons, Gorillas;
Nonhuman hominids;
Orangutans evolutionary rates, 52
morphological differences, 7
Greece, fossil sites, 12, 45, 46
Gujarati people, 65, 68, 76
1-Gulono-gamma lactone oxidase (GULO) gene, 287-288
H
Hadar fossils, 14, 15, 16
Hadza people and language, 83, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98-99, 215, 216, 217, 221, 223, 227
Haeckel, Ernst, 9-10
Hairlessness, 170-171
Hamilton, W. D., 211, 212-214, 217, 218, 227, 228
Hammer, Michael, 102-103, 147-166
Hancock, Angela M., 3, 63-79
HapMap Phase II populations, 65
Harvard University, vii-viii
Hathnora fossils, 12
Hausa people, 89, 96
Hawkes, Kristen, 206, 211-229
Hemoglobin, 32, 51, 285-286
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 121
Hennig, W., 31
Henrich, Joseph, 206, 231-255
Henry, Francis, 189
Herto fossils, 38
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 72
Hippocrates, 168
Hispanic/Latino population genomics
Argentinians, 149
autosomal variation, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 158, 159, 161, 162
Brazilians, 149
Colombians, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157-158, 160, 163, 164
Costa Ricans, 149
Cubans, 149
data quality control, 164
datasets, 149-150, 154, 164
defined, 148
disease-associated variants, 149, 163
Dominicans, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164
Ecuadorians, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154-155, 156, 158-159, 160, 163, 164
European ancestry, 103, 147, 148, 149, 150-151, 152-153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159-161, 162, 163, 164, 165-166
FRAPPE results, 147, 150, 154-155, 165
FST-based analysis of population distances, 155, 160-161
linkage disequilibria patterns, 147-148, 153-154
locus-specific ancestry, 148, 153, 154-158, 165
Mexicans, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158-159, 160, 161, 164, 165-166
mtDNA variation, 147, 159, 160, 161, 162
Native American ancestry, 103, 147, 148, 149, 150-152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157-159, 160-161, 162, 163, 164, 165-166
population structure, 150-154, 165-166
principal component analysis, 147, 151-152, 153, 155, 165
Puerto Ricans, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159-160, 161, 162, 164
sex bias in ancestry contributions, 103, 147, 148-149, 158-160, 161-162
STRUCTURE results, 147, 153, 154-155, 158, 165
study design implications, 163
Uruguayans, 149
West African ancestry, 103, 147, 148, 149, 150-152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159-162, 163, 164, 165
X-chromosome variation, 147, 148, 152, 153, 158-159, 160, 161, 162, 165
Y-chromosome variation, 147, 159-160, 161, 162
Homeobox-containing genes, 287
Hominidae, 7, 50, 51
Hominina, 8
Homininae, 7
Hominini, 8
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Hominins/homininans
cranian anatomy, 1, 2, 10, 11, 12-13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 36, 39, 40
classifying, 8
defined, 8
gene–culture coevolution, 206, 235-238
species recognition, 22
Homo antecessor, 9, 13, 42, 45
Homo cepranensis, 45-46
Homo erectus
brain size, 28, 39, 40, 45, 251, 252
classification, 9
cranial features, 12, 13, 39, 44
diet, 12
discovery, 10
geographic locations, 12, 39, 40, 43
mandibular and dental features, 12, 13
posture and locomotion, 11
postcranial skeletal features/stature, 12, 36-38, 39, 251
temporal range, 12, 40, 42
tool making and subsistence activities, 251, 252
type specimen, 12
Homo ergaster, 9, 13, 38, 39
Homo floresiensis, 8, 9, 13, 36, 40
Homo georgicus, 28
Homo habilis, 9, 13-14, 18, 36, 38, 39, 323, 334, 335
Homo heidelbergensis, 9, 10, 11, 12-13, 42, 249, 252
Homo helmei Dreyer 1935, 11
Homo mauritanicus, 42
Homo neanderthalensis. See Neantherthal/Neandertal
Homo rhodesiensis, 13
Homo rudolfensis, 9, 14-15, 38
Homo sapiens
“archaic,” 11, 41
brain evolution, 54-57
chimpanzee kinship with, 47, 50, 52-53
Darwin’s observations, xvi
earliest fossils, 10-11
evolutionary rate, 52
genome sequencing, 53
gorilla kinskip with, 51, 52-53
mophology, 10-11
neurocranial anatomy, 39
protein coding genes, 143
recent/last common ancestor, 13, 41-42
subpopulation radiation, 133
Hooker, J. D., 28
Horticulture, 67, 73, 74, 76, 302
Howells, W. W., 34, 41
Hrdy, S. B., 228
Human Genome Diversity Project Panel, 65, 150, 151, 154, 155, 164, 165
Human genomic flaws
compilations of genetic disorders, 193-195
duplicons and pseudogenes, 201-202
evolutionary explanations for, 191, 199
gene regulation and nucleic acid surveillance, 196-199
gratuitous complexities, 195-201
mobile elements, 202-203
mtDNA, 199-201
protein-coding DNA sequences, 193-195
repetitive DNA elements, 201-203
split genes, 185-196
theodicy dilemma, 185, 190-192, 193, 203-204
Hume, David, 192, 323
Hunter-gatherers
analytical reasoning, 262-263
fertility, 223-225
history of African populations, 83, 98-99
longevity, 212, 214-216, 217, 219, 221, 223-224, 225
social exchange, 296
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 6-7, 8, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 106
Hylobates, 29
I
Iberian Jews and Muslims, 162
Illumina HumanHap650Y platform, 77, 78-79
Illumina 610-Quad platform, 147, 150, 154, 155, 156, 164, 165
Immunology, comparative.
