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C
Committee, Panel, and Staff Biographical Information
COMMITTEE ON DECADAL SURVEY ON BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES IN SPACE
ELIZABETH R. CANTWELL, Co-Chair, is the director for mission development in the Engineering Directorate at
the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Until August 2010, she was the deputy associate laboratory director
in the National Security Directorate of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Prior to joining ORNL, she
was the deputy division leader for science and technology in the International Space and Response (ISR) Division
at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). As division leader for ISR, she was responsible for the execution
of projects from small, principal investigator (PI)-driven basic science projects through the delivery of large satel -
lites and instruments into the space environment or other field deployments. Until June 2005, she served as the
section leader for the Micro and Nanotechnology Center at Lawrence Livermore’s Engineering Research Center
for fabricating small sensors and devices. She began her career building life support systems for human spaceflight
missions with NASA and later went on to serve as a program manager in the Life Sciences Division at NASA
Headquarters. Dr. Cantwell earned her Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the University of California, Berke -
ley. Her National Research Council (NRC) experience includes past membership on the Committee on NASA’s
Bioastronautics Critical Path Roadmap, the Space Station Panel of the Review of NASA Strategic Roadmaps, the
Committee on Technology for Human/Robotic Exploration and Development of Space, and the Committee on
Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space.
WENDY M. KOHRT, Co-Chair, is a professor of medicine in the Division of Geriatric Medicine at the Univer-
sity of Colorado, Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, and an adjunct professor of integrative physiology at the
University of Colorado, Boulder. Her research interests are aging, exercise, regional adiposity, energy metabolism,
and the effects of changes in the endocrine system on human physiology. She has written articles on increasing
bone mineral density through exercise and hormone therapy, the preservation of bone health through physical
activity, lower-body adiposity and metabolic protection in postmenopausal women, and protection of bone mass
by estrogens and raloxifene during exercise-induced weight loss. She is currently a consultant to NASA’s Johnson
Space Center (JSC) for the Exercise Countermeasures Program Investigator Team working on optimization of the
exercise prescription for the preservation of musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health on the International Space
Station (ISS). She is the PI of a clinical trial, COX Inhibition and Musculoskeletal Responses to Exercise, funded
by the National Institute on Aging. Another focus of Dr. Kohrt’s research is bone health in aging and the extent
to which lifestyle behaviors can protect against bone loss. She is a member of the American College of Sports
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422 RECAPTURING A FUTURE FOR SPACE EXPLORATION
Medicine (ACSM), the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, and the Endocrine Society, among
other professional societies. Dr. Kohrt received her B.S. in physical education and mathematics from the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, and her M.S. and Ph.D. in exercise science from Arizona State University; she
completed postdoctoral research training in applied physiology and gerontology at Washington University School
of Medicine in St. Louis. She has extensive advisory committee experience as both member and chair, including
service on NASA program reviews and such high-profile committees as the U.S. Physical Activity Guidelines
Advisory Committee.
LARS BERGLUND is a professor of medicine, the associate dean for research, and the director of the National
Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded Clinical and Translational Science Center (CTSC) at the University of California,
Davis (UC Davis); he also serves as a physician at the Sacramento VA [Department of Veterans Affairs] Medical
Center. He received his Ph.D. in 1977 and his M.D. in 1981, both from Uppsala University, Sweden. His internship
and residency in internal medicine and clinical chemistry were completed at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm,
Sweden, where he served as a faculty member in the Department of Clinical Chemistry (1986-1993). Dr. Berglund
was recruited to Columbia University as a Florence Irving Associate Professor of Medicine in 1993 and became
professor of medicine in 2000. He served as the associate director for the Columbia University General Clinical
Research Center (GCRC) from 1997. In 2002, he was recruited to UC Davis, and in 2004 he became the first
program director of the UC Davis GCRC. Dr. Berglund became the first assistant dean of clinical research at UC
Davis in 2004 and the associate dean of clinical and translational research in 2006. Also in 2006 he became the
first director of the NIH-funded UC Davis CTSC. In 2009, Dr. Berglund assumed the position of associate dean
for research in the UC Davis School of Medicine. As CTSC director, Dr. Berglund ensures that administrative,
patient care, and research reporting procedures are carried out in conformity with NIH, UC Davis, and VA policies.
In addition, he sets goals and standards for the CTSC, encourages investigators to utilize the CTSC, and fosters
collaborations between clinical and basic science investigators. He serves on several Clinical and Translational Sci-
ence Awards (CTSA) consortium committees and was a co-chair for the CTSA Consortium Oversight Committee
(2006-2008). Dr. Berglund’s research focus is in the area of lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease,
and his research is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. He has published more than 190 peer-
reviewed papers and is a member of the editorial board of seven journals, including Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis
and Vascular Biology, the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Clinical and Translational
Science. He serves on numerous advisory boards and is a member of the American Heart Association Peer Review
Committee and of the Clinical Guidelines subcommittee of the Endocrine Society, and he serves as chair of the
NIH AIDS, Clinical Research and Epidemiology Study Section.
NICHOLAS P. BIGELOW is the Lee A. DuBridge Professor of Physics and Optics, the chair of the Department of
Physics and Astronomy, and a senior scientist at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics at the University of Roches -
ter. Dr. Bigelow’s research interests are in the areas of quantum optics and quantum physics. His recent work has
focused on the creation and study of ultracold quantum gases, the manipulation and control of atomic motion using
light pressure forces, the laser cooling and trapping of atoms and molecules, Bose-Einstein condensation, and the
basic quantum nature of the atom-photon interaction. Prior to joining the faculty at the University of Rochester,
Dr. Bigelow was a member of the technical staff at AT&T Bell Laboratories. He then went to the Ecole Normale
Superieure in Paris, France, where he worked in the Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel. In addition to receiving numer-
ous awards, including a Young Investigator Award from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and a Packard
Foundation Fellowship, Dr. Bigelow was the chair of the Fundamental Physics Discipline Working Group in the
NASA Microgravity Physics Program. He received his B.S. in engineering physics and in electrical engineering
from Lehigh University, and his M.S. and Ph.D. in physics from Cornell University. Dr. Bigelow has served on
numerous advisory committees for organizations including the National Research Council, NASA, NSF, and the
Department of Energy (DOE).
LEONARD H. CAVENY is an aerospace consultant and former director of science and technology for the Bal -
listic Missile Defense Organization. His previous experience also includes service as the deputy director of inno -
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APPENDIX C
vative science and technology for the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, staff specialist for the Office of
the Deputy Undersecretary for Research and Advanced Technology for the Department of Defense (DOD), and
program manager for energy conversion for the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR). From 1969 to
1980, as a senior professional staff of Princeton University’s Aerospace and Mechanical Sciences Department,
he guided graduate student research and served as principal investigator. Dr. Caveny’s expertise includes solid
rocket propulsion, aerothermochemistry flight experiments, electric propulsion, space solar power, diagnostics of
reacting flows, combustion, propellants, refractory materials, and aeroacoustics. He earned his B.S. and M.S. in
mechanical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology and his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from
the University of Alabama. He is a fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). He
served on the NRC’s Committee for the Review of NASA’s Pioneering Revolutionary Technology Program and
as chair of the NRC Panel to Review Air Force Office of Scientific Research Proposals in Propulsion.
VIJAY K. DHIR is a professor and the dean of the Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science
at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He was previously the chair of the UCLA Department of
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. His research focuses on two-phase heat transfer, boiling and condensation,
thermal and hydrodynamic stability, thermal hydraulics of nuclear reactors, microgravity heat transfer, and soil
remediation. In addition to his work at UCLA, for the past 30 years Dr. Dhir has been a consultant for numerous
organizations, including General Electric Corporation, Rockwell International, the Nuclear Regulatory Commis -
sion, LANL, and the Brookhaven National Laboratory. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering
(NAE) for his work on boiling heat transfer and nuclear reactor thermal hydraulics and safety. Dr. Dhir is also a
fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Nuclear Society, a recipient
of ASME’s Heat Transfer Memorial Award, and the senior technical editor of ASME’s Journal of Heat Transfer.
Since 1999, a team of researchers led by Dr. Dhir has been taking part in a NASA research program to examine
the effects of boiling in space. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from Punjab University in India,
his M.Tech. in mechanical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, and his Ph.D. in mechanical engi -
neering from the University of Kentucky.
JOEL E. DIMSDALE is a distinguished professor emeritus and research professor of psychiatry at the University
of California, San Diego (UCSD), School of Medicine. Dr. Dimsdale’s major research interests include sympathetic
nervous system physiology as it relates to stress, blood pressure, and sleep; cultural factors in illness; and quality of
life; his clinical subspecialty is consultation psychiatry. He is an active investigator, a former career awardee of the
American Heart Association, and a past president of the Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research, the American
Psychosomatic Society, and the Society of Behavioral Medicine. Dr. Dimsdale serves on numerous editorial boards
and is editor-in-chief emeritus of Psychosomatic Medicine, a previous guest editor of Circulation, and former chair
of the Sleep Research Society’s Committee on Research. He has been a consultant to the President’s Commission
on Mental Health and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and is a long-time reviewer for NIH. Dr. Dimsdale is the
former chair of the UCSD Academic Senate. He heads the Translational Research Scholars Program for UCSD’s
Clinical and Translational Research Institute. Dr. Dimsdale received his B.A. in biology from Carleton College
and his M.A. in sociology and M.D. from Stanford University. In 1980 he served on the advisory committee and
was vice chair of the clinical panel for the IOM Conference on Bio-behavioral Approaches to Sudden Death.
NIKOLAOS A. GATSONIS is a professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department and the director of the Aero -
space Engineering Program at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). From 1991 to 1993 he was a postdoctoral
fellow at the Space Department of the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) Applied Physics Laboratory (APL). His
research interests include simulation methods and modeling of macro- to nanoscale fluid and plasma transport
processes and development of plasma diagnostics. Dr. Gatsonis’s research in spacecraft/environment interactions,
spacecraft electric propulsion, and micropropulsion involved participation in several spaceflight and ground-based
experiments. His research has been supported by AFOSR, JHU APL, NASA, and NSF and through industrial col -
laborations. In addition to receiving numerous teaching awards, Dr. Gatsonis received the WPI Trustees Award for
Outstanding Research and Creative Scholarship (2004) and the George I. Alden Chair in Engineering (2007-2010).
