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HARDBACK price:$69.95 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free PDF Access Sign in to download PDF book and chapters Free Resources PDF SUMMARY PDF Report Brief Display this book on your site! Related Titles Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc Other Related Titles Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011) Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) Citation Manager Export the bibliographic data for this book in your chosen format Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Citation Manager . "Appendix F: Evidence Maps." Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011. Please select a format: Page 1019   E-mail Share on facebook Facebook Share on delicious Delicious Share on stumbleupon Stumble Share on twitter Twitter More Sharing ServicesMore The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. F Evidence Maps As part of the committee’s approach to the evaluation of data, evidence maps were developed to assist the committee in organizing its review of the available evidence for each indicator of interest. No effort was made to “fine tune” these maps, but rather they were an initial tool used by the committee to quickly summarize the nature of the available data. The evidence maps below show the evidence from mechanistic and animal data, observational studies, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). In its evaluation of RCT evidence, the committee considered the study design and whether an indicator was pre-specified as a primary or secondary outcome. Overall, the committee evaluated individual studies and when needed, took methodological differences into account when categorizing a study for inclusion in the evidence maps. However the committee acknowledges the variability in the quality of studies within and across categories, and relied on its expert judgment and a detailed evaluation of each study when drawing conclusions about the relevance and application of an indicator to further consideration in the DRI process. Chapter 4 provides detailed text on each of the key studies that were considered by the committee for the selection of an indicator. Page 1019 Front Matter (R1-R16) Summary (1-14) 1 Introduction (15-34) 2 Overview of Calcium (35-74) 3 Overview of Vitamin D (75-124) 4 Review of Potential Indicators of Adequacy and Selection of Indicators: Calcium and Vitamin D (125-344) 5 Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy: Calcium and Vitamin D (345-402) 6 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels: Calcium and Vitamin D (403-456) 7 Dietary Intake Assessment (457-478) 8 Implications and Special Concerns (479-512) 9 Information Gaps and Research Needs (513-522) Appendix A: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Glossary (523-536) Appendix B: Issues and Interests Identified by Study Sponsors (537-538) Appendix C: Methods and Results from the AHRQ-Ottawa Evidence-Based Report on Effectiveness and Safety of Vitamin D in Relation to Bone Health (539-724) Appendix D: Methods and Results from the AHRQ-Tufts Evidence-Based Report on Vitamin D and Calcium (725-1012) Appendix E: Literature Search Strategy (1013-1018) Appendix F: Evidence Maps (1019-1024) Appendix G: Cases Studies of Vitamin D Toxicity (1025-1034) Appendix H: Estimated Intakes of Calcium and Vitamin D from National Surveys (1035-1044) Appendix I: Proportion of the Population Above and Below 40 nmol/L Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Cumulative Distribution of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations: United States and Canada (1045-1058) Appendix J: Workshop Agenda and Open Session Agendas (1059-1064) Appendix K: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members (1065-1074) Index (1075-1102) Summary Tables: Dietary Reference Intakes (1103-1116)

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DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D F Evidence Maps As part of the committee’s approach to the evaluation of data, evidence maps were developed to assist the committee in organizing its review of the available evidence for each indicator of interest. No effort was made to “fine tune” these maps, but rather they were an initial tool used by the committee to quickly summarize the nature of the available data. The evidence maps below show the evidence from mechanistic and animal data, observational studies, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). In its evaluation of RCT evidence, the committee considered the study design and whether an indicator was pre-specified as a primary or secondary outcome. Overall, the committee evaluated individual studies and when needed, took methodological differences into account when categorizing a study for inclusion in the evidence maps. However the committee acknowledges the variability in the quality of studies within and across categories, and relied on its expert judgment and a detailed evaluation of each study when drawing conclusions about the relevance and application of an indicator to further consideration in the DRI process. Chapter 4 provides detailed text on each of the key studies that were considered by the committee for the selection of an indicator.

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DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D TABLE F-1 Evidence Map for Cancer/Neoplasms Indicator Mechanistic Data Animal Data Observational Studies Randomized Trials Primary Outcome Secondary or Non–Pre-specified Outcomesa Calcium           All cancers b b Breast cancer — — — — Colorectal cancer b b Colorectal adenoma — Prostate cancer — — — Vitamin D All cancers — b Breast cancer — — — b Colorectal cancer — b Colorectal adenoma — b Prostate cancer — — — — NOTE: = evidence is published; — = no available evidence. aSecondary outcomes often were not pre-specified by the investigators. bLimited data. TABLE F-2 Evidence Map for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)/Hypertension Indicator Mechanistic Data Animal Data Observational Studies Randomized Trials Primary Outcome Secondary or Non–Pre-specified Outcomea Calcium — b Vitamin D — b NOTE: = evidence is published; — = no available evidence. aSecondary outcomes often were not pre-specified by the investigators. bLimited data. TABLE F-3 Evidence Map for Diabetes (Type 2) and Metabolic Syndrome Indicator Mechanistic Data Animal Data Observational Studies Randomized Trials Primary Outcome Secondary or Non–Pre–specified Outcomesa Vitamin D NOTE: = evidence is published; — = no available evidence. aSecondary outcomes often were not pre-specified by the investigators.

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DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D TABLE F-4 Evidence Map for Falls and Physical Performance Indicator Mechanistic Data Animal Data Observational Studies Randomized Trials Primary Outcome Secondary or Non–Pre-specified Outcomesa Calcium Vitamin D NOTE: = evidence is published; — = no available evidence. aSecondary outcomes often were not pre-specified by the investigators. TABLE F-5 Evidence Map for Immune Function Indicator Mechanistic Data Animal Data Observational Studies Randomized Trials Primary Outcome Secondary or Non–Pre-specified Outcomesa Vitamin D           Asthma — — Diabetes (Type 1) — — Irritable bowel and crohn’s disease — — Multiple sclerosis — — Rheumatoid arthritis — — — Systemic lupus erythematosus — — Tuberculosis Influenza/Upper respiratory infections — NOTE: = evidence is published; — = no available evidence. aSecondary outcomes often were not pre-specified by the investigators.

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DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D TABLE F-6 Evidence Map for Neuropsychological Functioning Indicator Mechanistic Data Animal Data Observational Studies Randomized Trials Primary Outcome Secondary or Non–Pre-specified Outcomesa Vitamin D           Autism — — Cognitive Function — — Depression — — NOTE: = evidence is published; — = no available evidence. aSecondary outcomes often were not prespecified by the investigators. TABLE F-7 Evidence Map for Preeclampsia of Pregnancy Indicator Mechanistic Data Animal Data Observational Studies Randomized Trials Primary Outcome Secondary or Non–Pre-specified Outcomesa Calcium — — Vitamin D — — — — NOTE: = evidence is published; — = no available evidence. aSecondary outcomes often were not pre-specified by the investigators.

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DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D TABLE F-8 Evidence Map for Bone Health Indicator Mechanistic Data Animal Data Observational Studies Randomized Trials Primary Outcome Secondary or Non–Pre-specified Outcomesa Calcium absorption Calcium balance BMD/BMC Fracture risk Osteomalacia/rickets Intermediate Mechanistic Data Animal Data Observational Studies Randomized Trials Primary Outcome Secondary or Non–Pre-specified Outcomesa 25OHD PTH NOTE: Data may reflect studies designed to study combined calcium and vitamin D administration, calcium alone, or vitamin D alone. = evidence is published; — = no available evidence. aSecondary outcomes often were not pre-specified by the investigators.

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