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Index
5-4-3-2-1 Go! campaign, 128 Behavioral mapping, 68-69
Birth weight, 48-49, 51, 160
Bisphenol A, 153
A Body mass index (BMI)
calculation, 35, 38, 39
Access to affordable healthy foods, 6, 12-13, 23-24,
CDC gender-specific charts, 37, 39-42
27-28, 85, 101-106, 159
defined, 157
Adiposity in children
monitoring, 8, 35-36, 37, 38, 39-42
defined, 157
obesity definition, 41, 160
predictors of, 44
overweight definition, 40-42, 160
prenatal factors, 50
parental, 44, 45, 48, 49
screen time and, 6, 122
phthalates in blood and, 154
sleep restriction and, 138
prepregnancy, 48, 49, 50
television advertising exposure and, 6, 122, 125
rationale for monitoring, 42-44
African Americans/blacks, 19, 87, 124
screen time and, 123, 124-125
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), 10, 11, 35,
sleep habits and, 137-138
39, 73, 86, 87, 94, 97, 120, 124
WHO growth charts, 39
American Dietetic Association, 10, 73
Z-score, 138, 157
Americans with Disabilities Act, 9, 61, 67
Bottle feeding, 90-92
Animal Trackers intervention, 65
Breastfeeding
Arizona, child care standards, 30
AAP recommendations, 11
Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, 11, 86, 88, 89,
(ALSPAC), 45, 48
90, 157
barriers to, 87-88
B bottle feeding breast milk, 90-92
child care center support of, 11, 90, 91
Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), 11, 86, 88,
complementary solid foods, 12, 21, 87, 92-98
89, 90, 157
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duration, 87, 89 staff development/training, 10, 67, 72-76, 107
nutrition support of, 87, 90 strollers, swings, and bouncer seats/chairs, 70
obesity risk reduction, 5, 87 Childcare Mealtime and Active Play Partnerships
peer support, 90, 160-161 (ChildcareMAPP), 102
prevalence, 87 Children with disabilities, physical activity, 5, 9, 61,
promoting and supporting, 11, 86-88, 89, 90, 157 67, 69-70, 74
race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status and, 87, 88 Collaborative Perinatal Project, 47-48
rationale for recommendations, 87-90 Consumer Product Safety Commission, 68
recommendations, 11, 86
state laws, 88-89
D
Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Support
Breastfeeding, 87-88 DDT, 154
Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding, 89, 91 Delaware, child care standards, 30, 71, 74, 101
worksite policies, 11, 28, 87, 88-89, 90 Diet of U.S. children (see also Breastfeeding; Eating
Built environment for physical activity, 5, 9, 23, 27, behavior; Healthy eating; Infant formula)
61, 62-63, 65-70 added sugar, salt, and fat, 21, 85, 93, 94, 96-97
CACFP meal patterns, 93
calorie-dense, nutrient-poor foods, 27, 122, 138,
C 158
C-reactive protein, 48, 138 dairy products, 19, 37, 85, 91, 94, 96-97, 105,
Cadmium, 154 159, 162
Calorie-dense, nutrient-poor foods, 27, 122, 138, 158 fruits and vegetables, 19, 21, 27, 85, 93, 94-96,
Carbamates, 153 104, 105, 106, 126, 159
Cardiovascular disease, 45, 48, 94 sugar-sweetened beverages, 19, 91, 96-97, 158, 162
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1, whole grains, 37, 85, 94-95, 96, 105, 159
14, 19, 43, 87, 125 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), 6, 12, 60,
BMI gender-specific charts, 37, 39-42 93, 94, 97, 98, 158
growth charts, 8, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42 Dietary guidelines for children under 2 years, 6, 12,
screen time recommendations, 123 97-98
Task Force on Community Preventive Services, Diethylstilbestrol, 153
123 Dyslipidemia, 94, 158
VERB campaign, 127-128 Dystocia, 50, 159
Charge to committee, 17-18
Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), 5-6,
E
11, 13, 30, 87, 93, 94, 95, 101, 103-105, 107
Child care settings (see also Standards for child care) Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-Revised
Breastfeeding Friendly, 11, 90, 91 (ECERS-R), 72
crib, car seat, and high chair use, 70 Early Head Start, 11, 87, 90, 101, 160
decreasing sedentary behavior, 9-10, 70-72 Eating behavior (see also Diet of U.S. children;
healthy eating, 5-6, 11, 23, 93, 101, 103, 107 Healthy eating)