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424 RECAPTURING A FUTURE FOR SPACE EXPLORATION
He was an associate editor of the AIAA Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (2003-2006), a member of the AIAA
Electric Propulsion Technical Committee (1998-2003), and a member of the AIAA Space Science Technical Com -
mittee (1992-1996). He received his undergraduate degree in physics from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
in Greece, an M.S. in atmospheric science from the University of Michigan, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in the
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
SIMON GILROY is a professor of botany in the Botany Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Dr. Gilroy’s research utilizes a multidisciplinary approach to study the interaction of environmental sensing and
development in plants. One area of focus in his work is on understanding the molecules involved in the signals
that allow plants to monitor and adapt to their environment—specifically, how these signals are perceived and
translated to the development and control of a plant’s growth. Dr. Gilroy and his team have investigated the cellular
basis for gravity and mechano-signaling in the growing root and, in one approach, have mapped the sensory cells
in the root using laser ablation and investigated the signaling events in these cells in response to gravity and touch
stimulation. Another major project is focused on defining the signaling pathways responsible for plant hormone
action. Among his recent publications in this field is Plant Tropisms (edited with P.H. Masson), a comprehensive
review of the current state of knowledge on the molecular and cell biological processes that govern plant tropisms.
Dr. Gilroy received his Ph.D. in botany from the University of Edinburgh. He served as a board member of the
American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology (ASGSB).
BENJAMIN D. LEVINE is a professor of medicine and cardiology and holds a distinguished professorship in
exercise science at the University of Texas Southwestern (UT Southwestern) Medical Center at Dallas. He is the
director for the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine (IEEM) at Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas
where he also holds the S. Finley Ewing Jr. Chair for Wellness and the Harry S. Moss Heart Chair for Cardiovas -
cular Research. Dr. Levine founded the IEEM in 1992; it has become one of the premier laboratories in the world
for the study of human integrative physiology. His global research interests center on the adaptive capacity of the
circulation in response to exercise training, deconditioning, aging, and environmental stimuli such as spaceflight
and high altitude. He is a fellow of the American College of Cardiology and of the American College of Sports
Medicine and is on the board of trustees/board of directors of the ACSM (for which he is currently vice presi -
dent), the American Autonomic Society, and the International Hypoxia Symposium. A Henry Luce Foundation
and Fulbright Scholar, he received the Peter van Handel Award from the United States Olympic Committee (for
outstanding research), the Research Award from the Wilderness Medical Society, the Honor Award from the Texas
Chapter of ACSM, and the Citation Award from the National ACSM. He was elected to the Association of Univer-
sity Cardiologists, received the Michael J. Joyner International Teaching Award from the Danish Cardiovascular
Research Academy, and has been selected as one of the “Best Doctors” for cardiovascular medicine in Dallas and
America by his peers. Dr. Levine has an extensive background in space medicine, serving as a co-investigator on
four Spacelab missions (Spacelab Life Sciences [SLS]-1, SLS-2, D-2, and Neurolab) and the MIR space station;
he is currently the PI of a large, cardiovascular experiment on the ISS called the ICV, or Integrated Cardiovascular
experiment. He has completed multiple bed-rest studies with a long, sustained track record of funding by NASA and
the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), for which he became team leader of the Cardiovascular
Section in 2007. His many other leadership roles for NASA and NSBRI have included serving on the first Board
of Scientific Counselors for NSBRI, directing the Cardiovascular Unit of the UT Southwestern NASA SCORT in
integrative physiology, and advising NASA’s flight surgeons on cardiovascular medical issues. Dr. Levine earned
his B.A. magna cum laude in human biology from Brown University and his M.D. from Harvard Medical School.
He completed his internship and residency in internal medicine at Stanford University Medical Center, followed
by a cardiology fellowship at UT Southwestern where he trained under the renowned gravitational physiologist
C. Gunnar Blomqivst.
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APPENDIX C
RODOLFO R. LLINAS* is the Thomas and Suzanne Murphy Professor of Neuroscience and chair of the Depart -
ment of Physiology and Neuroscience at New York University Medical Center. His research pertains mostly to
neuroscience from the molecular to the cognitive level. Dr. Llinas focuses on the intrinsic electrophysiological
properties of mammalian neurons in vitro. In particular, he studies the ionic channels that generate some of the
sodium and calcium currents responsible for the electrophysiological properties of neurons and their distribution
in different cell types. Dr. Llinas also looks at the role of calcium conductance in synaptic transmissions and at the
concept of calcium microdomains; examines the cerebellar control of movement and thalamocortical connectiv -
ity; and is mapping the human brain using noninvasive magnetoencephalography. He received his M.D. from the
Universidad Javeriana in Bogotá, Colombia, and his Ph.D. in neuroscience from the Australian National University
in Canberra. Dr. Llinas is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). He served on the NRC’s U.S.
National Committee for the International Brain Research Organization and on the steering group for a Workshop
on Bionics and Space Exploration.
KATHRYN V. LOGAN is the director of the Center for Multifunctional Aerospace Materials and the Samuel P.
Langley Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University. Her research interests are advanced synthesis and processing, design of materials, high-
temperature solid-state diffusion, refractory material development, analytical materials characterization, and
mechanical properties of materials. At the Center, Dr. Logan is responsible for high-performance, multifunction
aerospace materials research and has overseen the development of a variety of new materials and structures. She
is interested in creating unique materials that help in the human exploration of space. In addition to her materials
work, she and her students are building a large radio-frequency induction press that will be capable of forming
large-surface-area materials for space exploration programs. Once complete, this apparatus will be able to form
unique components and structures not yet possible using standard techniques. Dr. Logan is a fellow and past
president of the American Ceramic Society and the National Institute of Ceramic Engineers and is on the external
advisory board for Clemson University’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering. She has served on
the NRC’s Board on Army Science and Technology.
PHILIPPA MARRACK† is an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, a senior faculty member in
the Integrated Department of Immunology at National Jewish Health, and a professor in the Department of Bio -
chemistry and Molecular Biology and the Department of Immunology and Medicine at the University of Colorado
Health Sciences Center in Denver. Dr. Marrack’s research interests include the creation, specificity, survival, and
activation of T cells; cellular and molecular immunology; microbial pathogenesis; mammalian development; cell
biology; and pathogenicity. She did much of the pioneering research on T cells, including the discovery that T
cells have receptors to distinguish between dangerous microbes and a molecule called MHC. Dr. Marrack’s current
research focuses on how the body realizes that it has been injected with alum, a precipitate of aluminum salts. Her
work is partially supported by funds from NIH and by fellowships from the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society.
Dr. Marrack earned her B.A. in biochemistry and her Ph.D. in biological sciences from Cambridge University. In
addition her membership in the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine, she is a member of
the Royal Society of the United Kingdom, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association
of Immunology, and the British Society for Immunology.
GABOR A. SOMORJAI is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley,
and a faculty senior scientist in the Materials Sciences Division and a group leader of the Surface Science and
Catalysis Program at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Dr. Somorjai’s research interests are in the field
of surface science. His group is studying the structure, bonding, and reactivity at solid surfaces on the molecu -
lar scale; this knowledge then contributes to the understanding of macroscopic surface phenomena, adsorption,
heterogeneous catalysis, and biocompatibility on the molecular level. To this end, he also develops instruments
* Rodolfo R. Llinas was a member of the committee through mid-December 2009.
† Philippa Marrack was a member of the committee through mid-May 2010.
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426 RECAPTURING A FUTURE FOR SPACE EXPLORATION
for nanoscale characterization of surfaces, including sum frequency generation surface vibrational spectroscopy,
high-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy, and high-pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Dr. Somorjai
received his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley. He is a member of the National
Academy of Sciences.
CHARLES M. TIPTON is professor emeritus of physiology at the University of Arizona. He retired after 35 years
of directing an exercise physiology laboratory that employed animal models to investigate mechanisms associated
with acute and chronic exercise; the laboratory was continuously supported by federal, state, and private funds,
including support from NIH and NASA. During his career, Dr. Tipton held appointments or joint appointments with
departments of physical education, physiology and biophysics, biomedical engineering, orthopaedic surgery, and
surgery, as well as exercise and sport sciences. In addition, he was a visiting senior scientist at the NASA Ames
Research Center. Dr. Tipton is a former president of the American College of Sports Medicine, editor of Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise, associate editor of the Journal of Applied Physiology, and Councilor of the
American Physiological Society (APS); he received honor awards for research both from the American College of
Sports Medicine and from the Environmental and Exercise Section of APS, and he received the Founders Award
from the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology. Besides being chair of the NIH Applied Physiology
and Bioengineering Study Section, he has served on numerous space-related panels, including the NASA Review
Panel on Space Medicine and Countermeasures, the NASA-IDI Cardiopulmonary Physiology Review Panel, and
AIBS panels for microgravity research, and on the NASA-Bion Biospecimen Peer Review Panel. Currently, he is
a member of External Advisory Committee to the National Space Biomedical Research Institute. After receiving
his B.S. in physical education from Springfield College and an M.S. in physical education from the University of
Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, he taught science, biology, and physical education in select high schools in Illinois.
Later, he returned to the University of Illinois and received his Ph.D. in physiology with minors in biochemistry
and anatomy.
JOSE L. TORERO is the Building Research Establishment (BRE)/Royal Academy of Engineering Professor of
Fire Safety Engineering, the director of the BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, and the head of the Institute
for Infrastructure and Environment at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. Prior to taking the helm at the Centre,
Dr. Torero was an associate professor in the Department of Fire Protection Engineering and an affiliate associate
professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Maryland. He is a fellow of the U.K.
Royal Academy of Engineering and Royal Society of Edinburgh. His research is primarily in the areas of fire
dynamics, smoke detection and management, protection and suppression systems, fire-induced skin burns, and the
behavior of structures in the event of a fire—in particular, fire behavior in complex environments like spacecraft.
Dr. Torero is a member of numerous organizations, including the International Association for Fire Safety Science
for which he serves as vice chair and the Fire Safety Committee of the International Council for Tall Buildings
and Urban Habitat for which he serves as chair. He also served on the AIAA Microgravity and Space Processes
Technical Committee, the ASME K-11 Fire and Combustion Committee, and NASA’s Mars or Bust and Fire Safety
Committee. He is the editor-in-chief of Fire Safety Journal, associate editor of Combustion Science and Technol-
ogy, and a member of the editorial boards of Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Fire Technology, and
Fire Science and Technology. His academic distinctions include the Society of Fire Protection Engineers’ Arthur
B. Guise Medal for eminent contributions to fire science and the Tam Dalyell Medal for excellence in engaging
the public with science. He received his B.Sc. from the Catholic University of Peru and his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from
the University of California, Berkeley.