See also Sialic acids;
Siglecs
molecular methods, 7, 50-51
Nuttall’s blood sera experiments, 47, 50
tolerance at maternal-fetal interface, 55
Imprinting diseases, 138-139
India, fossil sites, 10, 12, 172
Indonesia, fossil sites, 10, 12, 40
Influenza, 109, 226
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) gene, 139
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Intelligence.
See also Cognitive and emotional evolution;
Reasoning about social exchanges
content-independent inferential methods, 294-295
costs of, 264-265
domain-general inferential methods, 294
evolutionary game theory, 296, 299
exaptations, 332
modular accounts of, 316-317
moral behavior and, 314, 326, 327, 328-330, 334-335
orthogenetic theory, 264
social contract theory, 296
social exchange algorithms, 296-300
specializations in reasoning, 295-296
Intelligent design, xv, 104, 185, 186, 187-188, 189-190, 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 204, 257, 277, 279, 284
International HapMap Project, 65, 150, 164
Inuit, 263
Invasive hemochorial placentation, 54
Italy and Italians
fossil sites, 45
Hispanic/Latino ancestors, 68, 151, 154, 155, 157
J
Jablonski, Nina G., 103, 167-183
Jacovec Cavern fossils, 15
Java, fossil sites, 1, 10, 28, 38, 39, 43
Jebel Irhoud fossils, 10
Jinniushan fossils, 12, 38
K
Kapsomin fossils, 20
Karafet, Tatiana, 102-103, 147-166
Karitiana, 68, 151, 156
Kedung Brubus fossils, 10, 12
Kenya, fossil sites, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 89, 151, 155, 156
Kenyanthropus platyops, 9, 16-17
Kesem-Kebena basin fossils, 10
Kirkwood, T. B. L., 213
Kleine Feldhofer Grotte fossils, 11, 25, 28
Konso fossils, 18
Koobi Fora fossils, 14, 15, 16, 18
Kromdraai B fossils, 17
!Kung people, 65, 76, 218, 223
Kuseralee Dora fossils, 19
L
La Naulette fossils, 18
Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, 88
Lactose tolerance polymorphism, 65, 72, 88-89, 95, 239-240, 245
Laetoli fossils, 10, 11, 15, 16, 18
Lake Chad Basin, 86
Lamarckian inheritance, 279, 281, 283, 333
Laminin A/C (LMNA) gene, 139
Laminopathies, 139
Language development/linguistics.
