Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D

RCT Randomized controlled trial

RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance

RECORD Randomised Evaluation of Calcium and/Or vitamin D trial

RIA Radioimmunoassay

RNI Recommended Nutrient Intake

RR Relative risk

SD Standard deviation

SE Standard error

SEM Standard error of the mean

SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus

SPA Single-photon absorptiometry

SPF Sun protection factor

SRM Standard Reference Material

TB Tuberculosis; Total body

Th T helper

TH Total hip

Tr Trochanter

TRPV6 Transient receptor potential cation channel, vanilloid family member 6

Tx Treatment

UK United Kingdom

UL Tolerable Upper Intake Level

U.S. United States

USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture

UV Ultraviolet

UVB Ultraviolet B

VDDR Vitamin D–dependent rickets

VDR Vitamin D receptor

VDRE Vitamin D–responsive element

VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor

WHI Women’s Health Initiative

WWEIA What We Eat in America

wk Week(s)

y Year(s)

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R16

Summary 1-14

1 Introduction 15-34

2 Overview of Calcium 35-74

3 Overview of Vitamin D 75-124

4 Review of Potential Indicators of Adequacy and Selection of Indicators: Calcium and Vitamin D 125-344

5 Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy: Calcium and Vitamin D 345-402

6 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels: Calcium and Vitamin D 403-456

7 Dietary Intake Assessment 457-478

8 Implications and Special Concerns 479-512

9 Information Gaps and Research Needs 513-522

Appendix A: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Glossary 523-536

Appendix B: Issues and Interests Identified by Study Sponsors 537-538

Appendix C: Methods and Results from the AHRQ-Ottawa Evidence-Based Report on Effectiveness and Safety of Vitamin D in Relation to Bone Health 539-724

Appendix D: Methods and Results from the AHRQ-Tufts Evidence-Based Report on Vitamin D and Calcium 725-1012

Appendix E: Literature Search Strategy 1013-1018

Appendix F: Evidence Maps 1019-1024

Appendix G: Cases Studies of Vitamin D Toxicity 1025-1034

Appendix H: Estimated Intakes of Calcium and Vitamin D from National Surveys 1035-1044

Appendix I: Proportion of the Population Above and Below 40 nmol/L Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Cumulative Distribution of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations: United States and Canada 1045-1058

Appendix J: Workshop Agenda and Open Session Agendas 1059-1064

Appendix K: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members 1065-1074

Index 1075-1102

Summary Tables: Dietary Reference Intakes 1103-1116