ROBERT WEGENG is a chief engineer in the Energy and Efficiency Division at Battelle’s Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory. During his more than two decades of employment with Battelle, Mr. Wegeng has contributed
as an engineer and project manager to projects supported by the federal government—for the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency, DOD, DOE, and NASA—and by commercial organizations in the energy, aerospace,
and chemical process industries. He was vice chair of the 2nd and 4th International Conferences on Microreac -
tion Technology, a conference held jointly by Battelle, the Institute of Microtechnology, the German Society
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APPENDIX C
for Chemical Apparatus, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, and the American Institute for Chemical
Engineers. Mr. Wegeng has been involved in numerous projects dealing with alternative energy and with human
exploration architecture, including in situ resource utilization (ISRU). He has written in the latter area, outlining
microchemical and thermal systems for ISRU, and on a microchannel in situ propellant system as an enabling
technology for Mars architecture concepts. Mr. Wegeng’s experience in solar thermochemical fuel production
demonstrates a strong foundation in chemistry, which he applies to his technical papers on ISRU. In collaboration
with researchers at NASA, he has developed a means to keep robotic systems warm enough to operate in harsh
extraterrestrial environments. Mr. Wegeng is the co-recipient of two R&D 100 Awards and he has registered 88
patents (U.S. and foreign).
GAYLE E. WOLOSCHAK is a professor of radiation oncology and of radiology and cell and molecular biology at
the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Her research is focused on nanocomposites and molecu-
lar consequences of radiation exposure. Dr. Woloschak’s work is oriented toward function use of nanocomposites
for intracellular manipulation, imaging, and gene silencing. Her work on motor neuron disease is designed to lead
to an understanding of the molecular basis for the combined abnormalities from a molecular-cellular perspective.
She received her Ph.D. in medical sciences (microbiology) from the Medical College of Ohio. Dr. Woloschak
served on the NRC Committee on Evaluation of Radiation Shielding for Space Exploration and the Committee to
Assess Potential Health Effects from Exposures to PAVE PAWS Low-Level Phased-Array Radiofrequency Energy.
She has served on review panels for NIH, NASA, DOE, DOD, and other organizations and has chaired several
international workshops on biological and medical applications of microprobes.
ANIMAL AND HUMAN BIOLOGY PANEL
KENNETH M. BALDWIN, Chair, is a professor of physiology and biophysics at the University of California,
Irvine, and School of Medicine. Dr. Baldwin’s laboratory research focuses on the impact of activity patterns or
exercise regimens on the biochemical and physiologic properties of cardiac and skeletal muscle in mammals.
His research has demonstrated that muscle systems are in a dynamic state of biological adaptation, referred to
as plasticity. Various subcellular components and proteins can be changed both qualitatively and quantitatively
in accordance with how the muscle system is continually stressed (or unstressed) by activities such as chronic
locomotion, muscle loading, and muscle unloading such as during chronic bed rest. Of primary interest is how
the effects of these various activities are translated into biochemical events that lead to alterations in protein
expression in muscle. Because the role of myosin is that of both a structural and regulatory protein involved in
muscle contraction, work in Dr. Baldwin’s laboratory focuses on factors that influence the expression of different
isoforms of myosin in both cardiac and skeletal muscle. As a corollary to these experiments, Dr. Baldwin’s group,
in conjunction with NASA, recently sent rats on several space shuttle missions to study the effects of weightless -
ness on skeletal muscle. Dr. Baldwin was appointed chair of the NASA Life and Microgravity Sciences Advisory
Committee in 1998 and was appointed to the NASA Advisory Council in 1999. His academic distinctions include
the 1998 APS Edward Adolph Award, the 1998 ACSM Southwest Chapter Achievement Award, and the 1999
NASA Public Service Award. Recently, he received the ACSM prestigious Honor Award for his research in muscle
plasticity. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Iowa.
FRANÇOIS M. ABBOUD is the Edith King Pearson Chair in Cardiovascular Research, a professor of medicine
and molecular physiology and biophysics, the director of the Cardiovascular Research Center, and the associate
vice president for research at the University of Iowa. He was chair of the Department of Internal Medicine from
1976 through 2002. His NIH Program Project Grant on Integrative Neurobiology of Cardiovascular Regulation
has been supported since 1971. His human studies have focused on the integrated control of sympathetic activity
in physiological and pathological states (e.g., sleep apnea and hypertension). Dr. Abboud has received a number
of awards, including the ASPET (American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics) Award for
Experimental Therapeutics; the Wiggers Award, the Ludwig Award, and the Walter B. Cannon Award Lectureship
of the American Physiological Society; the Research Achievement Award, the Gold Heart Award, and the Distin -
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428 RECAPTURING A FUTURE FOR SPACE EXPLORATION
guished Scientist Award of the American Heart Association; and the CIBA Award and Medal for Hypertension
Research of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Most recently Dr. Abboud received the Kober Medal
of the Association of American Physicians. He was the editor-in-chief of Circulation Research and co-editor of the
Handbook of Physiology on Peripheral Circulation and Organ Blood Flow. He served on the Advisory Council
of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and is on the Editorial Advisory Board of Clinical Autonomic
Research and on the NRC’s Sleep Medicine and Research Committee. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine
and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
PETER R. CAVANAGH is a professor and the endowed chair in Women’s Sports Medicine and Lifetime Fitness
at the University of Washington School of Medicine, where he is building a research and education program on the
bone and joint health of active women. His other research interests include lower-extremity biomechanics, athletic
footwear, bone loss during long-duration spaceflight, bone health in women on Earth, and the foot complications of
diabetes. Dr. Cavanagh is the principal investigator of an experiment that was recently completed onboard the ISS.
His latest book, Bone Loss During Spaceflight, was published in 2007. He has authored, co-authored, or edited more
than 400 papers, abstracts, chapters, and books and has mentored more than 70 graduate students and postdoctoral
fellows. He is a member of the American College of Sports Medicine, the American Diabetes Association, the
American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society, the American Society of Biomechanics, and the International Society
of Biomechanics. His more recent honors include the 2007 Laurence R. Young Space Biomedical Research Award
from NASA/NSBRI and the 2009 Edward James Olmos Award for Advocacy in Amputation Prevention. After
completing undergraduate studies at Loughborough College at the University of Nottingham, United Kingdom,
Dr. Cavanagh received his Ph.D. in anatomy and human biomechanics at the Royal Free Medical School at the
University of London. He also received a D.Sc. degree from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of London.
V. REGGIE EDGERTON is a professor of physiological science in the Department of Physiological Sciences at
the University of California, Los Angeles. Previously he served as the director of the Brain Research Institute.
His research interests include neural control of movement and neuromuscular plasticity. Dr. Edgerton’s laboratory
focuses on two main research questions: how and to what extent the nervous system controls protein expression
in skeletal muscle fibers, and how the neural networks in the lumbar spinal cord of mammals, including humans,
control stepping, including the question of how this stepping pattern becomes modified by chronically imposing
specific motor tasks on the limbs after complete spinal cord injury. He is also studying how to develop robotic
devices that can help laboratory animals and humans with neuromuscular deficits to walk. Such a device is being
developed for use by crew members in maintaining a critical level of control of locomotion in variable gravitational
environments. Dr. Edgerton is a member of the American Physiological Society. He received his Ph.D. in exercise
physiology from Michigan State University.
DONNA MURASKO is the dean of the College of Arts and Sciences and a professor of biology and a professor of
microbiology and immunology in the College of Medicine at Drexel University. She also served as vice provost and
chair of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Drexel. Although Dr. Murasko’s initial training was
in tumor immunology, the focus of her research for more than 20 years has been the changes that occur in immune
response with increasing age. Utilizing both mouse models and human samples, she has focused on the immune
response to viruses. She is a member of numerous professional societies and a fellow of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). She received her B.A. in bacteriology from the Douglass College of
Rutgers and her Ph.D. in microbiology from the M.S. Hershey Medical Center at Pennsylvania State University.
JOHN T. POTTS, JR., is the Jackson Distinguished Professor of Clinical Medicine at Harvard Medical School. He
served as the director of research and physician-in-chief emeritus at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). He
completed his internship and residency at MGH from 1957 to 1959 before moving on to NIH. Dr. Potts remained
at NIH from 1959 to 1968, when he returned to MGH as the chief of endocrinology. He also served as the chair of
the Department of Medicine and physician-in-chief. In his role as director of research, Dr. Potts was responsible
for developing policies and strategies for preserving and strengthening the extensive scientific research effort at
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MGH. Dr. Potts is a director of ReceptorBase, Inc., and Zeltiq Aesthetics; a founder of Radius Health, Inc.; and a
member of the scientific advisory boards of MPMP Capital and HealthCare Ventures, as well as the medical advi -
sory board of Cell Genesys. Dr. Potts received his B.A. from LaSalle College and his M.D. from the University of
Pennsylvania. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, and the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is the author or co-author of more than 500 scientific publications. Dr. Potts
has served as a member of the NRC Committee on Non-heart-Beating Organ Transplantation II: The Scientific and
Ethical Basis for Practice and Protocols, the Project on Medical and Ethical Issues in Maintaining the Viability of
Organs for Transplantation (for which he was the principal investigator), and the Board on Health Sciences Policy.
APRIL E. RONCA is a professor of obstetrics and gynecology and (jointly) neurobiology and anatomy and molecu-
lar medicine/translational science at Wake Forest University School of Medicine. She is also the director of the
Women’s Health Center of Excellence Research Program. Dr. Ronca previously spent 6 years as the director of
the Developmental Neurobiology and Behavior Laboratory at the NASA Ames Research Center. The main focus
of Dr. Ronca’s research is mammalian pregnancy, birth, and the transition from prenatal to postnatal life, with
an emphasis on sensory development and neurodevelopmental disorders. She was an investigator on two NASA
space shuttle experiments examining gravitational influences on pregnancy and prenatal development. Dr. Ronca
has received numerous research awards from NIH and NASA and has published more than 60 papers and book
chapters. She is the 2004 recipient of the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal and the Thora Halstead Young
Investigator’s Award from the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology (ASGSB). Dr. Ronca serves
on the ASGSB board of directors, the editorial boards for ASGSB and Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
and is a member of the NIH Biobehavioral Regulation Learning and Ethology Study Section. She has served on
numerous NASA advisory and review panels. Dr. Ronca received her B.S. in psychology and her Ph.D. in neuro -
science from the Ohio State University as a presidential fellow.