See also specific languages
African language family classification, 82-83
Afroasiatic speakers, 82, 85, 86, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97
Baldwin effect, 281-282
Chomsky’s nonadaptationist view, 277-278
and cognitive development, 207, 208-209, 253-254, 261-263, 267, 268, 270, 277, 281, 282, 290-292, 300
cultural adaptations and, 235, 253-254
external redundancy and, 287-288
genetic correlates, 56, 92-99, 253-254
global external redundancy and, 288-290
internal redundancy (gene duplication) paradigm, 285-287
intraorganismic morphogenetic processes, 275, 282-287
Khoesan speakers, 82-83, 95, 97, 98, 99
morphological evidence, 14, 253
mutational accident and, 280
natural selection and, 277, 278, 280, 281
neurology of, 290
niche construction theory, 281-282
Niger-Kordofanian speakers, 82, 91, 93-94, 95, 96, 97
Nilo-Saharan speakers, 82, 86, 89-90, 93-94, 95, 96, 97
population clusters, 92-93
relaxation of selective pressures and, 208, 275, 282-292
sexual selection and, 207, 275, 278-280, 288
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and social organization, 253-255
subsistence technology and, 85
symbolic, 246, 321
Wallace’s creationist view of, 279
Lantian fossils, 13
Last common ancestor, 21, 42, 48, 51, 52, 53-54, 55, 56, 57, 98, 125, 235-236, 237, 241, 243, 250
Last Glacial Maximum, 85
Late Iron Age, 90
Late Pleistocene, 36, 40, 42, 235, 242, 245, 247, 248-251, 254
Laurasiatherians, 59
Le Gros Clark, W. E., 32
Leakey, Louis, 18
Levant fossils (The), 11, 86
Liang Bua cave fossils, 13
Life expectancy, 212, 216, 217, 225, 227
Life spans, 47-48, 58, 59, 194, 215, 228, 264, 265, 273.
See also Longevity
Linnaean hierarchy, 7-8, 33, 51, 52-53
Little Ice Age, 177
Locomotion. See Posture and locomotion
Longevity, human vs. chimpanzees
age structures, 211, 216-217
demographic aging rates and, 212, 217-218, 219, 220, 221, 227
disposable soma model, 213, 218
fertility and, 211, 213, 219, 222-225, 229
frailty and, 206, 211, 214, 220, 221, 224-225, 226, 227-228
Gompertz model, 217-218, 219, 220, 221, 228
grandmother hypothesis, 206, 213, 214-216, 227-228
heterogeneity hypothesis, 206, 211, 214, 218-227
hunter-gatherers, 212, 214-216, 217, 219, 221, 223-224, 225
infant and fetal origins of adult disease hypothesis, 225-227
life history evolution and, 206, 213, 214-218, 219
mtDNA mutations and, 136, 227
postmenopausal female role, 206, 211, 212, 213, 217, 222, 227, 228-229
resource allocation theories, 206, 211, 217, 219-220
senescence theories, 206, 211, 212-214, 215-216, 218, 228
Strehler–Mildvan correlations, 218, 220, 227
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 72, 120
Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephant), 58-59
Luhya people, 65
Luo people, 97
M
Maasai people, 65
Macaca (macaques), 52, 60
M. fascicularis (cynomolgus macaque), 53
M. mulatta (rhesus macaque), 53
Maka fossils, 15
Makapansgat cave fossils, 16
Malaria, 65, 108-109, 111, 231, 240, 245
Malawi, fossil sites, 14, 18
Mandenka, 68, 151, 154, 156
Maritime Chukchee, 65, 66
Martineau, Harriet, 323, 324
Mauer fossils, 12, 46
Maya, 68, 151, 154, 155, 156
Mayr, Ernst, 32, 36
Mbuti Pygmies, 68, 93, 99, 151, 154, 156
Megadont archaic hominins, 8, 9, 17-19, 23
Melanoma, 170, 179
Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene, 172, 178
Melema fossils, 18
Melka Kunturé fossils, 12
Metabolic syndrome, 135
Methionine synthase, 69
Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) gene, 69
Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) gene, 139
Methylation, 132, 137-138, 171, 179, 181, 198
Mexicans, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158-159, 160, 161, 164, 165-166
Micro-RNAs, 198, 199
Microcebus murinus (mouse lemur), 53
Microcephalin (MCPH1) gene, 55-56
Microcephaly, 55-56, 252, 269
MicroCT, 24
Middle Awash study area fossils, 16, 19, 20-21, 34-35
Middle East and Middle Eastern people, 68, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88-89, 94-95, 159, 162
Middle Pleistocene, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 242, 251-253
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Middle Stone Age, 84
