Case–control studies

Marwaha et al., 2005

Healthy school children

NA

BMD (distal forearmand calcaneum) using DXA

Serum 25OHD, mean (SD) (nmol/L): 29.5 (18.0)

LSES: 26 (1); USES: 34 (1)

25OHD < 22.5 nmol/L: 35.7%; LSES 42.3% vs. USES 27%, p < 0.01

India

(from LSES and USES); age range 10–18 y

Prevalence of clinical vit D deficiency (defined by genu varum or genu valgum): LSES 11.6% vs. USES 9.7%, p = 0.07

n = 5,137 (3,089 LSES; 2,048 USES)

Forearm mean BMD significantly higher (p < 0.01) in USES group compared with LSES

LSES 65.1% female

USES 52.7% female

BMD adjusted for height and weight

Serum calcium not significantly different between groups, but dietary calcium intake lower in LSES group

Indian