CHARLES M. TIPTON. See the committee listing above.
CHARLES H. TURNER‡ was the Chancellor’s Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopedic Surgery at
Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis (IUPUI). Dr. Turner was also the director of orthopedic research
in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery and the associate chair for biomedical engineering at IUPUI. Prior to join-
ing the faculty at Indiana University in 1991, he spent 4 years with the Osteoporosis Research Center at Creighton
University. The main focus of Dr. Turner’s research was treatments for the bone disease osteoporosis. His recent
research focused on molecular genetics using transgenic and congenic mice to identify new ways to make bone
stronger. He won numerous awards for his research in musculoskeletal biomechanics and bone biology, including
grants from NIH, the Fuller Albright Award from the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, and the
Outstanding Young Investigator Awards from the Whitaker Foundation and the Health Future Foundation. In 2002,
Dr. Turner was a fellow of the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineers. He served as a consultant
in biomechanics and orthopedic science for NIH, NSF, NASA, the Food and Drug Administration, the Canadian
Institutes of Health Research, the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Austrian Science Fund, the Israel Sci -
ence Foundation, and the Wellcome Trust (England). He published more than 400 scientific papers and abstracts
on topics in biomechanics, bone biology, and orthopedic science, and he has given more than 100 invited presen -
tations on research topics in musculoskeletal biomechanics worldwide. Dr. Turner received a B.S. in mechanical
engineering from Texas Tech University and his Ph.D. in biomedical engineering from Tulane University.
JOHN B. WEST is a distinguished professor of medicine and physiology in the School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego. Dr. West’s research interests are in respiratory physiology, including environmental and
exercise physiology. He has had a long association with NASA, spending a sabbatical year at the NASA Ames
Research Center in 1967-1968 and subsequently being a principal investigator of a large project to measure pulmo -
nary function in astronauts during spaceflight. A number of his experiments were carried out on SpaceLab in the
‡ Deceased July 2010.
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1990s. Dr. West has long had an interest in high-altitude physiology and led the 1981 American Medical Research
Expedition to Everest, during which the first measurements of human physiology were obtained on the summit.
He is the author or editor of 22 books and more than 400 publications. Dr. West received his M.D. from Adelaide
University, Australia, in 1958 and his Ph.D. from London University, United Kingdom, in 1960. Dr. West was
elected to the Institute of Medicine in 2004. He has served on numerous NRC or IOM committees, including the
Committee on Advanced Space Technology and the Committee on Space Biology and Medicine. He is currently
a member of the NRC Committee on Aerospace Medicine and the Medicine of Extreme Environments.
APPLIED PHYSICAL SCIENCES PANEL
PETER W. VOORHEES, Chair, is the Frank C. Engelhart Professor and chair of the Department of Materials
Science and Engineering at Northwestern University. He was a member of the Metallurgy Division at the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) until joining the Department of Materials Science and Engineering
at Northwestern University in 1988. He has published more than 160 papers in the area of the thermodynamics and
kinetics of phase transformations. He has flown experiments investigating the dynamics of coarsening processes on
the space shuttle and, more recently, on the ISS. Professor Voorhees’s research interests include the dynamics of
coarsening processes, nanowire growth, solid-oxide fuel cells, and the three-dimensional morphology of interfaces
in materials. He received both his B.S. and his Ph.D. in materials engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
(RPI). Dr. Voorhees last served as the chair of the NRC Committee on Microgravity Research (2000-2003), and
he was a member of the Space Studies Board (1998-2003).
NIKOLAOS A. GATSONIS. See the committee listing above.
RICHARD T. LAHEY, JR., is the Edward E. Hood Professor Emeritus of Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute and a founding director of PJM, LLC, the largest supplier and market operator of wholesale electricity in
the United States. He was formerly the director of the Center for Multiphase Research and the dean of engineer-
ing at RPI. He also served as chair of the Department of Nuclear Engineering and Science and the faculty senate
at RPI. Prior to joining Rensselaer’s faculty in 1975, he held several technical and managerial positions with the
General Electric Company, including overall responsibility for all domestic and foreign research and development
programs associated with boiling water nuclear reactor thermal-hydraulic and safety technology. His research has
focused on multiphase flow and heat transfer technology. He has received numerous honors and awards, includ -
ing the E.O. Lawrence Memorial Award of the Department of Energy, the ANS Seaborg Medal, the AIChE Kern
Award, and the Glenn Murphy Award of the American Society of Engineering Education. He was elected to the
National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the field of multiphase flow and heat transfer and nuclear
reactor safety technology. He received his B.S. in marine engineering from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy,
his M.S. in mechanical engineering from RPI, his M.E. in engineering mechanics from Columbia University, and
his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from Stanford University. Dr. Lahey served as a member of the NRC Com -
mittee on Microgravity Research (1997-2000), the Electric Power/Energy Systems Engineering Peer Committee
(1999-2002), and the Committee on Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage (2004-2005).
RICHARD M. LUEPTOW is a professor of mechanical engineering, the senior associate dean of the McCormick
School of Engineering and Applied Science, co-director of the Master of Product Development Program, and
formerly Charles Deering McCormick Professor of Teaching Excellence at Northwestern University. Prior to
joining the Northwestern faculty, he was a senior research engineer at the Haemonetics Corporation in Braintree,
Massachusetts. Dr. Lueptow’s research interests and expertise range from fundamental flow physics, to water
purification on manned spacecraft, to planetary acoustics. He has studied rotating filtration, dry granular flows
and granular slurries, the fundamental physics of circular Couette flow, filtration systems, fire suppression sprays,
and acoustic gas composition sensors. Dr. Lueptow has received numerous awards, including the NIH National
Research Service Award (1978-1980), the American Society for Engineering Education Dow Outstanding Young
Faculty Award (1993), the William M. Carey Award from the National Fire Protection Research Foundation (2002,
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2003), and the Space Act Award from the NASA Inventions and Contributions Board for Rotating Reverse Osmosis
(2004). Dr. Lueptow received his B.S. in engineering from Michigan Technological University and his Sc.D. in
mechanical engineering from MIT. He has frequent visiting appointments at the University of Marseille and is a
fellow of the American Physical Society.
JOHN J. MOORE is a materials scientist who holds the position of Trustees’ Professor and head of the Department
of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at the Colorado School of Mines (CSM). Dr. Moore is also the direc -
tor of the interdisciplinary graduate program in materials science and the director of the Advanced Coatings and
Surface Engineering Laboratory/Advanced Combustion Synthesis and Engineering Laboratory (ACSEL) at CSM.
ACSEL is a national and international leader in research on advanced coatings, surface engineering, and advanced
materials synthesis and processing. Prior appointments held by Dr. Moore include those as head of the Depart -
ment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at CSM; professor and head of the Department of Chemical and
Materials Engineering at the University of Auckland, New Zealand; professor of metallurgical engineering at the
University of Minnesota; and manager of industrial engineering and production control at Birmingham Aluminium
Castings in the United Kingdom. Dr. Moore’s research interests fall into two main areas: advanced coatings and
surface engineering and self-propagating high-temperature (combustion) synthesis (SHS) of advanced materials.
Both of these research areas are operated through ACSEL. The main objective of ACSEL is to perform fundamental
research in advanced physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition systems that will aid the thin films,
coatings, and surface engineering industry, and the application of SHS in the development of new processes for
net shaped metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and inetermetallic matrix composite materials. Dr. Moore has published
more than 600 papers in international journals on materials processing and has been awarded 14 patents. He was
awarded a B.Sc. in materials science and engineering from the University of Surrey, United Kingdom, and a
Ph.D. and a D.Eng. in industrial metallurgy from the University of Birmingham, U.K. Dr. Moore is the chair of
the Scientific Advisory Board of XsunX, a start-up photovoltaics company in Oregon; a member of the board of
directors of Hazen Research, Inc., Golden, Colorado; and the chief scientific officer and company secretary of
Advanced Materials Solutions, Inc., a high-tech materials company based in Golden, Colorado.
ELAINE S. ORAN is the senior scientist for reactive flow physics at the Naval Research Laboratory; an adjunct
professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and a visiting
professor at the University of Leeds, United Kingdom. Dr. Oran designs numerical methods for simulating com -
plex fluid dynamic processes and then uses these methods to solve a wide variety of scientific and engineering
problems. Her recent research interests include combustion and propulsion, rarefied gases and microfluidics,
fluid turbulence, materials engineering, high-performance computing and parallel architectures, computational
science and numerical analysis, biophysical fluid dynamics, wave equations, and astrophysical phenomena such
as supernova explosions. Dr. Oran is a member of the National Academy of Engineering; a fellow of the AIAA,
the American Physical Society, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics; and a member of the
Combustion Institute, the American Society of Mechanical Engineering, and the Society of Women Engineers. Her
numerous awards include the Presidential Rank Award of Distinguished Senior Professional, the degree of Docteur
Honoris Causa from Ecole Centrale de Lyon, and the Zeldovich Gold Medal from the Combustion Institute. Dr.
Oran received her B.A. in chemistry and physics from Bryn Mawr College and her M.Ph. in physics and Ph.D.
in engineering and applied sciences from Yale University. She is currently a member of the NRC’s Aeronautics
and Space Engineering Board and has served on many NAE committees, including the Aerospace Engineering
Peer Committee, the Audit Committee (2005-2008), and the Bernard M. Gordon Prize Committee (2004-2006).
AMY L. RECHENMACHER is an assistant professor in the Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering at the University of Southern California (USC). Prior to joining the faculty of USC, she was an assis -
tant professor at the Johns Hopkins University, where she taught soil mechanics and digital imaging geotechnical
engineering courses and methods. She also worked briefly as a soil specialist on an archaeological excavation
of the ancient Mut Temple ruins in Egypt. Dr. Rechenmacher studies the mechanics of dense granular flows, in
particular the behavior of local flows, and micro- and mesoscale and thermodynamic aspects of granular material
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ogy. Dr. Lineberger has served on numerous NRC committees, and he is currently an active member of the NRC
Report Review Committee.