Migrations
from Africa, 73, 83, 84-91, 96-97, 136, 238-239, 248, 249, 250
sex-biased, 91, 96
Miller, Kenneth, 186
Miocene, 29, 242
Mitchell, John, 168
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
African populations, 83, 84, 86, 91, 93, 94, 95, 98-99, 136
Bantu expansion, 91
bioenergetic genes, 56-59, 70-71, 127-128, 130, 131, 133-135, 137-139, 142
cold tolerance and, 70-71
coupling efficiency, 134
disease mutations, 135-137, 138, 200-201
domestic goat, 86
epigenomic regulation, 137-139, 142
first sequences, 12, 102
heteroplasmy, 135
Hispanic/Latino population admixtures, 147, 159, 160, 161, 162
hunter-gatherer populations, 98-99
intraovarian selection, 135, 142
lactose tolerance, 95
linguistic distances, 93, 94, 95, 98
molecular supermatrix analysis, 7, 83
mutations, 70-71, 127-128, 133, 135, 142, 200
and origin of complexity, 133, 199-201
reconstruction of modern human origins, 83-84
self-destruct system, 134
sequence evolution rate, 133
structure and function, 102
TMRCA estimates, 84
Mitochondrial malic enzymes, 70, 71
Molecular clock model, 51, 52
Molecular evolution. See DNA;
Genome entries;
Mitochondrial DNA;
Phylogenomic perspective;
Proteins Nuttall’s blood sera experiments, 47, 50
rates, 51, 52
Molecular Signatures Database, 78
Molecular supermatrix analysis (mtDNA/NRY/autosomal), 7, 83
Monophyletic species concept, 22
Moorish Muslims, 162
Morality
adaptation vs. exaptation, 319, 330-332
altruism and, 261, 266, 268, 298, 321-322, 332-333, 334, 335
in animals, 333-335, 337-338
and cooperation, 261
codes of, 319, 327, 328, 335-337, 338
conditions for ethical behavior, 328-330, 333-334
consequentialism, 330
cultural evolution, 319, 326, 328, 336-337, 338-339
Darwin on moral sense, 324, 323-327, 333, 336
empathy, 335
free will and, 330, 332-333
group selection based on altruism, 332-334, 336-337
intellectual capacities for ethics, 314, 326, 328-330, 334-335
metaethics, 322-323
moral behavior, 321-322, 327, 328-330
moral judgment, 328, 332, 337-339
moral norms, 325, 326, 328, 336, 337-339
and natural selection, 320, 326, 336-339
normative ethics, 322, 323
practical ethics, 322, 323
rationality of, 328-330
theories of, 322-323
theory of sociobiology, 334
utilitarianism, 330
Moreno-Estrada, Andres, 102-103, 147-166
Morphology. See Comparative primate morphology
Mouse, 58, 59, 112-113, 116, 117-118, 119, 124
Multicellularity, advent of, 133
Multiple sclerosis, 173
Mus musculus, 143
Mushabian artifacts, 85
Mutualistic sharing, 261, 297, 337
N
N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), 105, 108, 109, 110, 111-112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124
N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc)
brain expression of, 124
and cancer, 108, 117, 119, 120
and cardiovascular disease, 117, 119, 120-121
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CMAH gene inactivation, 105, 108, 111, 112, 117
contamination of biotechnology products with, 117, 122
in fetal tissues, 108, 118
food sources, 118-119, 121
metabolic incorporation of dietary sources, 15-106, 117-119, 120-121, 123
and red meat aggravation of diseases, 118-119, 121
serum sickness reactions, 107-108
xeno-autoantigen phenomenon, 105-106, 118, 119, 120-121, 123
NAD+, 132, 134, 140
Nahua, 151, 154, 155, 156, 158, 161
NAT2 drug metabolizing enzyme gene, 74
National Human Genome Research Institute, 53
Native Americans
Hispanic/Latino ancestors, 103, 147, 148, 149, 150-152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157-159, 160-161, 162, 163, 164, 165-166
linguistic analysis, 68, 93
Naukan Yup’ik, 65, 66
Neantherthal/Neandertal (Homo neanderthalensis)
autapomorphies, 45
brain size, 11, 39, 40, 250-251
“classic,” 11-12, 42
cranial features, 11, 25, 27-28, 39, 41, 44, 45
Darwin’s observations, 27-28
fossil sites, 1, 9, 11, 12, 42
FOXP2 gene, 56, 239, 241, 249-250
genetic diversity, 12
genome sequencing, 12, 41, 53, 56, 239, 241, 249-250
introgression between modern humans and, 249-250
language and culture, 56, 250
last common ancestor, 13, 41-42, 249
mandibular and dental features, 11, 28, 42, 45
origin, 27
posture and locomotion, 11
