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Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Conversion Factors." National Research Council. 2011. Renewable Fuel Standard: Potential Economic and Environmental Effects of U.S. Biofuel Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13105.
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F

Conversion Factors

    Mass
1 ounce (oz) ≡ 28.3495231 g
1 pound ≡ 0.453592 kg
1 (short) ton ≡ 0.907185 (metric) tonne

    Length
1 foot (ft) ≡ 0.3048 m (meter)
1 mile ≡ 1.609344 km (kilometer)

    Area
1 mi2 ≡ 2.589988 km2
1 acre ≡ 0.404685642 hectare (ha)

    Volume
1 ft3 ≡ 0.028317 m3
1 gallon ≡ 3.785412 liter (L)
1 barrel ≡ 158.987295 L

    Energy
1 British thermal unit (Btu) ≡ 0.001055 megajoule (MJ)

    Pressure
1 pounds per square inch (psi) ≡ 6,894.76 Pascal (Pa)

    Compound units
1 pound per bushel ≡ 17.857143 kg/tonne
1 pound per acre ≡ 1.120851 kg/ha
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Conversion Factors." National Research Council. 2011. Renewable Fuel Standard: Potential Economic and Environmental Effects of U.S. Biofuel Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13105.
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1 bushel per acre ≡ 0.062768 tonne/ha
1 ton per acre ≡ 2.241702 tonne/ha
1 ounce (oz) per gallon ≡ 7.489152 g/L
1 ounce per Btu ≡ 26,870.16 g/MJ
1 ft3/acre ≡ 0.028317 m3/ac
1 ft3/ton ≡ 0.031214 m3/Mg
1 ft3/Btu ≡ 26,839.19 m3/GJ
1 Btu per gallon ≡ 0.000279 MJ/L
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Conversion Factors." National Research Council. 2011. Renewable Fuel Standard: Potential Economic and Environmental Effects of U.S. Biofuel Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13105.
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Page 307
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Conversion Factors." National Research Council. 2011. Renewable Fuel Standard: Potential Economic and Environmental Effects of U.S. Biofuel Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13105.
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Page 308
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In the United States, we have come to depend on plentiful and inexpensive energy to support our economy and lifestyles. In recent years, many questions have been raised regarding the sustainability of our current pattern of high consumption of nonrenewable energy and its environmental consequences. Further, because the United States imports about 55 percent of the nation's consumption of crude oil, there are additional concerns about the security of supply. Hence, efforts are being made to find alternatives to our current pathway, including greater energy efficiency and use of energy sources that could lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as nuclear and renewable sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, and biofuels. The United States has a long history with biofuels and the nation is on a course charted to achieve a substantial increase in biofuels.

Renewable Fuel Standard evaluates the economic and environmental consequences of increasing biofuels production as a result of Renewable Fuels Standard, as amended by EISA (RFS2). The report describes biofuels produced in 2010 and those projected to be produced and consumed by 2022, reviews model projections and other estimates of the relative impact on the prices of land, and discusses the potential environmental harm and benefits of biofuels production and the barriers to achieving the RFS2 consumption mandate.

Policy makers, investors, leaders in the transportation sector, and others with concerns for the environment, economy, and energy security can rely on the recommendations provided in this report.

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