home-based vs. center-based, 122 development of food preferences, 85-86, 93, 96, 97,
in low-income neighborhoods, 27-28 99, 119, 121, 122, 125, 128
physical activity, 5, 8-9, 29, 61, 65-66, 70 marketing/advertising and, 119, 121, 122, 125, 128
quality of, 72 rewards or bribes and, 99
screen time in, 13, 29-30, 72, 121, 122 self-regulation, 6, 12, 98, 99, 100, 101
sleep in, 6-7, 15, 136 Electronic medical records, 39
Index
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Emergency Food Assistance Program, 104 parental weight status and, 8, 37, 42, 44
Endocrine-disrupting agents, 153-154 rate of weight gain, 8, 19, 37, 42, 43
Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation rationale for recommendations, 38-44
instrument, 72 recommendations, 5, 8, 38, 42
Environmental risk factors (see Eating behavior; training of health care providers, 35, 42
Sedentary behavior; Sleep) underdiagnosis of obesity, 42
Ethnic/racial differences weight-for-length or -height, 8, 19, 36, 37, 39, 40,
breastfeeding, 87, 88 42, 43-44, 138, 140, 142
obesity/overweight, 19, 20 well-child visits, 5, 8, 35, 37, 38, 39, 45
physical activity, 69 WHO charts, 8, 35, 36, 38-40, 42
screen time, 124
sleep duration and environment, 124, 135
H
Evaluation of policies (see also Research on obesity
prevention), 7, 24-25 Head Start (see also Early Head Start), 26, 65
Evidence on obesity prevention, 24-25 Health care providers
counseling parents/caregivers, 13, 14, 107, 121,
123-124
F growth monitoring, 4, 5, 8, 35-44, 45
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 88 perceptions of competence to treat obesity, 42-43
Family and Medical Leave Act, 89 training, 10, 35, 42, 67, 72-76, 107, 121
Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program, 104 Healthy eating (see also Breastfeeding; Diet of U.S.
Federal Communications Commission, 11, 86 children; Eating behavior)
Federal Trade Commission, 14, 121, 125 access to affordable healthy foods, 6, 12-13, 23-24,
Feeding cues, 12, 92, 98, 99, 100 27-28, 85, 101-106, 159
First Steps for Mommy and Me, 142 adults eating with children, 98, 99, 100, 101
Food and Drug Administration, 14, 125 CACFP standards, 5-6, 11, 13, 30, 87, 93, 94, 95,
Food insecurity, 103, 159 101, 103-105, 107
Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program, 104 child care settings, 5-6, 11, 23, 93, 101, 103,
Fruit juices, 97 107
communicating with parents, 102, 107
dietary guidelines for children under 2 years, 6, 12,
G 97-98
discretionary calories, 94, 96, 97, 158
Gender differences, 19
drinking water, 11, 19, 93, 97
Gestational diabetes, 46, 49-51
family-style service, 12, 98, 100, 101, 107
Green Carts initiative, 105, 106
feeding cues, 12, 92, 98, 99, 100
“Growing out of it,” 1, 19
fruit juice, 97
Growth monitoring
goals, 85
at-risk children, 36, 39
government role, 6, 103
BMI calculations, 8, 35-36, 37, 38, 39-42
home settings, 6, 12, 28
CDC charts, 8, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42
infants, 98, 101
CDC updated guidelines, 38-44
information and educational resources, 102
discussions with parents, 35, 37, 44
low-income urban neighborhoods, 105-106
electronic medical records and, 39
nutrition assistance programs and, 12-13, 87, 90,
goal, 35
103
by health care providers, 4, 5, 8, 35-44
plates and utensils, 100
misperceptions of excess weight, 1, 19, 37-38
185
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rationale for recommendations, 94-97, 98, 99, 101, obesity in, 62
103-106, 107 physical activity, 5, 8-9, 60, 61-63, 70-71, 74-75
recommendations, 2, 5-6, 11-13, 93, 97, 98, 101, physical environment for, 62-63
107 plagiocephaly, 71
responsive feeding, 6, 12, 21-22, 85, 98-101, 102, preterm, 44, 48
161 rate of weight gain, 43
self-regulation, 6, 12, 98, 99, 100, 101, 107 responsive feeding, 12, 101
standards, 30, 101 restrictive equipment, limiting use of, 70, 74-75
toddlers and preschoolers, 98 screen time, 120
training professionals, 13, 107 SIDS, 71
Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, 29 sleep, 71, 137, 140
Healthy People 2020, 29, 123 soothing techniques, 140
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, 48 standards for child care, 101