skeletal features (postcranial), 11, 38, 40, 45, 251
skin depigmentation, 173
taxonomy, 9, 25
temporal range, 11, 46
type specimen, 9
Near East, fossil sites, 11, 12
Neural tube defects, 55-56, 69, 171-172, 252, 269
Neurexin superfamily, 241
Neurodegenerative disease, 135
New World primates, 52, 288
New York University, vii
Newton, Isaac, xv, 182
Ngandong fossils, 40
Niger-Congo speakers, 93
Nigeria, 90, 96, 155
Nilotic languages, 82, 87, 97
Nomascus leucogenys (gibbon), 53
Nonrecombinant portion of Y chromosome. See NRY analysis
Nonulosonic acids, 107
North Africa and North Africans, 10, 41, 85-86, 87, 95, 100, 159, 162, 248
NRY analysis
African population history, 83-84, 86, 87, 91, 93, 94, 95, 98-99
TMRCA estimates, 84
Nuclear DNA
bioenergetics, 127, 128, 130-131, 136, 137, 139, 142
deleterious mutations, 142-143
intersymbiont reorganization and, 133
mutation rate, 130, 142-143
sequence evolution rate, 133
Nuttall, George, 47
O
Obesity, 137
Oceania and Oceanic people, 68, 93
Old World primates, 52, 60, 116, 288
Oldowan traditions, 252
Olduvai Gorge fossils, 12, 14, 18, 36
Omo Kibish fossils, 10, 38
Omo Shungura fossils, 14, 18
Orangutans, 7, 29, 30, 32, 41, 50, 51, 52, 53, 106
Orcadians, 68, 151, 154, 157
Orrorin, 34
O. tugenensis, 9, 20, 36
Ostrer, Harry, 102-103, 147-166
Otolemur garnettii (bushbaby), 53
Oxidation-reduction systems, 132, 140, 141
Oxidative phosphorylation, 56, 57, 58, 199
OXPHOS, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141
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P
Paleoanthropological Inventory of Ethiopia, 10
Paley, William, 103-104, 188-189, 190, 323, 324
Pan paniscus (bonobo), 53
Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) gene, 69
Papio hamadryas (baboon), 53
Papua New Guinea, 83
Parallel adaptive evolution, 30, 47, 60, 249, 250, 253
Paranthropus
P. aethiopicus, 9, 18-19, 23
P. boisei, 9, 14, 18, 19, 23, 39
P. crassidens, 17-18
P. robustus, 9, 17-18, 23
Paraustralopithecus, 17, 18
Pastoralism and pastoralist populations
African history of, 3-4, 87-90
cattle milking, 87-88
gene flows between, 3-4, 84-85, 94-95
genetic adaptations, 67, 72, 73, 74, 76, 88-90
lactase persistence in, 88-90
linguistic analysis, 87-90
Pathogens
sialic acid evolution, 101, 102, 105, 107, 108-109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 121, 122, 124
Peking University, viii
Peninj fossils, 18
Pentosuria, 193
Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR ) gene, 136-137
Personal Genome Project, 192
Petralona fossils, 12, 45, 46
Phenetic species concept, 22
Phosphorylation, 56, 57, 58, 132, 139, 199
Phyletic evolution, 33, 35-36
Phylogenetic relationships of primates.
See also Comparative primate morphology;
Reconstruction of human evolution
African ape clade, 27, 28-29, 31, 32
branching structure, 5, 6-7
cranial analysis, 40-46
Darwin’s views, 27-31, 48-50, 52-53
divergence dates, 52
grade concept and, 8-21, 30, 32, 33, 36, 38
great apes clade, 32
gross morphology, 6-7
human clade, 2, 5, 7-8, 19-20, 21, 29-30, 32, 52
Huxley’s views, 29
Le Gros Clark’s views, 32
Linnaean hierarchy, 7-8, 33, 51, 52-53
monophyletic, 22
panin clade, 5, 8, 21, 52
parallel evolution, 30
Schultz’s view, 32
Simpson’s views, 32-33
species concepts, 2, 22
transitional form (“missing link”), 28, 32, 34
Phylogenetic species concept, 22
Phylogenomic perspective
antigenic divergences, 50-51
brain evolution, 54-60
Darwinian framework, 48, 59-60
distantly related mammalian taxa, 47, 48, 53-54, 58-59
divergence dates, 52
ecoregion, subsistence, and dietary adaptations, 60, 64, 65, 66-76, 88
energy metabolism, 3, 47-48, 57-59, 64
genome-wide association studies in
humans, 71, 72, 78-79, 64, 81
lineages of interest, 54
linguistic analysis of African populations, 92-99
molecular methods, 7, 50-53
primate sequencing projects, 53
research opportunities, 59-60
Pigmentation. See Skin pigmentation
Pima, 68, 151, 156, 161
Pinker, Steven, 207, 257-273, 320, 338
Pithecanthropus erectus. See Homo erectus
Pituitary homeobox transcription factor 1 (Pitx1) gene, 132
Plasma eosinophil count, 72
Plasmodium falciparum, 65, 109
Platyrrhines, 60
Pleistocene, 11, 332.
