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D
Glossary
Alcohol fuels Fuels that are organic compounds that contain one or more hy-
droxyl groups (-OH) attached to one or more of the carbon atoms
in a hydrocarbon chain. Common alcohol fuels include ethanol,
methanol, and butanol.
Algae A group of aquatic eukaryotic organisms that contain chloro-
phyll. Algae can be microscopic in size (microalgae) or observ-
able to the eye (macroalgae).
Aliphatic alcohol An alcohol that contains a hydrocarbon fragment derived from
a fully saturated, nonaromatic hydrocarbon.
Anoxia The absence of dissolved oxygen.
Biodiesel Diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl esters derived from bio-
logical material such as vegetable oils, animal fats, and algal oils.
Biofuel Fuel derived from biomass.
Biomass Any organic matter that is available on a renewable or recurring
basis, including agricultural crops and trees, wood and wood
residues, plants (including aquatic plants), grasses, animal resi-
dues, municipal residues, and other residue materials.
Biorefinery A commercial-scale processing facility that successfully inte-
grates all processes for extracting and converting biomass feed-
stocks into a spectrum of saleable products.
Carbon sequestration Net transfer of atmospheric carbon dioxide into long-lived car-
bon pools.
Cellulose A polymer of glucose, (C6H10O5)n, that forms cell walls of most
plants.
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302 APPENDIX D
Commercial The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) defines a
demonstration commercial demonstration for biofuel refinery as a facility that
has the capacity to process 700 dry tons of feedstock per day.
In addition, a commercial demonstration facility will be a fully
integrated facility that includes all processing steps at a scale
sufficient to identify potential operational problems.
Corn stover Corn stalks, leaves, and cobs that remain after the corn-grain is
harvested.
Demonstration facility NREL defines a demonstration facility for biofuel refinery as one
that has the capacity to process 70 dry tons of feedstock per day.
A true demonstration facility will be a fully integrated facility
that includes all of the processing steps that a commercial-scale
plant would have.
Drop-in fuel Nonpetroleum fuel that is compatible with existing infrastruc-
ture for petroleum-based fuels.
Feedstock Material that can be processed to make fuel, including grains,
crop residues, forestry products, plant oils, animal fats, and mu-
nicipal wastes.
Feedstuff Nutrient-rich material that can be incorporated into the diet of
livestock or other animals.
Green diesel Hydrogenation product of triglycerides.
Hemicellulose A matrix of polysaccharides present in almost all plant cell walls
with cellulose.
Hydrocarbon fuels Fuels that are organic compounds that contains primarily carbon
and hydrogen and only trace amounts of other atoms such as
sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. Hydrocarbon fuels include petro-
leum-based materials such as alkanes, olefins, and aromatics.
Hypoxia Low dissolved oxygen concentrations, generally less than 2 mil-
ligrams per liter.
Land cover Land cover is the extent and type of physical and biological
cover over the surface of land.
Land use Land use is defined by anthropogenic activities, such as agricul-
ture, forestry, and urban development, that alter land-surface pro-
cesses including biogeochemistry, hydrology, and biodiversity.
Lignin A complex polymer that occurs in certain plant cell walls. Lignin
binds to cellulose fibers and hardens and strengthens the cell
walls of plants.
Lignocellulosic biomass Plant biomass composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
Pilot demonstration NREL defines a pilot demonstration for biofuel refinery as a fa-
cility that has the capacity to process 1-10 dry tons of feedstock
per day. These facilities typically do not include fully integrated
processes.
Reid Vapor Pressure A measure of fuel volatility.
Stumpage A fee charged by a landowner to companies or operators for the
right to harvest timber on that land.