Hispanics/Latinos, 19, 20, 87, 124 stroller, swing, and bouncer seat/chair use, 70-71
Home settings taste preferences, 96, 97
healthy eating, 6, 12, 28 “tummy time,” 8, 61, 62
low-income families, 28 Interagency Working Group on Food Marketed to
screen time, 14, 15, 120, 122, 124 Children, 125
sleep, 6, 14, 15, 120, 124
Home visitation programs, 11, 22, 75, 87, 90, 140,
K
160-161
Kaiser Family Foundation, 120
I
L
Implementation of policies
cultural competency, 23, 127 Lead, 154
interaction with parents, 22-23 Leptin levels, 48, 138
parent role in, 23 Low-income neighborhoods
training of providers, 27 access to healthy foods, 27-28
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 74
Infant formula
M
bottle-feeding guidelines, 90-92
WHO International Code of Marketing of Breast
Marketing/advertising (see also Social marketing
Milk Substitute, 11, 86
campaigns)
Infants (see also Breastfeeding)
and adiposity, 6, 122, 125
adult interactions, 61, 62, 63
and eating behavior, 119, 121, 122, 125, 128
birth weight, 48-49, 51, 160
expenditures for food marketing, 121
bottle-feeding guidelines, 12, 90-92
exposure levels of young children, 121
complementary solid foods, 12, 21, 87, 92-98
goals, 119
cow’s milk, 91
infant formula, 11, 86
crib, car seat, and high chair use, 70-71
recommendations, 14, 125, 126
defined, 159
self-regulatory advertising initiative, 122
feeding cues, 12, 91, 92, 98
unhealthy foods and beverages, 4, 14, 27, 122, 125
gross motor development, 62
voluntary standards, 120, 125
healthy eating, 98, 101
Massachusetts, child care regulation, 30
holding vs. propping bottles, 12, 91, 101
Milk, flavored, 96-97
Index
186
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N misperceptions of excess weight, 37-38
physical activity, 75-76
National Association for Sport and Physical Parental weight status
Education, 74 BMI, 44, 45, 48, 49
National Association for the Education of Young and childrearing practices, 46
Children, 74 and growth monitoring, 8, 37, 42, 44
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and obesity risk, 8, 37, 42 (see also Prenatal
(NHANES), 19, 154 influences)
National Health and Safety Performance Standards, 68 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010,
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 47 88
National Resource Center for Health and Safety in PCBs, 153-154
Child Care and Early Education, 30 Phthalates, 153, 154
National School Lunch Program, 29, 104 Physical activity
National Sleep Foundation, 137, 158 active play, 21, 67-68, 102, 157
New York City Department of Health and Mental adult interactions, 61
Hygiene, 106 Animal Trackers intervention, 65
North Carolina, child care regulation, 30 behavioral mapping, 68-69
Nutrition assistance programs, 4 (see also specific built environment and, 5, 9, 23, 27, 61, 62-63,
programs) 65-70
breastfeeding support, 87, 90 in child care settings, 5, 8-9, 29, 61, 65-66, 70
and child care licensing, 29 children with disabilities, 5, 9, 61, 67, 69-70, 74
funding, 103 circuit training and endurance activities, 65
and healthy eating, 12-13, 87, 90, 103 and cognitive development, 67
interagency coordination, 29 communication with parents about, 5, 10, 73,
maximizing participation, 12-13, 103 75-76
defined, 161
environmental interventions, 65-66
O
evidence base, 60, 67, 70
Obesity family-based interventions, 64-65
chronic diseases associated with, 94 goals, 59
defined, 40, 160 Healthy People 2020 objectives, 29, 123
and gut microflora, 154 infants, 5, 8-9, 60, 61-63, 70-71, 74-75
racial/ethnic differences, 19, 20 information and resources on, 74
Obesogenic environment, 160 light levels of, 9, 61, 63-64, 65-66, 68-69, 159
Organophosphates, 153 in low-income neighborhoods, 27-28
Overweight measurement of, 63-64
chronic diseases associated with, 94 moderate levels of, 9, 29, 61, 63, 64, 65-66, 67,
defined, 39, 40-42, 160 68-69, 73-74, 160
“growing out of it,” 1, 19 and motor development, 62, 63
racial/ethnic differences, 19, 20 “move and learn” activity curriculum, 65
neighborhood and community venues, 68-69
outdoor activities, 5, 8, 9, 61, 62, 65, 66-67, 68,
P 69-70, 75, 76
parental role, 75-76