See also Early Pleistocene;
Late Pleistocene;
Middle Pleistocene;
Plio-Pleistocene
Plio-Pleistocene
fossil sources, 10
gene–culture coevolution, 247-248, 255
Pliocene, 242, 251, 264
Polar ecoregions
cultural adaptations, 234, 235
selection for, 60, 67, 70, 71, 74, 76
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Polygenic selection model, 64-65
Pongidae, 7, 32, 33, 51
Pongo pygmaeus (orangutan), 53
Population bottlenecks, 84, 92, 98, 238-239, 251
Population Reference Sample (POPRES), 150, 155, 164
Portugal and Portuguese, 155
Possible hominins, 2, 8, 9, 19-21
Postcranial skeletons, 11, 38, 40, 45, 251
Postnatal development period, 48, 54, 60
Posture and locomotion, 8
facultative bipedalism (arboreal), 15, 16, 17, 23, 34
homoplasy in, 23
long-distance travel, 13, 16
nonbipedal adaptive type, 34
obligate bipedalism, 11, 12, 15, 34
quantum evolution, 34-35
PPARγ-coactivator 1α (PCG-1α) gene, 136-137, 139, 140, 141
Prader-Willi syndrome, 138, 202
Preeclampsia, 105, 111, 114-116
Premodern Homo, 8, 9, 11-13.
See also Neanderthal
Prenatal development period, 48, 54
Principle of parsimony, 7, 111, 116-117, 273
Princeton University, vii
Principal component analyses, 39, 147, 151-152, 153, 155, 165
Pritchard, Jonathan, 3, 63-79
Prokaryotic evolution, 48
Proline, 71
Pronatalist culture, 244-245
Protein kinases, 109, 137, 139-140, 197-199
Proteins
amino acid sequencing, 3, 7, 51
antigenic divergencies, 32, 50-51, 55
galectins, 55
hemoglobin analysis, 32, 51
α-Protobacterium, 133
Protomitochondrion, 133
Proto-nucleus-cytosol, 133
Pseudogenes, 105, 111, 114, 116, 121, 185, 201-202, 286, 287
Puerto Ricans, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159-160, 161, 162, 164
Pygmy populations, 39, 93, 99, 151, 154, 156, 219
Pyruvate metabolism, 70, 71, 140, 141
Q
Quantum evolution, 33-35
Quechua, 151, 156, 158
R
Ramification (branching) evolution, 35
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 131, 132, 134, 140, 141, 171, 172, 179
Reasoning about social exchanges.
See also Cognitive and emotional evolution;
Intelligence
benefits, intentions, and ability varied, 311-313
cheater detection, 296-298, 299-300, 305-309, 311-313, 314, 316-317
cognitive defense against cheaters, 296-297
as computational problem, 296-300
cue-based activation, 299-300
deontic theory, 303-305, 313-314
economic and utility consequences, 298-299, 314-317
experimental tests, 300-305
intentional violations vs. innocent mistakes, 309-313
intentionality without benefits, 310-311
interpretation of rules and, 314
permission rules without benefits, 305-309
permission schema theory, 304, 306, 308, 309, 314
person categorization, 296-298
selection pressures for, 296
social contract algorithms for, 296, 303-305
social contract theory and, 299, 300-305, 306, 309
and theory of mind, 317
Reciprocation and reciprocal altruism, 261, 266, 296, 297, 298-299, 312
Reconquista, 162
Reconstruction of human evolution.
See also Comparative primate morphology;
Phylogenetic relationships
achievements, 6-21
data capture advances and, 5, 24-25
grade concept, 8-21, 30, 32, 33, 36, 38
interpretation challenges, 5, 21-23
modern human genetic data and, 83
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molecular supermatrix analysis, 7
mtDNA, NRY, and autosomal data analysis, 83-84
opportunities in, 24-25
temporal ranges of taxa, 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18-19, 42, 137
Reilingen fossils, 46
Reticulate evolution, 47
Rett syndrome, 139
Reynolds, Andy, 102-103, 147-166
Rheumatoid arthritis, 115
Richerson, Peter J., 206, 231-255
Rickets, 173
Robinson, John, 18
Rock of Gibraltar fossils, 1, 8-9, 28
Russians, 68, 151, 154, 157
S
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), 132, 137-138
Sackler, Arthur M., vii-viii.
