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SucceSSful K–12 STeM educaTion
NOTES
1
National Governors Association. (2007). Innovation
10
The workshop agenda is available at http://www7.
America: A final report. Washington, DC: Author. Available
nationalacademies.org/bose/STEM_SchoolsWorkshop
_Agenda.pdf. at: http://www.nga.org/Files/pdf/0707innovationfinal.
pdf.
2
Bryk, A.S., Sebring, P.B., Allensworth, E., Luppescu, S.,
and Easton, J.Q. (2010). Organizing schools for improvement: 11 National Academy of Sciences, National Academy
Lessons from Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. (2007). See
note 6. Quote taken from page 163.
National Research Council. (2009a). Engineering in K-12
3
education: Understanding the status and improving the prospects. J. (2010). Foreign science and engineering students
12 Burrelli,
in the United States. NSF Info Brief 10-324. Arlington,
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
VA: National Science Foundation. Available at: http://
4
National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf10324/nsf10324.pdf.
Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. (2011a). Rising
above the gathering storm revisited: Rapidly approaching cat- 13
See the joint G8 plus science academies’ statement
egory 5. Condensed version. Washington, DC: The Education for a Science-Based Global Development at http://
National Academies Press. The quote was taken from www.nationalacademies.org/includes/Final_Education.
page 4. pdf and http://www.stemedcaucus.org for a summary
of the types of intellectual capital needed in today’s
5
Lacey, T.A., and Wright, B. (2009). Occupational em- economy.
ployment projections to 2018. Monthly Labor Review,
National Research Council. (2007). Taking science
14
132(11), 82-123. Available at: http://www.bls.gov/opub/
to school: Learning and teaching science in grades K-8.
mlr/2009/11/art5full.pdf.
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
6
National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of
Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. (2007). Rising National Research Council. (2009b). L earning sci-
above the gathering storm: Energizing and employing America ence in informal environments: People, places, and pursuits.
for a brighter economic future. Washington, DC: The Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
National Academies Press.
15 President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Tech-
President’s Council of Advisors on Science and nology. (2010). See note 6.
Technology. (2010). Prepare and inspire: K-12 education in
science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) for America’s Goldin, C.D., and Katz, L.F. (2008). T he race between
future. Washington, DC: Author. Available at: http:// education and technology. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press
www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ of Harvard University Press.
ostp/pcast-stem-ed-final.pdf.
16 See
note 6.
Schmidt, W.H. (2011). STEM reform: W hich way to
7
go? Paper presented at the National Research Council 17
Wilson Wyner, J.S., Bridgeland, J.M., and Diiulio,
J.J. (2007). The achievement trap: How America is failing mil-
Workshop on Successful STEM Education in K-12
lions of high-achieving students from lower income families. A
Schools. Available at: http://www7.nationalacademies.
org/bose/STEM_Schools_Workshop_Paper_Schmidt. report by the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation and Civic
pdf. Enterprises. Available at: http://www.jkcf.org/assets/
files/0000/0084/Achievement_Trap.pdf.
8 Hill, C.J., Bloom, H.S., Black, A.R., and Lipsey, M.W.
18 Plucker, J.A., Burroughs, N., and Song, R. (2010). M ind
(2008). Empirical benchmarks for interpreting effect sizes
in research. C hild Development Perspectives, 2(3), 172-177. the (other) gap! The growing excellence gap in K-12 education.
Indiana University Center for Evaluation and
Gonzales, P., Williams, T., Jocelyn, L., Roey, S., Kastberg, Education Policy (CEEP). Available at: https://www.
D., and Brenwald, S. (2008). Highlights from TIMSS iub.edu/~ceep/Gap/excellence/ExcellenceGapBrief.
2007: Mathematics and science achievement of US fourth and pdf. Quote taken from page 34.
eighth-grade students in an international context. (NCES 2009-
Science Board. (2010). Science and engineering
19 National
001 Revised). Washington, DC: National Center for
indicators 2010. Arlington, VA: National Science
Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences,
U.S. Department of Education. Foundation. Available at: http://www.nsf.gov/statistic/
seind10/pdfstart.htm.
9 Gonzales et al. (2008). See note 8.
31
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SucceSSful K–12 STeM educaTion
National Academy of Sciences, National Academy at: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/bose/STEM
of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. (2011b). Schools_Workshop_Paper_Young.pdf. This quote was
Expanding underrepresented minority participation: America’s taken from page 2.
science and technology talent at the crossroads. Committee
30
on Underrepresented Groups and the Expansion of the Ibid.