Parent and family roles, 3-4, 13, 23 (see also Home
Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 60, 63
settings)
potential actions, 61
advocacy, 75-76
187
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Public Playground Safety Handbook, 68 for counseling parents and caregivers, 6-7, 10, 13,
and punishment, 61 72-73, 107, 121
racial/ethnic differences, 69 defined, 161
rationale for, 61-70, 73-76 degree programs, 73, 107
recommendations, 2, 5, 8-9, 60-61, 67 in healthy eating, 13, 107
screen time and, 123 rationale for recommendations, 73-76
social marketing campaign, 127-128 regulatory requirements, 73
standards for child care, 29, 60-61, 64, 68, 70, 71 staff development in child care settings, 107
structured, 9, 61, 65, 74, 162 Public Playground Safety Handbook, 68
toddlers and preschoolers, 9, 61, 63-64, 75
training health and education professionals, 10, 67,
Q
72-76
Quality Rating and Improvement System (QRIS), 28, 29
trends, 21, 59, 64
unstructured, 9, 61, 66, 162
vigorous levels of, 9, 29, 61, 63, 64, 65-66, 67,
R
68-69, 73-74, 162
and weight gain, 59, 60, 63, 67, 70 Rational for prevention in early childhood, 20-21
Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 60, 63 Recommendations
Plagiocephaly, 71 breastfeeding, 11, 86
Polyfluoroalkyls, 154 context for, 4-7, 27-28
Preeclampsia, 51-52 decreasing sedentary behavior, 9-10, 70
Prenatal influences, 4-5 formulation approach, 2, 26-28, 149-151
adiposity in children, 50 growth monitoring, 5, 8, 38-44
chemicals, drugs, and microorganisms, 24, 47, healthy eating, 2, 5-6, 11-13, 93, 97, 98, 101, 107
153-154 implemention strategies, 2-3
diet and exercise interventions, 49, 50 marketing standards, 14, 125
gestational diabetes, 46, 49-51 physical activity, 2, 5, 8-9, 60-61, 67
gestational weight gain, 45, 46, 47-49, 51 revising, 7
intergenerational cycle, 46 screen time for 2- to 5-year-olds, 6, 13-14, 120, 124
maternal BMI, 48, 49, 50 sleep duration, 15, 136
metabolic consequences of maternal weight, 46-47, social marketing prevention campaigns, 14, 126
50, 51 training professionals to counsel parents/caregivers,
potential interventions, 47 10, 13, 15, 72-73, 107
prepregnancy weight, 24, 45-47, 48, 51 Reconciliation Act of 2010, 88
research challenges, 48, 49, 51 Regulation of child care (see Standards for chld care)
smoking, 45, 51-52, 153 Research on obesity prevention
Prevalence barriers, 25
gestational diabetes, 50 Responsive feeding, 6, 12, 21-22, 85, 98-101, 102, 161
obesity/overweight in young adults, 138 Risk of later obesity, 19-20, 43-44, 45, 47-48
obesity/overweight in young children, 1, 19, 20,
43-44, 63, 140
S
prepregnancy overweight, 46
Professional training School Breakfast Program, 104
and activity levels of children, 73-74 Screen time
certification and continuing education from AAP guidelines, 120, 123-124
national organizations, 73 and adiposity and obesity, 6, 19-20, 119, 122, 123,
124-125
Index
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in bedrooms and sleep areas, 14, 15, 120, 124 environment for, 6, 15, 136
and BMI, 123, 124-125 epidemiologic evidence, 135-136
in child care settings, 13, 29-30, 72, 121, 122 goal, 135
and cognitive development, 124 interventions, 140-142
coordination between parents and caregivers, 13, and neurocognitive functioning, 139
121, 122 parental behavior and, 139
counseling parents/caregivers, 13, 121, 124 and physical activity, 137
defined, 123, 162 poor sleep hygiene, 139, 161
exposure trends, 21, 119, 120, 122 position for infants, 71
goals, 119 racial/ethnic differences, 124, 135
Healthy People 2020 objectives, 123 recommendations, 15, 136
at home, 14, 15, 120, 122, 124 and screen time, 137
and physical activity, 123 self-regulation by young children, 15, 136, 142
race/ethnicity and, 124 training professionals to counsel parents/caregivers,
rationale for recommendations, 121-124 15, 136-137
recommendations, 6, 13-14, 120, 124 trends in young children, 6-7, 21, 135
research challenges, 120 and weight status, 138
and sleep duration, 137 Sleeping and Intake Methods Taught to Infants and
standards, 29-30 Mothers Early in Life (SLIMTIME), 140-141
