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Issues in Commuting and Pilot Fatigue:
Interim Report
Committee on the Effects of Commuting on Pilot Fatigue
Board on Human-Systems Integration
Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
Transportation Research Board
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of
the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences
and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Grant No. DTFAWA-10-C-00115 between the National Academy
of Sciences and the Federal Aviation Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or
recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number -13: 978-0-309-18712-1
International Standard Book Number -10: 0-309-18712-5
Additional copies of this report are available from National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street,
N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the
Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
Printed in the United States of America
Copyright 2011 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Suggested citation: National Research Council (2011). Issues in Commuting and Pilot Fatigue:
Interim Report. Committee on Commuting and Pilot Fatigue, Board on Human-Systems
Integration, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press.
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority
of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it
to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is
president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is
autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National
Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National
Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs,
encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr.
Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to
secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy
matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to
the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal
government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and
education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of
furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with
general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating
agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in
providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering
communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of
Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively,
of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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COMMITTEE ON THE EFFECTS OF
COMMUTING ON PILOT FATIGUE
Clinton V. Oster, Jr. (Chair), School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University
Benjamin A. Berman, Senior Research Associate, Ames Research Center, U.S. National
Aeronautics and Space Administration
J. Lynn Caldwell, Senior Research Psychologist, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
David F. Dinges, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
R. Curtis Graeber, The Graeber Group, Kirkland, Washington
John K. Lauber, Independent Consultant, Vaughn, Washington
David E. Meyer, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
Matthew Rizzo, Department of Neurology, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, and the
Public Policy Center, University of Iowa
David J. Schroeder, Independent Consultant
J. Frank Yates, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
Mary Ellen O’Connell, Project Director
Toby Warden, Study Director
Eric Chen, Senior Project Assistant
Stephen Godwin, Liaison, Studies and Special Programs, Transportation Research Board
v
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BOARD ON HUMAN-SYSTEMS INTEGRATION
William S. Marras (Chair), Integrated Systems Engineering Department, Ohio State University
Pascale Carayon, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Center for Quality and
Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin–Madison
Don Chaffin, Industrial and Operations Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Michigan (Emeritus)
Nancy J. Cooke, Cognitive Science and Engineering, Arizona State University
Mary (Missy) Cummings, Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Division,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Sara J. Czaja, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center on Aging, University
of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Andrew S. Imada, A.S. Imada and Associates, Carmichael, California
Waldemar Karwowski, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems,
University of Central Florida
David Rempel, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Matthew Rizzo, Department of Neurology, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, and the
Public Policy Center, University of Iowa
Thomas B. Sheridan, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and of Aeronautics-Astronautics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Emeritus)
David H. Wegman, Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts, Lowell
(Emeritus)
Howard M. Weiss, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University
Barbara A. Wanchisen, Director
Mary Ellen O’Connell, Deputy Director
Christie R. Jones, Program Associate
vi
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse
perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National
Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to
provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published
report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for
objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft
manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to
thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Evan Byrne, Human Factors
Group, National Transportation Safety Board; James C. Miller, Human Factors Consultant, San
Antonio, Texas; Joseph P. Ornato, Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Nita Lewis Shattuck, Human Systems
Integration Program, Operations Research Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey,
California.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and
suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they
see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by
Deborah A. Boehm-Davis, Psychology Department, George Mason University as review
coordinator and Floyd E. Bloom, Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience Department, The
Scripps Research Institute as review monitor. Appointed by the National Research Council, they
were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried
out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully
considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring
committee and the institution.
The committee would also like to thank the individuals who provided presentations to the
committee during this initial phase of the study; see Appendix B for the open agendas of the first
two meetings.
vii
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viii
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Contents
Executive Summary 1
1 Introduction 3
2 Approach to Information Collection 5
3 Commuting in the Aviation Context 7
4 Prevalence of Commuting 8
5 Aviation Industry Characteristics That Impact Commuting 9
6 Sleep, Circadian Rhythms, and Fatigue 12
7 Current Regulatory Process 16
8 Next Steps 18
References 19
Appendixes
A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff 24
B Public Meeting Agendas 28
ix
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