RONALD WALSWORTH is a senior lecturer in the Department of Physics at Harvard University and a senior
physicist at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. His research group pursues a wide range of experimental
investigations, including the development of atomic clocks; precise tests of physical laws and symmetries; laser
frequency combs as improved optical wavelength calibrators for astrophysical spectroscopy, with applications to
exoplanet searches; sensitive magnetometry with nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond; and the develop-
ment of new bioimaging tools, with a focus on pulmonary physiology and brain science. Dr. Walsworth has received
numerous awards, including the Francis M. Pipkin Award on precision measurements from the American Physical
Society (2005). He received his B.S. in physics from Duke University and his Ph.D. in physics from Harvard
University. Dr. Walsworth currently serves on the NRC’s Committee on Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Sciences.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL HEALTH PANEL
THOMAS J. BALKIN, Chair, is the chief of the Department of Behavioral Biology at the Walter Reed Army
Institute of Research where he has served since 1985. Dr. Balkin first worked as a research psychologist in the
Human Psychopharmacology Branch of the Department of Behavioral Biology and has been in his current position
since 1995. He is also a co-director of the Sleep Disorders Center at Howard County (Maryland) General Hospital.
He is the author of numerous articles and studies on sleep issues, including those involving alertness, fatigue,
and performance. He has been affiliated with several sleep disorders centers and sleep centers since 1981 and has
served on boards and committees focused on issues of sleep and performance for organizations such as the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization, NIH, and other government agencies. Dr. Balkin received his B.S. from Syracuse
University; his M.S. in experimental psychology from the State University of New York, College at Cortland; and
his Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Bowling Green State University.
JOEL E. DIMSDALE. See the committee listing above.
NICK KANAS is a professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Kanas’s research
interests include the psychological interactions of people under stress and ways that they can cope better with
stressors in their environment. For more than 16 years, he has studied astronauts living and working in space. He
has been the PI of two large NASA-funded international studies involving the Mir space station and the ISS, and
he is currently the PI of a NASA-funded study aimed at examining the effects of increased crew anatomy in space.
In 1999, Dr. Kanas received the Aerospace Medical Association Raymond F. Longacre Award for Outstanding
Accomplishment in the Psychological and Psychiatric Aspects of Aerospace Medicine, and in 2008 he received
the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) Life Sciences Award. In 2003 he received the J. Elliott Royer
Award for excellence in academic psychiatry. Dr. Kanas is the co-author of the book Space Psychology and Psy-
chiatry, which was the recipient of the 2004 IAA Life Sciences Book Award. He served as a member of the NRC
Committee on Space Biology and Medicine Panel on Human Behavior.
GLORIA R. LEON, Professor Emerita of Psychology at the University of Minnesota, received her Ph.D. in mental
health psychology from the University of Maryland. Her first academic appointment was in the Department of
Psychology at Rutgers University, and in 1974 she was appointed assistant professor in the Department of Psychol -
ogy at the University of Minnesota. At Minnesota, she was a member of both the clinical and personality doctoral
programs, serving for 10 years as the director of the clinical psychology graduate program. She has conducted
extensive research on the assessment of personality and behavioral functioning after traumatic situations including
the Holocaust, Vietnam combat, disasters, and living in the Chernobyl area. She has studied polar expeditions with
teams composed of single-gender, mixed-gender, and cross-national members and continues research in this area
as an analog for space exploration. Dr. Leon was co-principal investigator on a NASA-funded program of research
focused on developing more effective protective clothing for astronauts during extravehicular activity (EVA) using
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principles of physiological design, and technologies for more accurately monitoring the thermal status of astro -
nauts during extended EVA. She has been a member of a number of NASA committees and workshops focused
on behavioral health and human performance in space, NASA peer-review panels, the International Astronautics
Association psychosocial committee, and program committees for various space-related congresses. She was a
member of the external advisory committee of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute, Neurobehavioral
and Psychosocial team (2004-2007). Dr. Leon is currently a member of the Institute of Medicine’s Committee on
Medicine in Extreme Environments and of the NASA Human Research Program’s Behavioral Health and Perfor-
mance Standing Review Panel.
LAWRENCE A. PALINKAS is the Albert G. and Frances Lomas Feldman Professor of Social Policy and Health at
the University of Southern California and an adjunct professor of medicine and family and preventive medicine at
the University of California, San Diego. A medical anthropologist, his primary areas of expertise lie in preventive
medicine, cross-cultural medicine, and health services research. He has conducted extensive research on human
adaptation to isolated, confined, and extreme environments, most notably in Antarctica and the high Arctic. Among
his scholarly achievements are receiving the Antarctic Service Medal awarded by the National Science Founda -
tion and the U.S. Navy in 1989, serving as the deputy chief officer of the Life Sciences Standing Committee on
Antarctic Research in 2002, and serving as the chair of the NSBRI External Advisory Council, 2003-2005. He is
an elected fellow of the American Anthropological Association and of the Society for Applied Anthropology and
the author of more than 250 publications. Dr. Palinkas received his B.A. from the University of Chicago and both
his M.A. and Ph.D. from UCSD. He served as a member of the NRC Committee on Space Biology and Medicine,
as chair of the Panel on Human Behavior, and as a member of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
and the Committee on NASA’s Bioastronautics Critical Path Roadmap.
MRIGANKA SUR, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.§
INTEGRATIVE AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH FOR THE HUMAN SYSTEMS PANEL
JAMES A. PAWELCZYK, Chair, is an associate professor of physiology and kinesiology at Pennsylvania State
University. Dr. Pawelczyk served as a payload specialist on STS-90 Neurolab. During the 16-day Spacelab flight,
the seven-person crew aboard NASA space shuttle Columbia served as both experiment subjects and operators for
26 individual life sciences experiments focusing on the effects of microgravity on the brain and nervous system. Dr.
Pawelczyk’s primary research interests include the neural control of circulation, particularly skeletal muscle blood
flow, as it is affected by exercise or spaceflight. Dr. Pawelczyk is a member of the American Heart Association,
the American Physiological Society, the American College of Sports Medicine, and the Society for Neuroscience.
He has won numerous awards, including the Young Investigator Award from the Life Sciences Project Division
of the NASA Office of Life and Microgravity Science Applications (1994) and the NASA Space Flight Medal
(1998). He earned two B.A. degrees, in biology and psychology, from the University of Rochester in 1982, an M.S.
in physiology from Pennsylvania State University in 1985, and a Ph.D. in biology (physiology) from the Univer-
sity of North Texas in 1982. Dr. Pawelczyk has previously served as a member of the NRC’s Review of NASA
Strategic Roadmaps: Space Station Panel (2005), Committee on NASA’s Bioastronautics Critical Path Roadmap
(2004-2006), Committee to Review NASA’s Space Flight Standards (2006-2007), Planning Committee for the
Issues in Space Science and Technology Workshop Series (2007-2008), and Committee on NASA’s Research on
Human Health Risks (2007-2008). He currently serves as a member of the NRC Committee on Aerospace Medicine
and Medicine of Extreme Environments (2006-2009) and as a member of the Space Studies Board (2006-2010).
ALAN R. HARGENS is a professor in and the director of the Clinical Physiology Laboratory at the University
of California, San Diego. He previously served as the chief of the Space Physiology Branch, a senior research
physiologist and space station project scientist at the NASA Ames Research Center, and a consulting professor
§ Mriganka Sur was a member of the panel through mid-December 2009.
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of human biology at Stanford University. Dr. Hargens’s laboratory at UCSD focuses on orthopaedic and clinical
physiology, with recent research concerning gravity effects on the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems of
humans and animals. Dr. Hargens also investigates countermeasures to challenge the cardiovascular and muscu -
loskeletal systems and to provide artificial gravity for spaceflight and Moon/Mars habitation. This research also
is translated to aid in the postsurgical treatment and rehabilitation of orthopaedic patients and to improve the
performance of athletes. In addition to his research on gravitational stress, Dr. Hargens studies tissue fluid and
osmotic pressures, including those in giraffes to understand how they prevent dependent edema, those in skeletal
muscle to diagnose compartment syndromes, and those in intervertebral discs to help understand low-back pain.
Dr. Hargens’s laboratory has performed numerous bed rest studies, ranging from 1 to 60 days in length, and has
investigated spinal adaptations to microgravity in rats (Cosmos 1887), mice (STS-131 and STS-133), and astro -
nauts (IML-2 and ISS). He served as chair of NASA’s Science Working Group for the Space Station Centrifuge
Facility, as a member of the NASA Cardiopulmonary Discipline Working Group, as chair of the NASA Panel for
Human Health from Earth to Space, as a member of NASA Committee on Development of Countermeasures for
Long Duration Space Flight, as a member of the International Multidisciplinary Artificial Gravity Project Review,
as a co-chair of the NASA Human Health Countermeasure Element Standing Review Panel, and as a member of
the NASA Human Research Program Cardiovascular Risks Panel. Dr. Hargens is a fellow of the American Col -
lege of Sports Medicine and a fellow of the Aerospace Medical Association. He is associate editor of the Journal
of Gravitational Physiology. He is the recipient of an NIH Research Career Development Award, the Elizabeth
Winston Lanier Award, the American Physiology Society Recognition Award, and two NASA honor awards. He is
a past president of the International Society of Adaptive Medicine. He received his Ph.D. in marine biology from
the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UCSD in 1971.
ROBERT L. HELMREICH is a retired professor of psychology, having taught at the University of Texas, Austin,
from 1966 to 2006. He was PI of the University of Texas Human Factors Research Project, which studied individual
and team performance, human error, and the influence of culture on behavior in aviation and medicine. He was
a member of the Space Life Sciences Committee for NASA’s University Space Research Association, and he is
a fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and the American Psychological Association. Dr. Helmreich received
the Flight Safety Foundation Distinguished Service Award for his contributions to aviation safety through the
study and development of team training techniques (Crew Resource Management) for flight crews. He was also
awarded Laurels from Aviation Week and Space Technology for his research related to human factors in aviation.
He received the Distinguished Service Award of the Flight Safety Foundation and the Human Factors Award of
Airbus Industrie in 2004. Dr. Helmreich is the 2005 recipient of the Public Service Award of the American Asso -
ciation of Anesthesia Nurses and of the University of Texas College of Liberal Arts Pro Bene Meritis Award, and
he received the David S. Sheridan Award from Albany Medical College in 1997. He has written more than 200
papers, chapters, and scientific reports, and he is the author (with Ashleigh Merritt) of the 1998 book Culture at
Work in Aviation and Medicine: National, Organizational, and Professional Influences . Dr. Helmreich received
his B.S. and Ph.D. from Yale University in 1959 and 1966, respectively. He served on the NRC Panel on Human
Behavior, the Panel on Workload Transition, the Committee on Space Biology and Medicine, the Committee on
Human-Systems Integration, the Committee on Human Factors, and the Panel on Human Factors in Air Traffic
Control Automation.