television advertising, 6, 119-120, 121, 122, 125 Smoking, maternal, 45, 51-52, 153
training professionals to counsel parents/caregivers, Social marketing campaigns
13, 121 5-4-3-2-1 Go!, 128
and weight gain, 72 coordination with health care providers and
Sedentary behavior (see also Physical activity) community service agencies, 128
electronic media use and, 72, 75 core messages, 127
interventions, 10, 70, 72 costs, 127-128
measurement of, 71-72 defined, 126
quality of child care center and, 72 examples of successful programs, 126, 127-128
rational for recommendations, 70-72 format of information, 128
recommendations, 9-10, 70 goals, 6, 120
standards for child care, 29-30, 70 key elements, 126
Self-regulation by young children parents as targets, 128
caloric intake, 6, 12, 98, 99, 100, 101, 107 recommendations, 14, 126
sleep, 15, 136, 142 VERB, 127-128
Sleep Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women,
and adiposity, 138 Infants, and Children (see WIC program)
adverse health outcomes of deficits, 135-136, Standards for child care
137-138 accreditation of programs, 28-29
and BMI, 137-138 fostering adoption of, 28-29
in child care settings, 6-7, 15, 136 healthy eating, 30, 101
circadian misalignment, 138-139 incentives for adoption of state voluntary
counseling parents and caregivers on, 6-7, 15, 142 standards, 29
daytime napping, 15, 136, 138 infants, 101
developmentally appropriate durations, 137, 158 mandatory regulation, 29-30
disturbances and disorders, 135, 139 nutrition program funding and, 29
and eating behavior and diet, 138 outdoor play areas, 68, 70
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outreach campaigns, 28 University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus,
physical activity, 29, 60-61, 64, 68, 70, 71 102
Quality Rating and Improvement System, 28, 29 University of Idaho, 102
screen time, 29-30 U.S. Department of Agriculture
sleep duration, 136 child care nutrition standards, 29, 94
time spent in confining equipment, 71 Cooperative Extension programs, 22
training for providers, 73 dietary guidelines for children under 2, 12, 97, 158
Statement of task, 2, 3, 4, 18 information and educational resources, 102
Study approach and marketing standards, 14, 125
evidence gathering and assessment, 24-26 nutrition assistance programs, 13, 22, 75, 103, 104
exploring child care standards, 28-30 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
formulating recommendations, 2, 26-28 (HHS), 11, 12, 23, 29, 86, 97, 126, 158
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 71
Sugar-sweetened beverages, 19, 96, 97, 158, 162
V
Summer Food Service Program, 104
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, 13, 103, VERB campaign, 127-128
104
Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Support
W
Breastfeeding, 87-88
Surgeon General’s Vision for a Healthy and Fit
Washington, DC, child care regulation, 30
Nation, 60
Washington State University, 102
Weight-for-length or -height, 8, 19, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42,
43-44, 138, 140, 142
T
Weight gain
Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding, 89, 91 gestational, 45, 46, 47-49, 51
Tennessee, child care regulation, 30, 101 monitoring, 8, 19, 37, 42, 43
Texas, child care regulation, 30 and neurocognitive outcomes, 44
Toddlers/preschoolers (see also Healthy eating) and obesity risk, 44
defined, 161, 162 preterm infants, 44
hunger and fullness cues, 98-101 rate in children, 8, 19, 35, 37, 42, 43-44
physical activity, 9, 61, 63-64, 75 sugar-sweetened beverages and, 96
sedentary behavior, limiting, 70 WIC program, 11, 13, 22, 26, 36, 37, 75, 87, 90, 103,
sleep duration, 137 104, 160
stroller use, 70 Workplace breastfeeding policies, 11, 28, 87, 88-89,
Training (see Professional training) 90
Type 2 diabetes, 46, 50, 94, 96 World Health Organization (WHO)
Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, 11, 86, 88, 89,
90, 157
U growth charts, 8, 35, 36, 38-39, 42
Underweight, defined, 40 International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 89, 157 Substitute, 11, 86
Index
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