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Reference;
Country
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Population Description
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Duration (or Matching Variables)
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Bone Health Outcomes
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Covariates; Summary of Results
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Prospective cohort studies
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Cummings et al., 1998
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Subset of a cohort of ambulatory community-dwelling women ≥ 65 years of age (nested case–control study); 72.6 y (subset)
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5.9 y
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Hip fractures
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Adjusted for age, weight, and calcaneal BMD (SPA)
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There were no statistically significant unadjusted or adjusted (age, weight, season, use of vit D supplements) associations between serum 25OHD or PTH and the risk of hip or vertebral fracture
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United States
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Vertebral fractures
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BMD calcaneus (SPA)
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For women in the lowest quintile of serum 25OHD levels, there was no increased risk for hip or vertebral fracture
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n = 9,704
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Women in the lowest quintile of serum 1,25(OH)2D had a significant increase in hip fracture risk (RR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2–3.5), but not vertebral fracture risk
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Caucasian
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Gerdhem et al., 2005
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Ambulatory independently living women, 75 y (range 75–75.9 y)
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3 y
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Fractures (low energy)
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119/986 (12%) had a total of 159 low-energy fractures (29 hip, 28 wrist, 12 proximal humerus, 43 vertebral, and 47 other)
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Sweden
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9/43 (21%) with 25OHD < 50 nmol/L had one or more fractures vs. 110/943 (12%) with 25OHD > 50 nmol/L: HR 2.04 (95% CI 1.04–4.04)
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n = 1,044
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Fracture association was independent of season, although a seasonal difference was noted in mean level of 25OHD (September 101 nmol/L vs. February 89.8 nmol/L)
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