JOANNE R. LUPTON is a Distinguished Professor, Regent’s Professor, and University Faculty Fellow at Texas
A&M University, College Station, and holder of the William W. Allen Endowed Chair in Human Nutrition. Dr.
Lupton’s research is on the effects of diet on colon physiology and colon cancer, with a particular focus on dietary
fiber and n-3 fatty acids. She translates basic research on diet and colon physiology to science-based public
policy and has consulted with individuals in Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, and elsewhere on the definition
of dietary fiber and on establishing dietary guidance systems in those countries. She is the PI on a training grant
to train Ph.D. students in space life sciences and is the former team leader for nutrition and physical fitness for
the NSBRI. Her research is supported by grants from the NIH/National Cancer Institute, NASA, and NSBRI. Dr.
Lupton chaired the Macronutrients Panel for Dietary Reference Intakes for the Food and Nutrition Board of the
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NRC, which determined the intake values for protein, carbohydrates, fats, fiber, and energy. She also chaired the
NRC panel to determine the definition of dietary fiber. She was a member of the 2005 Dietary Guidelines Commit -
tee. Dr. Lupton spent 1 year at the Food and Drug Administration helping to develop levels of scientific evidence
required for health claims. She is a past president of the American Society for Nutrition (ASN) and a member of
the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Lupton has mentored more than 50 M.S. and Ph.D. students while at Texas A&M
and received the Dannon/ASN mentoring award in 2004. In 2007 she received the Texas A&M Distinguished
Achievement Award for Research. Her undergraduate degree is from Mount Holyoke College, and her Ph.D. in
nutrition is from the University of California, Davis.
CHARLES M. OMAN is a senior research engineer, senior lecturer, and director of the Man-Vehicle Laboratory
in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. Oman’s group
studies the physiological and cognitive limitations of humans in aircraft and spacecraft and tries to develop new
ways of improving human-vehicle effectiveness and safety. The laboratory takes an interdisciplinary approach,
utilizing techniques from manual and supervisory control theory, estimation, signal processing, biomechanics, cog -
nitive, computational and physiological neuroscience, sensory-motor physiology, human factors, and biostatistics.
Dr. Oman flew experiments on visual and vestibular function in spatial orientation on nine space shuttle missions,
including six Spacelab flights. Since 1997 he has led the Sensorimotor Adaptation Research Team of the NSBRI.
Dr. Oman served on the NASA Advisory Council’s Biological and Physical Research Advisory Committee and
the NRC Panel on Robotic Access and Human Planetary Landing Systems. He chaired the NASA Space Station
Utilization Advisory Subcommittee (2004-2005). He is a member of the International Academy of Astronautics. Dr.
Oman received his B.S.E. from Princeton University and his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
DAVID ROBERTSON is the Elton Yates Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Neurology at Vanderbilt
University. He directs the Clinical and Translational Research Center of the Vanderbilt CTSA and the Vanderbilt
Center for Space Physiology and Medicine. He established the Vanderbilt Autonomic Dysfunction Center in 1978
as the first international facility for research, education, and patient care of autonomic nervous system diseases.
Dr. Robertson was founding president of the American Autonomic Society in 1990 and was founding president
of the Association for Patient Oriented Research in 1998. He directed the Vanderbilt Medical Scientist Training
Program for 10 years and the Division of Movement Disorders in the Department of Neurology for 8 years. Dr.
Robertson is PI for the NIH Autonomic Rare Diseases Clinical Research Consortium, which coordinates national
clinical trials and natural history studies in multiple system atrophy and other autonomic diseases. He served as
a PI on the NASA Neurolab Mission aboard the space shuttle Columbia in 1998. He is the editor of the Primer
on the Autonomic Nervous System and Clinical and Translational Science: Introduction to Human Research,
the first textbook of the new discipline of clinical and translational research. In 2003, he received the inaugural
Distinguished Educator Award of the Association for Clinical Research Training. Dr. Robertson received his B.A.
in 1969 and his M.D. in 1973 from Vanderbilt University and received postdoctoral medical training at the Johns
Hopkins Hospital.
SUZANNE M. SCHNEIDER is an associate professor in the Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences
at the University of New Mexico. Prior to joining the UNM faculty in 2002, Dr. Schneider was a research physi -
ologist at NASA’s Johnson Space Center (1989-2001) and a project scientist at the Human Research Facility of the
ISS (1994-2001). Her research focuses on thermal physiology and microgravity, including the thermal responses
of females to microgravity. Dr. Schneider is on the editorial board of the American Journal of Physiology and
Aviation and Space and Environmental Medicine, and she has presented at meetings of the Federation of American
Scientists for Experimental Biology, the American College of Sports Medicine, and the Aerospace Medical Asso -
ciation (ASMA). She received her B.A. in biology from the University of Missouri and her Ph.D. in physiology
from St. Louis University. She completed her postdoctoral fellowship at the John B. Pierce Foundation, with an
appointment with the Department of Epidemiology at Yale University.
GAYLE E. WOLOSCHAK. See the committee listing above.
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PLANT AND MICROBIAL BIOLOGY PANEL
TERRI L. LOMAX, Chair, is the vice chancellor for research and graduate studies and a professor of plant biol -
ogy at North Carolina State University. She previously served as dean of the university’s graduate school, where
she led the development and implementation of a strategic plan for graduate education. Prior to joining the faculty
at North Carolina, Dr. Lomax served at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C., first as the division director
of the fundamental space biology program and later as the acting deputy associate administrator for research for
the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate. She was also a professor of botany and plant pathology at Oregon
State University, where she directed the program for the analysis of biotechnology issues. Dr. Lomax’s research
is focused on plant development biology, specifically on how multiple hormones interact to regulate plant growth
and responses to the environment. Dr. Lomax was a foundation board member and treasurer for the American
Society for Plant Biologists (ASPB; 1997-2000) and a member of the executive committee of ASPB for 8 years.
She served as a member of the board of governors of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology
(1995-1998) and has been on the editorial advisory board of The Plant Journal since 1994. Her numerous awards
include a Fulbright Fellowship, the Savery Award for Outstanding Young Faculty at the Oregon State University
College of Agricultural Sciences, and the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts Fellow. Dr. Lomax received her
B.S. in botany from the University of Washington, her M.S. in botany/biology from San Diego State University,
and her Ph.D. in biological sciences from Stanford University.
PAUL BLOUNT is an associate professor of physiology in the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at the
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Prior to joining the faculty at UT Southwestern, Dr.
Blount was a fellow at Washington University in St. Louis, studying G-protein coupled receptors in the Neurosci -
ence Department and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, studying bacterial mechanosensitive channels in
biophysics. At UT Southwestern, Dr. Blount performs research that is aimed at determining how organisms detect
mechanical force. This ability is required for the senses of touch, hearing, and balance, as well as for the determina -
tion of arterial pressures and osmotic gradients across cellular envelopes. Dr. Blount’s laboratory utilizes microbes
and microbial sensors to explore the general functional principles of biological mechanosensors. Because of the
interdisciplinary nature of this basic research, the interests of Dr. Blount and the members of his laboratory range
from microbial homeostasis to understanding the molecular mechanisms of ion channel gating. He is a member of
the American Society for Microbiology and a member of the Biophysical Society. Dr. Blount received his B.A. in
microbiology from the University of California, San Diego, and his Ph.D. in biological sciences (neurosciences)
from the Washington University School of Medicine.
ROBERT J. FERL is a professor at and the director of the Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research at
the University of Florida (UF). Dr. Ferl’s research agenda includes analysis of the fundamental biological processes
involved in plant adaptations to environments, with an emphasis on the particular environments and opportunities
presented by the space exploration life sciences. He is an expert in the area of plant gene responses and adaptations
to environmental stresses and the signal transduction processes that control environmental responses. The funda -
mental issues driving his research program include the recognition of environmental stress, the signal-transduction
mechanisms that convert the recognition of stress into biochemical activity, and the gene activation that ultimately
leads to response and adaptation to environmental stress. Most recently these studies have led to the examina -
tion of protein interactions as fundamental mechanisms for metabolic regulation of plant biochemistry. Dr. Ferl
has been funded continuously for more than 25 years, most recently with grants from NASA, NSF, and the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA). He has frequently been asked to serve as a scientific adviser and reviewer for
national agencies including NASA, NSF, and USDA. Recent articles that he has written have been chosen as cover
articles for the journals Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology of the Cell. His application of basic science to the
questions of advanced life support for NASA’s exploration initiative has captured great interest in his research. Dr.
Ferl has recently served as the developer and director of the virtual center for Exploration Life Sciences, a joint
academic research and education venture between UF/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), and the
NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC). In that role he has been responsible for research and academic program
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development at KSC, and he has facilitated the recruitment of faculty and research programs from UF/IFAS to be
located at KSC. Many articles, news spots, and online stories have covered Dr. Ferl’s research on plant adapta -
tions to spaceflight and extraterrestrial environments. He has been asked to serve on the Science Council of the
Universities Space Research Association, and he was appointed by NASA as the only plant molecular biologist
to be a member of the Lunar Exploration Analysis Group, which will outline scientific research priorities for the
return of humans to the Moon.
SIMON GILROY. See the committee listing above.
E. PETER GREENBERG is a professor of microbiology at the University of Washington School of Medicine.
After completing a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard University, Dr. Greenberg was on the faculty at Cornell
University and then the University of Iowa College of Medicine before moving to the University of Washington in
2005. The research in Dr. Greenberg’s laboratory is focused on the emerging field of sociomicrobiology, and he is
widely credited as a founder of the quorum sensing field. He has concentrated much of his effort on Pseudomo-
nas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium that can cause both acute and persistent biofilm infection.
Quorum sensing allows certain bacterial species to monitor their own population density and respond by activat -
ing transcription of specific sets of genes. Dr. Greenberg is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, AAAS, and the American Academy of Microbiology. He holds a B.A.
in biology from Western Washington University, an M.S. in microbiology from the University of Iowa, and a
Ph.D. in microbiology from the University of Massachusetts. Dr. Greenberg is a member of the editorial board of
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. He was also a member of the NRC 2007 Selman A. Waksman
Award in Microbiology Selection Committee.