See also Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium
Sackler, Jillian, vii, viii
Sagantole fossils, 19
Sahel, Neolithic in, 86
Sahelanthropus, 34
S. tchadensis, 9, 20, 36
Saimiri sp. (squirrel monkey), 53
Sambungmachan fossils, 12
Sandawe people and language, 83, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98-99
Sangiran fossils, 12
Sardinians, 68, 151, 154, 157
Scheinfeldt, Laura B., 3-4, 81-100
Schultz, Adolph H., 32
Selective sweeps, 239, 250
Semitic languages amd speakers, 82, 96
Senescence.
See also Longevity
Hamiltonian theory, 211, 212-214, 217, 218, 227, 228
Williams theory, 212, 213, 214, 218
Sephardic Jews, 162
Sex-biased gene flow, 91, 103, 147, 148-149, 158-160, 161-162
Shiwiar, 302
Sialic acids, human–nonhuman hominid differences.
See also N-glycolylneuraminic acid;
Siglecs
α2–6-linked Sia expression, 105, 109, 111
anti-cancer potential, 119
anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, 118, 119, 123
biological roles, 105, 107
cell-surface landscape and, 123-124
CMAH gene, 105, 108, 111, 112, 117, 124
Cmah-null mice, 117-118, 119, 123, 124
and disease propensities, 117, 118-119, 121
evolutionary “hotspot” for genetic and physiological changes, 106, 116-117, 121
heart disease, 120-121
influenza, 109
malaria, 108-109
Neu5Ac expression, 105, 108, 109, 110, 111-112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124
pathogen interactions, 101, 102, 105, 107, 108-109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 121, 122, 124
recognition by Siglecs, 107, 110-112, 113
research opportunities, 121-124
scenario for genetic changes, 110-112
SIGLEC gene changes, 105
Siberia, indigenous people, 65, 66
Sickle cell trait, 65, 231, 240, 245
Siglecs
and bacterial pathogenesis, 121
CD33-related, 105, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114-115, 116
conserved arginine residue, 111, 113
gene conversion on Siglec-11
human–nonhuman hominid differences, 109-110
Neu5Ac-binding, 112, 113, 114
placental expression of Siglec-6 in preeclampsia, 105, 111, 114-116
population genetics and polymorphisms, 121
pseudogenization of activatory Siglecs, 105, 111, 114, 116, 121
recognition of Sias, 110-112, 113
research opportunities, 122
sialoadhesin on macrophages, 112-113
T-cell expression, 115
Sima de los Huesos fossils, 11-12, 13, 38, 39, 40, 42-45, 46
Sima del Elefante fossils, 42
Simpson, George Gaylord, 32-34
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
See also Genome-wide scans of SNPs
biological relevance, 70-71
disease/trait associations, 64, 71, 72, 78-79
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at energy metabolism genes, 64
genic, 63, 66-70, 71, 75, 77-78
nongenic, 66, 67, 70, 77-78
nonsynonymous, 63, 66-70, 75, 77-78
Sirtuin-mediated deacetylation, 132, 140
Siwalik Hills fossils, 10
Skin cancer, 170-171, 179, 180, 181
Skin evolution
epidermal differentiation, 170-171
hairlessness, 170
Skin pigmentation
Aristote’s climate theory, 168
Darwin’s sexual selection hypothesis, 103, 168, 169
early views of, 168-169
folate metabolism and, 167, 171-172, 179
geographic variation in UVR and, 103, 167, 172-173, 174-177
infants, 181
model system for teaching evolution, 181-182
reflectance measure, 170
seasonal variation in UVR and, 167, 170
selective pressures, 167, 169, 170, 171-172, 177-178, 179, 249
sexual dimorphism, 170, 179
skin cancer relevance, 170-171, 179, 180, 181
tanning, 103, 167-168, 178, 180-181
vitamin D photosynthesis and, 103, 167, 170-171, 172-174, 178, 179, 180, 181, 249
Slavery and slave trade, 148, 160, 168
Slow loris, 54
Synchroton radiation microtomography, 24
Smith, Samuel Stanhope, 168-169, 170
Social contract theory, 300-305
Socrates, 103, 188
Sodium homeostasis, 65
Soi, Sameer, 3-4, 81-100