Science and Engineering Workforce Pipeline, Committee
31
on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, Policy Ibid.
and Global Affairs, Washington, DC: The National
32
Academies Press. Young et al. (2011) (see note 29) used propensity score
matching to identify comparison schools (this method is
U.S. Department of Labor. (2007). T he STEM workforce
20 described in their report). Student and school character-
challenge: The role of the public workforce system in a national istics also were entered as statistical controls to further
solution for a competitive science, technology, engineering, and disentangle school effects from differences among stu-
mathematics (STEM) workforce. Washington, DC: Author. dent populations.
Available at: http://www.doleta.gov/youth_services/pdf/
Stone, J.R., III. (2011). Delivering STEM education
33
STEM_Report_4%2007.pdf.
through career and technical education schools and programs.
21
Lacey and Wright. (2009). See note 5. Paper presented at the National Research Council
Workshop on Successful STEM Education in K-12
22
Ibid. Schools. Available at: http://www7.nationalacademies.
org/bose/STEM_Schools_Workshop_Paper_Stone.pdf.
National Research Council. (1996). National science
23
education standards. Washington, DC: National Academy 34
Stone, J.R., III, Alfeld, C., and Pearson, D. (2008).
Press. Rigor and relevance: Testing a model of enhanced math
learning in career and technical education. A merican
Hansen. M., and Choi, K. (2011). C hronically low- Education Research Journal, 45, 767-795.
24
performing schools and turnaround: Evidence from three states.
Council of Chief State School Officers. (2008). Key
35
CALDER Working Paper #60. Washington, DC: Center
state education policies on PK-12 education: 2008. Washington,
for the Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Education
Research. DC: Author.
Subotnik, R.F., and Tai, R.H. (2011, May). Successful Lee, J.M., Jr., and Rawls, A. (2010). The College Board
25 36
education in the STEM disciplines: An examination of selec- completion agenda: 2010 progress report. New York: The
tive specialized science mathematics and technology-focused College Board Advocacy and Policy Center. Available at:
high schools. [Presentation slides]. Presented at the http://completionagenda.collegeboard.org/sites/default/
National Research Council Workshop on Successful files/reports_pdf/Progress_Report_2010.pdf.
STEM Education in K-12 Schools. Available at: http://
Pellegrino, J. (2010, January). Redesign for Advanced
37
www7.nationalacademies.org/bose/STEM_Schools_
Placement science curriculum. [Presentation slides].
Workshop_Presentation_Tai_Subotnik.pdf.
Presented at a meeting of the National Research Council’s
26 Ibid. Conceptual Framework for New Science Education
Standards Committee. Available at: http://www7.
27 The study, being prepared by Rena Subotnik and nationalacademies.org/bose/Pellegrino_Framework_
Robert Tai, is using a quasi-experimental design to deter- Presentation.pdf.
mine whether graduates of selective STEM secondary
38 Ibid.
schools are more likely to remain in the STEM pipeline
than students with similar achievement and interests
Research Council. (2002). L earning and under-
39 National
who attended more comprehensive public secondary
standing: Improving advanced study of mathematics and science
schools.
in U.S. high schools. Committee on Programs for Advanced
28 Subotnik, R.F., and Tai, R.H. (2011, May). See note 25. Study of Mathematics and Science in American High
Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies
29 Young, V.M., House, A., Wang, H., Singleton, C., Press. Quote taken from page 5.
and Klopfenstein, K. (2011). Inclusive STEM schools:
40 Many
Early promise in Texas and unanswered questions. Paper pre- other issues are also important to STEM learning
sented at the National Research Council Workshop on for which we lacked the time and available research syn-
Successful STEM Education in K-12 Schools. Available theses to address. These issues include but are not limited
32
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SucceSSful K–12 STeM educaTion
47
to STEM teacher retention; enabling factors outside the National Mathematics Advisory Panel. (2008). See
school, such as parents, business, and community; infor- note 41.
mation about the relative cost of implementation; the
48
role of science fairs; and practices such as mentorships, Common Core State Standards Initiative. (2010).
research experiences, and internships. Common core state standards for mathematics. Available
at: http://www.corestandards.org/assets/CCSSIMath%20
41
National Mathematics Advisory Panel. (2008). Standards.pdf.
Foundations for success: The final report of the National
Mathematics Advisory Panel. Washington, DC: U.S. 49
National Research Council. (forthcoming). See note 42.
Department of Education. Available at: http://www2.
50
ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/mathpanel/report/final- Schmidt, W.H. (2011). See note 7.
report.pdf.
51
Ibid. Quote taken from pp. 13-14.
National Research Council. (1999). How people learn: Brain,
mind, experience, and school. Committee on Developments 52
Boyd, D.J., Grossman, P.L., Lankford, H., Loeb, S.,
in the Science of Learning. J.D. Bransford, A.L. Brown, and Wyckoff, J. (2009). Teacher preparation and student
achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis,
and R.R. Cocking (Eds.). Washington, DC: National
31, 416-440.
Academy Press.