TRANSLATION TO SPACE EXPLORATION SYSTEMS PANEL
JAMES P. BAGIAN, Chair, is the director of the Center for Health Engineering and Patient Safety and a professor
in the Medical School and the College of Engineering at the University of Michigan. Previously, he served as the
first director of the VA National Center for Patient Safety (NCPS) and the first chief patient safety officer for the
Department of Veterans Affairs from 1999 to 2010. There he developed numerous patient safety-related tools and
programs that have been adopted nationally and internationally. Dr. Bagian served as a NASA astronaut; he is a
veteran of two space shuttle missions, which included his service as the lead mission specialist for the first dedi -
cated Life Sciences Spacelab mission. Currently his primary interest and expertise involve the development and
implementation of multidisciplinary programs and projects that involve the integration of engineering, medical/life
sciences, and human factor disciplines. At present he is applying the majority of his attention to the application of
systems engineering approaches to the analysis of medical adverse events and the development and implementation
of suitable corrective actions that will enhance patient safety, primarily through preventive means. He received his
B.S. in mechanical engineering from Drexel University and his M.D. from Jefferson Medical College at Thomas
Jefferson University. Dr. Bagian is a member of both the National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of
Medicine. He has served on numerous NRC committees, including the Task Group on Research on the Interna -
tional Space Station (2001-2003), the Committee on Space Biology and Medicine (2000-2003), the Review of
NASA Strategic Roadmaps: Space Station Panel (2005), the Committee on NASA’s Bioastronautics Critical Path
Roadmap (2004-2006), and the Committee on Optimizing Graduate Medical Trainee (Resident) Hours and Work
Schedules to Improve Patient Safety (2007-2009).
FREDERICK R. BEST is an associate professor in the Nuclear Engineering Department at Texas A&M University,
College Station, and the director of the Space Engineering Research Center and the Interphase Transport Phe -
nomena Laboratory. Prior to joining Texas A&M in 1983, Dr. Best was a visiting professor at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and a technical coordinator in the nuclear area of the MIT Electric Utility Research Pro -
gram. His research is focused on zero gravity two-phase flow, reactor thermal hydraulics, and interphase transport
phenomena. He earned his B.S. in mechanical engineering in 1968 from Manhattan College in New York City, and
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440 RECAPTURING A FUTURE FOR SPACE EXPLORATION
he received his M.S. in nuclear engineering in 1969 and his Ph.D. in nuclear engineering in 1980, both from MIT.
Dr. Best has served on the NASA BIO-PLEX Review Panel (2000-2001); the NASA Peer Review Panel (chair,
2000-2001); the NASA Advanced Life Support, Science, and Technology Working Group (1999-2001); and the
Air Force Science Advisory Board (1995-1996). He is currently serving on the NASA/JPL Technology Review
Board for the New Millennium Program ST-8.
DAVID C. BYERS, Independent consultant, Torrance, California.¶
LEONARD H. CAVENY. See the committee listing above.
MICHAEL B. DUKE is a planetary geologist who recently retired as the director of the Center for Commercial
Applications of Combustion in Space at the Colorado School of Mines (CSM). His principal research focuses on
the general area of study that relates to the use of in situ resources to support human exploration missions to the
Moon and Mars. His planetary science interests relate to the mineralogy and petrology of meteorites and lunar
materials. Dr. Duke worked at the NASA Johnson Space Center for 25 years prior to accepting the position at
CSM in 1998. He has also been a research scientist at the U.S. Geological Survey (1963-1970) and the curator of
NASA’s lunar sample collection (1970-1977). Dr. Duke received the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement
Award and the AIAA’s Space Science Medal, and he was a distinguished federal executive. Dr. Duke received his
B.S. and Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology. He served on the NRC’s Committee on the Scientific
Context for the Exploration of the Moon and the Panel on Solar System Exploration.
JOHN P. KIZITO is an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical
State University (A&T). Prior to joining the faculty of A&T, Dr. Kizito was a research assistant, research scientist,
and adjunct assistant professor at Case Western Reserve University from 1988 to 2007 and a staff scientist at the
National Center for Space Exploration Research at the NASA Glenn Research Center from 1999 to 2007. His
research focuses on developing thermal management methods, high heat flux control, energy storage (phase-change
materials), water management in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, innovative computational fluid dynam -
ics techniques, gravity-driven transport phenomena, medical devices and instrumentation, microgravity research,
in situ resource utilization, and lunar and Mars exploration equipment. He is a member of ASME, AIAA, and
ASGSB. Dr. Kizito was awarded a 1988 Fulbright Award, a 1988 Rice-Cullimore Award, and five NASA Team
Achievement Awards between the years of 2001 and 2003. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from
Makere University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from Case Western Reserve University.
DAVID Y. KUSNIERKIEWICZ is the chief engineer of the Space Department of the Johns Hopkins University
Applied Physics Laboratory, where he has worked since 1983. He has an extensive background in designing, inte -
grating, and testing power system electronics for spacecraft. Mr. Kusnierkiewicz was the mission system engineer
for the NASA New Horizons Pluto-Kuiper-Belt Mission, and he is the mission and spacecraft system engineer for
the NASA Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) program, which launched
in December 2001. He has served on numerous review boards for NASA missions, including Lunar Reconnais -
sance Orbiter and Lunar Robotic Explorer, as well as for the missions Dawn, Juno, Radiation Belt Storm Probes,
and ST-8 (part of the New Millennium Program). He has received three NASA Group Achievement Awards. Mr.
Kusnierkiewicz received his B.S. and M.S. in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He
has also served on the Mitigation Panel of the NRC Committee to Review Near-Earth Object Surveys and Hazard
Mitigation Strategies (2009-2010) and is a Corresponding Member of the International Academy of Astronautics.
E. THOMAS MAHEFKEY, JR., is a consultant with Heat Transfer Technology Consultants, serving several firms in
the areas of heat transfer and energy conversion. He retired from the Air Force Wright Laboratory in 1995 after 33
years as an engineer, scientist, and research manager. Before retiring, he was the deputy division chief for technol -
¶ David C. Byers was a member of the panel through mid-December 2009.
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ogy in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Aerospace Power Division. Dr. Mahefkey was instrumental in establishing
the Thermal Energy/Heat Pipe and the Thermionics Laboratories in the Air Force Wright Laboratory. He is also
an experienced educator, having held the rank of adjunct professor of mechanical engineering at the University of
Dayton, Wright State University, the University of Kentucky, Ohio State University, and the Air Force Institute of
Technology. Dr. Mahefkey’s areas of expertise include thermionics, energy conversion, and heat transfer, and he
has published extensively in these areas. He received his B.S. in aerospace engineering from St. Louis University
and his M.S. in physics and his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the University of Dayton. He previously
served as chair of the NRC Committee on Thermionic Research and Technology.
DAVA J. NEWMAN is a professor of aeronautics and astronautics and engineering systems, the director of the
Technology and Policy Program, MacVicar Faculty Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a
Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program affiliate faculty. She leads the MIT-Portugal Program’s
Bioengineering Systems effort. Dr. Newman’s research focuses on the mechanics and energetic requirements of
human performance across the continuum of gravity—from microgravity to lunar and martian gravity levels to
hypergravity—research combining aerospace bioengineering, human-in-the-loop dynamics and control modeling,
biomechanics, human-robotic cooperation, and bioastronautics. She was PI for the space shuttle Dynamic Load
Sensors (DLS) experiment that measured astronaut-induced disturbances of the microgravity environment on mis -
sion STS-62. An advanced system, the Enhanced DLS experiment, flew onboard the Russian Mir space station
(1996-1998). Dr. Newman was a co-investigator on the Mental Workload and Performance Experiment that flew
on STS-42 to measure astronaut mental workload and fine motor control in microgravity. She is the author of more
than 150 publications. She received her B.S. in aerospace engineering from the University of Notre Dame and an
S.M. in aeronautics and astronautics, an S.M. in technology and policy, and her Ph.D. in aerospace biomedical
engineering from MIT. Dr. Newman previously served as a member of the NRC Committee on Advanced Technol -
ogy for Human Support in Space, the Committee on Engineering Challenges to the Long-Term Operation of the
International Space Station, the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, the Steering Committee for Workshops
on Issues of Technology Development for Human and Robotic Exploration and Development of Space, and the
Committee on Full System Testing and Evaluation of Personal Protection Equipment Ensembles in Simulated
Chemical and Biological Warfare Environments.
RICHARD J. ROBY is the president and technical director of Combustion Science and Engineering, Inc. (CSE).
In addition to his role at CSE, he is an adjunct professor in the Department of Fire Protection Engineering at the
University of Maryland, College Park, and served as an assistant and associate professor in the Mechanical Engi -
neering Department of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1986-1992). Dr. Roby also serves as the
chief executive officer/manager of LPP Combustion, LLC, a clean technology start-up company that specializes
in clean combustion of conventional and renewable liquid fuels, and as chair of SafeAwake LLC, a fire safety
company that produces secondary alert systems for those who are deaf or hard of hearing. He has more than 30
years of professional experience and has skills in chemical, mechanical, and fire protection engineering. Prior
to joining CSE, Dr. Roby served as the director of combustion research at Hughes Associates, Inc. (1992-1998)
and as a research assistant and research engineer at Stanford University (1983-1986), the Ford Motor Company
Scientific Research Laboratories (1979-1983), and Cornell University (1977-1979). Dr. Roby serves as project
manager for a variety of experimental and analytical combustion and fire science research and development proj -
ects, which include modeling of blow-off and flashback in gas turbine combustors, determining the effects of fuel
constituents on combustor performance, developing and incorporating reduced kinetics mechanisms in computa -
tional fluid dynamics codes, creating innovative fire detection devices, and developing new fire models. He is a
fellow of the Society of Fire Protection Engineers and a member of several other professional societies, including
the Combustion Institute, the Society of Automotive Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the International Association for Fire Safety Science.
He won the Outstanding Faculty Award from the Society of Automotive Engineers (1999), the National Fire
Protection Research Foundation’s Harry Bigglestone Award for Excellence in Communication of Fire Protection
Concepts (1999, 2005, 2006, and 2007), and the William M. Carey Award at the 5th Fire and Detection Research
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Application Symposium (2001). Dr. Roby holds more than 10 patents related to fire safety and combustion system
design. He received his A.B. in chemistry and B.S. in chemical engineering in 1977 from Cornell University, his
M.S. in mechanical engineering in 1980 from Cornell University, and his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from
Stanford University in 1988.
