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Index
A anthrax mailings, 40–41
size and granularity of material in letters,
agar, 89, 113, 167 79–80
American Media, Inc. (AMI), 26, 56–57, 60, trajectory and outcomes of, 61–62, 62f
62, 65, 67, 76 anthrax mailings case
American Society of Microbiology (ASM) Bio background, 25–26
Defense Meeting Presentations, 178 chronology of, 26, 30–31
Amerithrax investigations, 25–26 timeline of key events, 28–30t
analytical techniques used on evidentiary timeline of scientific events in, 48–52t
material, 57, 58–59t anthrax program, 66
collection and analysis of clinical and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP),
environmental samples and cross 56, 57, 66, 79, 81–84, 95
contamination, 60, 176–77
clinical and epidemiological samples,
60–62, 64 B
crime scene environmental samples,
Bacillus sp.
64–66
B. anthracis, 1, 37, 44–45, 97
letter material and cross contamination,
as biological weapon, 40–41
67–70
biology, 37–38, 44–45
samples from overseas site identified by
chemical and physical properties, 177
intelligence, 66–67
clinical aspects, 38–40
federal coordinated response and
early history of Ames strain of, 44
assignment of laboratory work,
identification of B. anthracis strain,
55–57
97–100
See also specific topics
isolates (see morphotype isolates)
Ames Ancestor sequence, 103
modes of transmission, 39
Ames strain B. anthracis, 6–7, 31, 32, 44, 103,
phylogeny, 41–44
129, 169
worldwide distribution of lineages of,
Ames strain DNA, 8
43, 43f
Ames strain identification, FBI documents
B. cereus, 42, 84, 88
regarding, 162–63
B. subtilis, 84, 96, 121–22, 169–70
Ames strain samples, subpoena protocol
contamination of New York samples
for collection and submission of,
with, 65, 104–6
126–30, 132, 144–47
genetic diversity and phylogenetic
amplified fragment length polymorphism
characterization of, 171
(AFLP), 98
205
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206 INDEX
in New York Post letter, 96, 105, Defence Research Establishment Suffield
121–22 (DRES), 69
whole genome assembly of B. subtilis Department of Justice (DOJ)
isolate, 170–71 Amerithrax Investigative Summary, 93, 147
B. subtilis screening, 171–72 scientific conclusions, 11–23t, 32–33
bacterial growth conditions and processing diatrizoate, 38
methods, features of, 87–89 detection of, 77, 87–89, 96
bioterrorism investigations, 53, 54 dilution experiments, 188–89
Blanco, Ernesto, 26 DNA, 8, 102
blood agar, 89, 113, 167 Dugway Proving Ground (DPG), 78, 95–96,
Brokaw, Tom, 26 168–69
C E
(14C)
carbon-14 dating, 165–66. See also edema factor (EF), 39
radiocarbon dating Ekaterinburg. See Sverdlovsk outbreak
Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry envelope measurements, 92–93
(CAMS), 90 enzymes produced by B. anthracis
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), 126
F
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and
Nuclear (CBRN) Sciences Unit/
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 9
Chemical Biological Science Unit
documents provided by, 161–79
(CBSU), 71
declassified reports, 177
chemical analysis
scientific conclusions and committee
committee findings, 93–96
findings, 4–23t, 32–33
methods for, 81, 81t
scientific investigations, 31–32 (see also
See also specific topics
Amerithrax investigations)
Chemistry Unit, FBI Laboratory, 165
See also specific topics
Committee on Review of the Scientific
FBI hazardous materials (HAZMAT) teams,
Approaches Used During the FBI’s
64, 68
Investigation of the 2001 Bacillus
FBI Repository (FBIR), 32
anthracis Mailings
creation of, 126–30
biographical information on, 193–204
FBI Repository (FBIR) samples
charge to, 27
comparison of material in letters with,
committee process, 33–35
125–26
findings, 4–23t, 70–74, 121–23
analyses based on resampling RMR-
formation, xi
1029 and interpretation of results,
recommendations, 10, 70–74
140–44
See also specific topics
committee findings, 144–51
cross contamination. See under Amerithrax
See also specific topics
investigations
statistical interpretation of the evidence
and analyses of, 132–34
D
G
Daschle, Tom, letter received by, 26, 28t,
30–31, 58–59t, 68, 79–80, 82, 87,
genetic engineering, 100, 102–4, 163
113–22. See also specific topics
genetic markers in New York Post letter
“deep sequencing,” 101, 150
(powder), 115t, 116–22, 148–49
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207
INDEX
L
genome assembly of B. subtilis isolate, 170–71
genome sequencing, 101, 163–64
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
of morphotype isolates, 114–19
(LLNL), 79, 86, 90
See also Institute of Genomic Research
Leahy, Patrick, letter received by, 30, 68, 69,
genotypes, 139, 139t
76–80, 88–92, 96, 109, 113–22
A1 and A3, 119, 172–73
powder on, 63f
B and D, 119–20, 173–75
