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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
×

ESTABLISHING PRECOMPETITIVE COLLABORATIONS TO STIMULATE GENOMICS-DRIVEN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

WORKSHOP SUMMARY

Steve Olson and Adam C. Berger, Rapporteurs

Roundtable on Translating Genomic-Based Research for Health

Board on Health Sciences Policy

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

This project was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the American College of Medical Genetics (unnumbered contract); American Medical Association (unnumbered contract); American Nurses Association (unnumbered contract); Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association (unnumbered contract); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Contract No. 200-2005-13434); College of American Pathologists (unnumbered contract); Department of the Air Force (Contract No. FA7014-10-P-0072); Department of Veterans Affairs (Contract No. V101(93) P-2238); Eli Lilly and Company (unnumbered contract); Genetic Alliance (unnumbered contract); Health Resources and Services Administration; Johnson & Johnson (unnumbered contract); Kaiser Permanente (unnumbered contract); National Cancer Institute (Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, TO#189); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, TO#189); National Human Genome Research Institute (Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, TO#189); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, TO#189); National Society of Genetic Counselors (unnumbered contract); Pfizer Inc. (Contract No. 140-N-1818071); and the Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health, and Society (Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, TO#189). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-16182-4

International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-16182-7

Additional copies of this report are available from

The National Academies Press,

500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.

For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at: www.iom.edu.

Copyright 2011 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The serpent adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin.

Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
×

“Knowing is not enough; we must apply.

Willing is not enough; we must do.”

—Goethe

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES


Advising the Nation. Improving Health.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine


The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.


The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.


The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.


The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.


www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
×

PLANNING COMMITTEE*

STEPHEN ECK, Vice President,

Translational Medicine & Pharmacogenomics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN

GEOFFREY GINSBURG, Director,

Center for Genomic Medicine, Institute for Genomic Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC

GARRY NEIL, Corporate Vice President,

Corporate Office of Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ

AIDAN POWER, Vice President and Global Head of Molecular Medicine,

Pfizer Inc., New London, CT

LAURA LYMAN RODRIGUEZ, Senior Advisor to the Director for Research Policy,

National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD

KEVIN A. SCHULMAN, Professor of Medicine and Business Administration; Director,

Center for Clinical and Genetic Economics;

Associate Director,

Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC

SHARON TERRY, President and Chief Executive Officer,

Genetic Alliance, Washington, DC

MARTHA TURNER, Assistant Director,

American Nurses Association Center for Ethics and Human Rights, Silver Spring, MD

IOM Staff

ADAM C. BERGER, Project Director

ALEX REPACE, Senior Project Assistant

*

Institute of Medicine (IOM) planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
×

ROUNDTABLE ON TRANSLATING GENOMIC-BASED RESEARCH FOR HEALTH*

WYLIE BURKE (Chair), Professor and Chair,

Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington, Seattle

NAOMI ARONSON, Executive Director,

Technology Evaluation Center, Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, Chicago, IL

BRUCE BLUMBERG, Co-chief of Medical Genetics,

Kaiser Permanente, and

Institutional Director of Graduate Medical Education,

Northern California Kaiser Permanente, The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, CA

DENISE E. BONDS, Medical Officer,

Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD

C. THOMAS CASKEY, Director and Chief Executive Officer,

The George & Cynthia Mitchell Distinguished Chair in Neurosciences,

Executive Vice President of Molecular Medicine and Genetics,

University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

STEPHEN ECK, Vice President,

Translational Medicine & Pharmacogenomics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN

CATHY FOMOUS, Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Genetics,

Health and Society; Office of Biotechnology Activities, Office of Science Policy, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD

ANDREW N. FREEDMAN, Branch Chief,

Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Branch, Epidemiology and Genetics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD

GEOFFREY GINSBURG, Director,

Center for Genomic Medicine, Institute for Genomic Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC

R. RODNEY HOWELL, Special Assistant to the Director,

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD

SHARON KARDIA, Professor and Chair of Epidemiology; Director,

Public Health Genetics Program;

Director,

Life Science and Society Program;

Co-director,

Center for Genomics & Public Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor

*

IOM Forums and Roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
×

MOHAMED KHAN, American Medical Association Representative;

Leader of Radiation Oncology, Vancouver Cancer Centre, Vancouver, BC

MUIN KHOURY, Director,

National Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA

DEBRA LEONARD, College of American Pathologists Representative; Professor and Vice Chair for Laboratory Medicine, Director of the Clinical Laboratories,

Weill Cornell Medical Center of Cornell University, New York, NY

MICHELE LLOYD-PURYEAR, Chief,

Genetic Services Branch, Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, MD

ELIZABETH MANSFIELD, Director of the Personalized Medicine Staff,

Office of In Vitro Diagnostic Devices, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD

GARRY NEIL, Corporate Vice President,

Corporate Office of Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ

ROBERT L. NUSSBAUM, Chief,

Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine

AIDAN POWER, Vice President and Global Head of Molecular Medicine,

Pfizer Inc., New London, CT

RONALD PRZYGODZKI, Associate Director for Genomic Medicine,

Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC

LAURA LYMAN RODRIGUEZ, Senior Advisor to the Director for Research Policy,

National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD

ALLEN D. ROSES, Jefferson-Pilot Professor of Neurobiology and Genetics; Professor of Medicine (Neurology); Director,

Deane Drug Discovery Institute;

Senior Scholar,

Fuqua School of Business, R. David Thomas Executive Training Center, Duke University, Durham, NC

KEVIN A. SCHULMAN, Professor of Medicine and Business Administration; Director,

Center for Clinical and Genetic Economics;

Associate Director,

Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC

SHARON TERRY, President and Chief Executive Officer,

Genetic Alliance, Washington, DC

MARTHA TURNER, Assistant Director,

American Nurses Association Center for Ethics and Human Rights, Silver Spring, MD

MICHAEL S. WATSON, Executive Director,

American College of Medical Genetics, Bethesda, MD

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
×

DANIEL WATTENDORF, Deputy Chief,

Medical Innovations, Department of the Air Force;

Program Manager,

DARPA/Defense Sciences Office, Arlington, VA

CATHERINE A. WICKLUND, Past President,

National Society of Genetic Counselors;

Director,

Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling;

Assistant Professor,

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL

IOM Staff

ADAM C. BERGER, Project Director

CLAIRE GIAMMARIA, Research Associate

ALEX REPACE, Senior Project Assistant

ANDREW POPE, Director, Board on Health Sciences Policy

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
×

Reviewers

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Neal H. Cohen, Vice Dean, Professor of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care and Medicine, Director of International Medical Services, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA

Stephen H. Friend, President and CEO, Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA

Victoria M. Pratt, Chief Director, Molecular Genetics, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, Chantilly, VA

John Wagner, Vice President, Clinical Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not endorse the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Melvin Worth.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
×

Appointed by the Institute of Medicine, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authors and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
×

Acknowledgments

The support of the sponsors of the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Translating Genomic-Based Research for Health was crucial to the planning and conduct of the workshop “Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Drug Development.” Federal sponsors are the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Department of the Air Force; Department of Veterans Affairs; Health Resources and Services Administration; National Cancer Institute; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Human Genome Research Institute; National Institute for Child Health and Human Development; and the Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health, and Society. Non-federal sponsorship was provided by the American College of Medical Genetics, the American Medical Association, the American Nurses Association, Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, the College of American Pathologists, Eli Lilly and Company, Genetic Alliance, Johnson & Johnson, Kaiser Permanente, the National Society of Genetic Counselors, and Pfizer Inc.

The Roundtable wishes to express its gratitude to the expert speakers whose presentations helped outline a framework for establishing precompetitive collaborations. The Roundtable also wishes to thank the members of the planning committee for their work in developing an excellent workshop agenda. Planning committee members were Stephen Eck, Geoff Ginsburg, Garry Neil, Aidan Power, Laura Lyman Rodriguez, Kevin A. Schulman, Sharon Terry, and Martha Turner.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
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FIGURES

1-1

 

Normalized new molecular entity output per dollar expended,

 

4

3-1

 

Model for industry-academic collaboration,

 

18

4-1

 

New molecular entity approvals,

 

23

4-2

 

Model for precompetitive chemistry,

 

27

4-3

 

Integration of genotypic, gene expression, and trait data,

 

28

5-1

 

Changes in gene expression over time after intrasurgical ischemia,

 

33

5-2

 

Community engagement strategy,

 

37

5-3

 

UK DNA Banking Network advanced management of annotation,

 

39

TABLE

1-1

 

Biospecimen Storage in the United States, 1999,

 

7

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
×

Abbreviations and Acronyms

CaHUB Cancer Human Biobank

CEO chief executive officer

CHEP Community Health Engagement Program (Indiana)

CTSA Clinical, Translational, and Science Awards

CTSI Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute

DMPK drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics

FDA Food and Drug Administration

IMI Innovative Medicines Initiative

IOM Institute of Medicine

IP intellectual property

NCI National Cancer Institute

NIH National Institutes of Health

PI principal investigator

R&D research and development

UCSF University of California, San Francisco

UDBN UK DNA Banking Network

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2011. Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Product Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13015.
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Despite the many basic research discoveries in genetics, relatively few gene-based treatments, drugs, or preventative measures have been developed. One way to bridge this gap may be for industry, academia, and government to develop partnerships that share resources while distributing risk. However, intellectual property protections and other barriers can inhibit collaborative efforts. The Institute of Medicine held a workshop on July 22, 2010, to explore these issues and develop solutions.

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