National Research Council. (2001). A dding it up: Helping National Research Council. (2010). Preparing teachers:
53
children learn mathematics. Washington, DC: National Building evidence for sound policy. Committee on the Study
Academy Press. of Teacher Preparation Programs in the United States.
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
National Research Council. (2005). How students learn:
Mathematics in the classroom. Washington, DC: The 54
Ibid.
National Academies Press.
55
Ibid.
National Research Council. (2007). Taking science to school:
Learning and teaching science in grades K-8. Washington, 56
Schmidt, W.A. (2011). See note 7.
DC: The National Academies Press.
Wilson, S. (2011). Effective STEM teacher preparation,
57
National Research Council. (2009a). Engineering in K-12 induction, and professional development. Paper presented at
education: Understanding the status and improving the prospects. the National Research Council Workshop on Successful
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. STEM Education in K-12 Schools. Available at: http://
www7.nationalacademies.org/bose/STEM_Schools_
National Research Council. (2009b). L earning sci- Workshop_Paper_Wilson.pdf.
ence in informal environments: People, places, and pursuits.
58
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Ibid.
42 59 Ibid.
National Research Council. (forthcoming). Conceptual
framework for new science education standards. The committee
60 Cohen,
had access to a draft of the conceptual framework that D.K., and Hill, H. (2000). Instructional policy
was released to the public in July 2010 for comment. and classroom performance: The mathematics reform in
California. Teachers College Record, 102(2), 294-343.
The final version of the document is expected July 2011.
43 Young et al. (2011). See note 29. Desimone, L., Porter, A.C., Garet, M., Yoon, K.S., and
Birman, B. (2002). Effects of professional development
Elder, J. (2011, May). C hrista McAuliffe School: PS #28.
44 on teachers’ instruction: Results from a three-year lon-
gitudinal study. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis,
[Presentation slides]. Presented at the National Research
24, 81-112.
Council Workshop on Successful STEM Education
in K-12 Schools. Available at: http://www7.nation-
alacademies.org/bose/STEM_Schools_Workshop_ Hill, H.C. (2011). The nature and effects of mid-
Presentation_Elder.pdf. dle school mathematics teacher learning experiences.
Teachers’ College Record, 113, 205-234.
45 Stone, J.R., III. (2011). See note 33.
Wilson, S. (2011). See note 57.
46 Schmidt, W.H. (2011). See note 7.
33
OCR for page 34
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61 73
Wilson, S. (2011). See note 57. Schmidt, W.H. (2011). See note 7.
62 74
U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2009). National Mathematics Advisory Panel. (2008). See
No Child Left Behind Act: Enhancements in the Department note 41.
of Education’s review process could improve state aca-
demic assessments. GAO 09-911. Washington, DC: 75
Gamoran, A. (2010). Tracking and inequality: New
Author. Quote taken from page 20. directions for research and practice. In M. Apple,
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Ibid. Quote taken from page 23.
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64
state science assessment. Washington, DC: The 76
Burris, C.C., Heubert, J.P., and Levin, H.M. (2006).
National Academies Press. Quote taken from page 4. Accelerating mathematics achievement using het-
erogeneous grouping. A merican Educational Research
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65
Ibid. Quote taken from page 5.
Center on Education Policy. (2007). C hoices,
66 Burris, C.C., Wiley, E., Welner, K., and Murphy, J.
changes, and challenges: Curriculum and instruction in the (2008). Accountability, rigor, and detracking:
NCLB era. Washington, DC: Author. Achievement effects of embracing a challenging
curriculum as a universal good for all students.
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time in elementary schools: A closer look at changes for
specific subjects. Washington, DC: Author. McLaughlin, M.W., and Talbert, J.E. (2006). Build-
77
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68
Dorph, R., Goldstein, D., Lee, S., Lepori, K., Teachers College Press.
Schneider, S., and Venkatesan, S. (2007). T he
status of science education in the Bay Area: Research Newmann, F.M. (1996). Authentic achievement: Re-
78
brief. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Hall of Science, structuring schools for intellectual quality. San Francisco:
University of California, Berkeley. Quote taken Jossey-Bass.
from page 1.
Elmore, R.F., Peterson, P.L., and McCarthey, S.J.
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Ibid. Quote taken from page 4.
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70
Maltese, A.V., and Tai, R.H. (2010). Eyeballs in
the fridge: Sources of early interest in science. Inter- Gamoran, A., Anderson, C.W., Quiroz, P.A., Secada,
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71
Hill et al. (2008). See note 8.
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72 National 79 Bryk et al. (2010). See note 2.
report: Investigations in high school science. Washington,
80 Ibid.
DC: The National Academies Press.
National Research Council. (2007). Taking science 81 Ibid.
to school: Learning and teaching science in grades K-8.
82
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. (2010). See note 53.
Quote taken from page 73.
34
