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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. African Americans breast-fed infants and vitamin D, 385, 494–495 calcitriol levels, 260–261, 296 cardiovascular mortality, 438 cognitive function, 186 diabetes, 153 limited data for DRI development, 347 multiple sclerosis, 174 puberty, 24 serum 25OHD levels atherosclerotic plaque, 438, 444 bone health, 106, 208, 260–261, 295, 298, 439, 493 effects of skin pigmentation, 374, 493, 494–495 vitamin D dose–response, 431 systemic lupus erythematosus, 177 See also Gambians; Nigerians Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Methods Reference Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, 127, 128 overview of AHRQ-Ottawa and AHRQ-Tufts reports, 5, 30–31, 97–98, 100, 126–127 Albumin. See Serum albumin Alcohol consumption, 64, 140, 143, 230, 434 All-laboratory trimmed mean (ALTM), 109 Alopecia, 94 Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC), 147, 415, 436 Altitude, 105 Amenorrhea, 502 American Academy of Dermatology, 495 American Academy of Pediatrics, 95, 258 American Dietetic Association, 497 American Institute for Cancer Research, 415 Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study, 274 Anemia, 176 Angiotensin II, 190 Ankylosis, 174 Anti-angiogenic action, 92, 146 Antibody-based assays, 107, 108, 109, 365 Anti-inflammatory action, 92, 146, 184, 517 Antimicrobial activity, 177, 178, 179, 181 Antirachitic, 80 Arsenic, 1114 Arthralgia, 176 Arthritis, 176. See also Osteoarthritis; Rheumatoid arthritis Asian ancestry or Asians, 179, 199, 231, 252, 254, 268, 347, 439. See also Chinese ancestry or Chinese; East Asian ancestry; South Asian ancestry or South Asians Assay shift and drift, 107–111, 365–366, 460–461 Asthma, 4, 129, 168–170, 181, 182 Atherosclerosis, 147, 438, 444 Atmospheric conditions, 104, 105, 492 Autoimmune disease, 4, 5, 78, 91, 170–177, 181–182, 189, 192. See also Crohn’s disease; Diabetes (type 1); Inflammatory bowel disease; Multiple sclerosis; Osteoarthritis; Rheumatoid arthritis; Systemic lupus erythematosus B Background intake. See Benchmark intake Balance (calcium). See Calcium balance Balance (physical), 166 Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), 187 Benchmark intake (BI), 17, 418, 440, 519 Bioavailability, 29, 37, 39, 62–63, 498, 503, 516, 521 Biomarkers for colon carcinogenesis, 144
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