GUILLERMO TROTTI is currently the president of Trotti and Associates, Inc. (TAI), a firm that he founded in
1993 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is an internationally recognized architect and industrial designer with
more than 30 years of experience designing space habitats and structures, architectural projects for the hospital -
ity, entertainment, and education sectors. Previously, he was the president of Bell and Trotti, Inc. (BTI), a design
and fabrication studio that specialized in high-technology architecture, exhibit design, industrial design, and space
architecture. From its inception, BTI had a key role in designing diverse elements of the ISS for NASA and lead -
ing aerospace companies. TAI has worked with NASA’s Institute of Advanced Concepts on revolutionary mission
architecture concepts for exploring the Moon with habitable rovers. The Extreme Expeditionary Architecture:
Mobile, Adaptable Systems for Space and Earth Exploration project proposes a revolutionary way for humans
and machines to explore the Moon. TAI is also working with MIT on the Biosuit project, an advanced mechanical
counterpressure spacesuit for lunar and Mars surface exploration. Mr. Trotti also has more than 25 years’ experience
teaching design in architecture and industrial design at the University of Houston and at the Rhode Island School
of Design, respectively. He received his M.A. in architecture from Rice University in 1976. Mr. Trotti served on
the NRC Committee to Review NASA’s Exploration Technology Development Programs.
ALAN WILHITE is the Langley Distinguished Professor in the School of Aerospace Engineering at the Georgia
Institute of Technology, and he also serves as the co-director of the Georgia Institute of Technology Center for
Aerospace Systems Engineering. He currently resides at the National Institute of Aerospace teaching graduate
classes and conducting research at the NASA Langley Research Center. He teaches and supervises research in
systems engineering and aerospace systems design. He has numerous published articles and several book chapters
in these areas. Dr. Wilhite has served as a researcher, systems program manager, and senior executive involved
in the design and development of NASA space and aeronautic systems. He is an AIAA associate fellow and has
served on several AIAA technical committees, such as space systems, space transportation, and computer-aided
design. He is a member of the International Astronautical Federation and a member of its Systems Engineering
Committee. He conducts research in system-of-systems architecture design, robust design, aerodynamics, propul -
sion, MDO, operations, cost, systems engineering, and risk. He has served as NASA’s external chair for systems
engineering, and he conducts research supporting NASA’s vision in space exploration. Dr. Wilhite received his B.S.
in aerospace engineering from North Carolina State University, his M.S. in flight systems from George Washington
University, and his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from North Carolina State University.
STAFF
SANDRA J. GRAHAM, Study Director, has been a senior program officer at the National Research Council’s
Space Studies Board (SSB) since 1994. During that time Dr. Graham has directed a large number of major studies,
many of them focused on space research in biological and physical sciences and technology. More recent studies
include an assessment of servicing options for the Hubble Space Telescope, a study of the societal impacts of severe
space weather, and a review of NASA’s Space Communications Program while on loan to the NRC’s Aeronautics
and Space Engineering Board (ASEB). Prior to joining the SSB, Dr. Graham held the position of senior scientist at
the Bionetics Corporation, where she provided technical and science management support for NASA’s Microgravity
Science and Applications Division. She received her Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry from Duke University, where
her research focused primarily on topics in bioinorganic chemistry, such as rate modeling and reaction chemistry
of biological metal complexes and their analogs.
ALAN C. ANGLEMAN has been a senior program officer for the ASEB since 1993, directing studies on a wide
variety of aerospace issues. Previously, Mr. Angleman worked for consulting firms in the Washington, D.C., area,
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providing engineering support services to the Department of Defense and NASA Headquarters. His professional
career began with the U.S. Navy, where he served for 9 years as a nuclear-trained submarine officer. He has a
B.S. in engineering physics from the U.S. Naval Academy and an M.S. in applied physics from the Johns Hopkins
University.
IAN W. PRYKE retired from the European Space Agency (ESA) in 2003. He is currently a senior program officer
(part time) with the SSB and a senior fellow and assistant professor at the Center for Aerospace Policy Research in
the School of Public Policy of George Mason University; he also operates as an independent consultant. Mr. Pryke
joined the European Space Research Organisation (later ESA) in 1969, working in the areas of data processing
and satellite communications. In 1976 he transferred to ESA’s Earth Observation Programme Office, where he
was involved in the formulation of the Remote Sensing Programme. In 1979 he moved to the ESA Washington
Office, where he was engaged in liaison work with both government and industry in the United States and Canada,
becoming the head of the office in 1983. He holds a B.Sc. in physics from the University of London and an M.Sc.
in space electronics and communications from the University of Kent.
ROBERT L. RIEMER joined the staff of the NRC in 1985. He served as senior program officer for the two most
recent decadal surveys of astronomy and astrophysics and has worked on studies in many areas of physics and
astronomy for the Board on Physics and Astronomy (for which he served as associate director, 1988-2000) and
the SSB. Prior to joining the NRC, Dr. Riemer was a senior project geophysicist with Chevron Corporation. He
received his Ph.D. in experimental high-energy physics from the University of Kansas-Lawrence and his B.S. in
physics and astrophysics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
MAUREEN MELLODY has been a program officer with the ASEB since 2002, where she has worked on stud -
ies related to NASA’s aeronautics research and development program, servicing options for the Hubble Space
Telescope, and many other projects in space and aeronautics. Previously, she served as the 2001-2002 AIP Con -
gressional Science Fellow in the office of Congressman Howard L. Berman (D-Calif.), focusing on intellectual
property and technology transfer. Dr. Mellody also worked as a postdoctoral research scientist at the University of
Michigan in 2001. Dr. Mellody received her Ph.D. in applied physics from the University of Michigan, her M.S.
in applied physics from the University of Michigan, and her B.S. in physics from Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University.
REGINA NORTH, consultant, has specialized throughout her research career in the area of human behavior in
isolated and confined environments, including Arctic and Antarctic stations, offshore oil platforms, and the Mir
space station and the International Space Station, and she has conducted field research in these environments. At
the NASA Johnson Space Center, Ms. North worked as a senior research scientist and research program analyst
for the ISS chief scientist, the chief of advanced programs, and the director of biological sciences and applications
managing the ISS multidisciplinary research portfolio onboard the ISS. Previously, for the JSC Mission Operations
Directorate, she was a certified instructor training astronaut crews to perform science and technology multidisci -
plinary experiments on the ISS. Ms. North has also worked as a researcher for the Man-Vehicle Laboratory at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Arctic Research Institute of the Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique (CNRS), in Paris, France. She attended the graduate program in social sciences at the University of
Sao Paulo, Brazil; the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (School for Advanced Studies in the Social
Sciences) at CNRS; and the International Space University at MIT. She served as president of the International
Space University Alumni Association from 2003 to 2006. Ms. North is fluent in Portuguese, English, French,
Spanish, and Italian and has a working knowledge of Russian.
CATHERINE A. GRUBER, editor, joined the Space Studies Board as a senior program assistant in 1995. Ms.
Gruber first came to the NRC in 1988 as a senior secretary for the Computer Science and Telecommunications
Board and also worked as an outreach assistant for the National Science Resources Center. She was a research
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assistant (chemist) in the National Institute of Mental Health’s Laboratory of Cell Biology for 2 years. She has a
B.A. in natural science from St. Mary’s College of Maryland.
LEWIS GROSWALD, a research associate, joined the Space Studies Board as the Autumn 2008 Lloyd V. Berkner
Space Policy Intern. Mr. Groswald is a graduate of George Washington University, where he received a master’s
degree in international science and technology policy and a bachelor’s degree in international affairs, with a double
concentration in conflict and security and Europe and Eurasia. Following his work with the National Space Society
during his senior year as an undergraduate, Mr. Groswald decided to pursue a career in space policy, with a focus
on educating the public on space issues and formulating policy.
DANIELLE JOHNSON-BLAND joined the Division on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education as a senior
program assistant in 2008. She was first assigned to the Center for Economic Governance, and International Stud -
ies, but shortly thereafter received additional assignments with the Committee on Law and Justice, the Committee
on Population, and the Space Studies Board. Mrs. Johnson-Bland’s interests include youth rehabilitation, criminal
justice management, and juvenile justice reform. She holds a B.S. in social science from University of Maryland,
University College.
LAURA TOTH is a senior program assistant for the National Materials Advisory Board, the Board on Manufactur-
ing and Engineering Design, and the Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment. She has been with
the NRC since 2002 and has also worked with the Transportation Research Board and the Space Studies Board.
Before joining the NRC, Ms. Toth worked in retail management for 15 years.
LINDA M. WALKER, a senior project assistant, has been with the NRC since 2007. Before her assignment with
the Space Studies Board, she was on assignment with the National Academies Press. Prior to working at the NRC,
she was with the Association for Healthcare Philanthropy in Falls Church, Virginia. Ms. Walker has 28 years of
administrative experience.
ERIC WHITAKER is a senior program assistant at the NRC’s Computer Science and Telecommunications Board
(CSTB). Prior to joining the CSTB, he was a realtor with Long and Foster Real Estate, Inc., in the Washington,
D.C. metropolitan area. Before that, he spent several years with the Public Broadcasting Service in Alexandria,
Virginia, as an associate in the Corporate Support Department. He has a B.A. in communication and theater arts
from Hampton University.
MICHAEL H. MOLONEY is the director of the SSB and the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board at the
NRC. Since joining the NRC in 2001, Dr. Moloney has served as a study director at the National Materials Advi -
sory Board, the Board on Physics and Astronomy (BPA), the Board on Manufacturing and Engineering Design,
and the Center for Economic, Governance, and International Studies. Before joining the SSB and ASEB in April
2010, he was associate director of the BPA and study director for the Astro2010 decadal survey for astronomy and
astrophysics. In addition to his professional experience at the NRC, Dr. Moloney has more than 7 years’ experi -
ence as a foreign-service officer for the Irish government and served in that capacity at the Embassy of Ireland
in Washington, D.C., the Mission of Ireland to the United Nations in New York, and the Department of Foreign
Affairs in Dublin, Ireland. A physicist, Dr. Moloney did his graduate Ph.D. work at Trinity College Dublin in
Ireland. He received his undergraduate degree in experimental physics at University College Dublin, where he
was awarded the Nevin Medal for Physics.