silicon content, 82–84, 85f, 87, 94, 95
development and application of assays for,
lethal factor (LF), 39
119–21
letter material, silicon and other elements in,
E, 120–21, 175–76
80
genetic assays to test for the four, 130
elemental analysis, 81–84
mutation, in FBIR samples, 133–34, 133t,
letter powder
134t
Leahy, 62, 63f, 64
observed and expected distribution of
New York Post, 62, 63f, 64
positive signatures for the four, 137,
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), 100
138t
in RMR-1029, 125, 130–32, 138, 139t,
140–42, 145–48
M
mass spectrometry (MS), 88–90
H media component analysis, 89
meglumine, 38
hazardous materials (HAZMAT) teams, 64, 68
detection of, 77, 87–89, 96
heme, 89, 167
morphological variants in evidentiary material,
identification and characterization
of committee findings, 121–23
I
development and application of assays for
inductively coupled plasma-optical emission genotypes, 119–21
spectroscopy (ICP-OES), 81–83, 94 selection criteria for genetic variations used
inhalational anthrax, 26, 28–29t, 30, 31, 39, in screening, 113–14
40, 44–45, 60–62, 64, 97 See also morphotypes
Institute of Genomic Research (TIGR), 32, morphotype isolates, whole genome
102–5, 115, 117–20 sequencing of, 114–19
Institute of Infectious Diseases. See U.S. Army morphotypes, 5–6
Research Institute of Infectious background information on, 107–9
Diseases defined, 106
Ivins, Bruce, 26, 140–42, 145 detection and characterization of, 109–13
phenotypic characteristics, 113, 113t
genetic characterization of, 116, 116t
J reasons FBI was interested in, 106–7
multiple-locus VNTR analysis (MLVA), 98, 99
Justice Department, U.S. See Department of
Justice
N
K nano time-of-flight secondary ion mass
spectrometry (nano-SIMS), 86
Keim, Paul, 99–100
National Academies, xii–xiii, 35
National Academy of Sciences (NAS), xi, 56
National Research Council (NRC), xi, 1, 26
New York City letters, 26, 60–62. See also
American Media, Inc.
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208 INDEX
New York Post letter (powder), 62, 63f, 64, 68, SEM-EDX (scanning electron microscope
85f, 94–95 with energy-dispersive X-ray)
B. subtilis in, 96, 105, 121–22 analysis, 79, 81–86
genetic markers in, 115t, 116–22, 148–49 of Leahy powder, 85f
SEM-EDX analysis of, 83–85, 94–96 of New York Post letter, 83–85, 94–96
Senate letters, 26, 30–31
silicon analysis, 7–8, 12t, 84–87, 94–96. See
P also under letter material
silicon measurements in evidentiary and
plasmids, 39 surrogate samples, 82, 82t
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs),
102 115–18
polymorphism(s) Soviet Union. See Sverdlovsk outbreak
amplified fragment length, 98 spatially resolved elemental analysis, 83–84
single nucleotide, 115–18 spo0A gene, 108–9
postal workers, 61 spo0F gene, 117
protective antigen (PA), 39 spore preparation
estimates of media volume required for,
77, 77t
R and purification, 75–78
time needed for, 8
radiocarbon dating, 181–82
spores
of B. anthracis samples, 90
biology, 37–38, 44–45
of letter received by Patrick Leahy, 95–96
derivation of RMR-1029, 130–32
See also carbon-14 (14C) dating
estimated ranges of total number of, 76,
RenoCal, 88, 168
76t
RMR-1029 (spore-containing flask), 32, 74, 77,
resilience, 37–38
85, 88, 96, 149, 150
stable isotope analysis, 90–93, 166–67
analyses based on resampling, 140–44
forensics potential, 183–84
genotypes in, 125, 130–32, 138, 139t,
Stable Isotope Ratio Facility for
140–42, 145–48
Environmental Research (SIRFER),
results obtained by resampling from, 142,
90–93
143t
Statistical Analysis Report (FBI), 135–36
RMR-1029 spores, derivation of, 130–32
committee assessment of, 185–91
RMR-1030 (spore-containing flask), 85n
representativeness, randomness, and
independence, 136–40, 185–86
S Stevens, Robert, 26, 28t, 60
subpoena protocol for collection and
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), 83, 84, submission of Ames strain samples,
164–65 126–30, 132, 144–47
scanning electron microscope. See SEM surrogate preparation and purification, 78–79
science Sverdlovsk outbreak, 41
FBI’s uses of, 35–36
qualifiers of certainty in biological sciences,
T
53, 55
and scientific investigation, as part of law
TaqMan technique, 105, 106
enforcement investigation, 47,
Technical Review Panels, 56
53–55
“Select Agents” program, 126
SEM (scanning electron microscope), 79, 81,
85f
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209
INDEX
U V
U.S. Army Research Institute of Infectious variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)
Diseases (USAMRIID), 56–57, 66, analysis, 98, 99
109, 131, 140–41, 161–62 volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), 89–90
USDOJ. See Department of Justice
W
water samples, stable isotope analysis of, 92
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