South Africa, fossil sites, 15, 17, 36, 65, 76, 98
Southern African Khoesan (SAK) languages and speakers, 83, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99
Southwest Asia, 83
Spain and Spainards
fossil sites, 11-12, 13, 38, 39, 40, 43-44, 45, 46
Hispanic/Latino ancestors, 155
Speciation, 32, 35
Spina bifida, 69
Spliceosomes, 195, 196
Starch and sucrose metabolism, 64, 65, 70, 71, 74, 231, 245
State University of New York at Stony Brook, viii
Steinheim fossils, 11-12, 46
Sterkfontein fossils, 14, 15
Sterner, Kirstin N., 2-3, 47-61
Stickleback fish, 132
Strait of Gibraltar, 86
Strepsirrhines, 52
Streptococcus Group B, 112
Sub-Saharan Africa/Africans, 68, 73, 89, 91, 100
Sudan, 86, 89, 93
Sudanic languages and speakers, 82, 87, 96
Sukernik, Rem, 3, 63-79
Surui, 68, 151, 156
Swanscombe fossils, 11-12, 45, 46
Swartkrans fossils, 14, 17, 18
Symbiotic origin of eukaryotes, 48, 129, 131, 133, 200
T
Tabarin, 19
Tanzania, fossil sites, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 36, 88, 89, 98, 223
Tarsius syrichta (tarsier), 53
Taung child, 10, 15, 28, 32
Taxonomy
anatomically modern Homo, 2, 8, 9, 10-11
archaic hominins, 15-17, 23
grade concept, 8-10, 30, 32, 33, 36, 38
interpretation challenges, 5, 21-23
megadont archaic hominins, 17-19
possible hominins, 19-21
premodern Homo, 11-13
transitional hominins, 13-14
Temporal ranges of taxa, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18-19, 42, 137
Tenrecs, 58-59
Thalassemias, 65, 198-199
Thermoregulation, 170-171
Thiol-disulfide regulation, 132, 140, 141
Time to the most recent ancestor (TMRCA), 84, 98, 99
Tishkoff, Sarah A., 3-4, 81-100
Tooby John, 207, 293-318
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Tool use and tool making, 1, 17, 54, 205, 206, 208, 237, 238, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 259, 260, 262, 264, 265, 266-267, 280, 321, 329, 331, 332
Toros-Menalla, 20
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, 182-183
Transitional hominins, 8, 9, 13-14, 28, 34
Tree of life. See Phylogenetic relationships
Trinil fossils, 10, 12
Tuberous sclerosis protein complex, 139
Turkana Boy (KNM-WT 15000), 38
Tuscans, 65, 68, 151, 157
U
Ultraviolet radiation.
See also Skin pigmentation
data sources, 182-183
geographic variation, 103, 167, 172-173, 174-177
seasonal variation, 167, 170, 178, 180-181
selective pressures of, 167, 169, 170, 171-172, 177-178, 179
solar irradiance and insolation, 177
Uraha fossils, 14
Urinary bladder cancer, 72
Uruguayans, 149
Utah Population Data Base, 224
Utermann, Gerd, 3, 63-79
V
Varki, Ajit, 101-102, 105-125
Velez, Christopher, 102-103, 147-166
Vindija fossils, 12
Vitamin D photosynthesis, 103, 167, 170-171, 172-174, 178, 179, 180, 181, 249
W
Wales, fossil sites, 8, 10
Wallace, Albert Russel, 128, 132, 143-144, 257, 258-259, 264, 267, 269, 272, 277, 279, 281
Wallace, Douglas C., 102, 127-145
Washburn, Sherwood L., 34, 247
Weismann, August, 283
Wenner-Gren Foundation, 32
West Africa and West Africans, 95, 103, 147, 148, 149, 150-152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159-162, 163, 164, 165
West Turkana fossils, 15, 17, 18
White-backed munia, 288
White Sands fossils, 15
Williams, G. C., 212, 213, 214, 218
Wilm’s tumor, 138-139
Witonsky, David B., 3, 63-79
Wood, Bernard, 1-2, 5-25
X
X-chromosome variation in Hispanic/Latino population ancestry, 147, 148, 152, 153, 158-159, 160, 161, 162, 165
Xujiayao fossils, 12
Y
Y-chromosome variationn Hispanic/Latino population ancestry, 147, 159-160, 161, 162
Yanomamö, 262-263
Yoruba, 68, 151, 154, 155, 156
Yunxian fossils, 12
Z
Zambia, fossil sites, 45
Zhoukoudian fossils, 12, 38, 40, 42, 43
Zuttiyeh fossils, 12
Zinjanthropus, 17, 18
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