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Grand Challenges in Earthquake
Engineering Research
A Community Workshop Report
Committee for the Workshop on Grand Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research—
A Vision for NEES Experimental Facilities and Cyberinfrastructure Tools
Committee on Seismology and Geodynamics
Board on Earth Sciences and Resources
Division on Earth and Life Studies
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National
Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible
for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by the National Science Foundation under contract No. CMMI-1047519. Any opin -
ions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do
not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-21452-0
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-21452-1
Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W.,
Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan
area); Internet: http://www.nap.edu.
Cover: Cover design by Francesca Moghari.
Copyright 2011 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars
engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to
their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the
Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters.
Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy
of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in
the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising
the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed
at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of
engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services
of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health
of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its
congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues
of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the
broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advis -
ing the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the
Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering
communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph
J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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COMMITTEE FOR THE WORKSHOP ON GRAND CHALLENGES IN EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING RESEARCH—A VISION FOR NEES EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES AND
CYBERINFRASTRUCTURE TOOLS
GREGORY L. FENVES, Co-chair, University of Texas at Austin
CHRIS D. POLAND, Co-chair, Degenkolb Engineers, San Francisco, California
ADAM J. CREWE, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
RONALD T. EGUCHI, ImageCat, Inc., Long Beach, California
JEROME F. HAJJAR, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
JEROME P. LYNCH, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
MASAYOSHI NAKASHIMA, Kyoto University, Japan
National Research Council Staff
JASON ORTEGO, Project Manager and Research Associate
DAVID A. FEARY, Project Director
ERIC EDKIN, Senior Program Assistant
v
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BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES AND RESOURCES
CORALE L. BRIERLEY, Chair, Brierley Consultancy, LLC, Highlands Ranch, Colorado
KEITH C. CLARKE, University of California, Santa Barbara
DAVID J. COWEN, University of South Carolina, Columbia
WILLIAM E. DIETRICH, University of California, Berkeley
ROGER M. DOWNS, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
JEFF DOZIER, University of California, Santa Barbara
WILLIAM L. GRAF, University of South Carolina, Columbia
RUSSELL J. HEMLEY, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C.
MURRAY W. HITZMAN, Colorado School of Mines, Golden
EDWARD KAVAZANJIAN, JR., Arizona State University, Tempe
ROBERT B. MCMASTER, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
M. MEGHAN MILLER, UNAVCO, Inc., Boulder, Colorado
ISABEL P. MONTAÑEZ, University of California, Davis
CLAUDIA INÉS MORA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico
BRIJ M. MOUDGIL, University of Florida, Gainesville
CLAYTON R. NICHOLS, Department of Energy, Idaho Operations Office ( Retired), Ocean Park,
Washington
HENRY N. POLLACK, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
JOAQUIN RUIZ, University of Arizona, Tucson
DAVID T. SANDWELL, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
PETER M. SHEARER, University of California, San Diego
REGINAL SPILLER, Frontera Resources Corporation (Retired), Houston, Texas
RUSSELL E. STANDS-OVER-BULL, Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, Denver, Colorado
TERRY C. WALLACE, JR., Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico
National Research Council Staff
ANTHONY R. dE SOUZA, Director
ELIZABETH A. EIDE, Senior Program Officer
DAVID A. FEARY, Senior Program Officer
ANNE M. LINN, Senior Program Officer
SAMMANTHA L. MAGSINO, Program Officer
MARK D. LANGE, Associate Program Officer
JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Financial and Administrative Associate
NICHOLAS D. ROGERS, Financial and Research Associate
COURTNEY R. GIBBS, Program Associate
JASON R. ORTEGO, Research Associate
ERIC J. EDKIN, Senior Program Assistant
CHANDA IJAMES, Program Assistant
vi
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COMMITTEE ON SEISMOLOGY AND GEODYNAMICS
DAVID T. SANDWELL, Chair, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
MICHAEL E. WYSESSION, Vice Chair, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
J. RAMÓN ARROWSMITH, Arizona State University, Tempe
EMILY E. BRODSKY, University of California, Santa Cruz
JAMES L. DAVIS, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York
STUART P. NISHENKO, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Francisco, California
PETER L. OLSON, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
NANCY L. ROSS, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg
CHARLOTTE A. ROWE, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico
BRIAN W. STUMP, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas
AARON A. VELASCO, University of Texas, El Paso
vii
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Preface
Within a one-month period in 2011, two major earth- O nly three days after the Tohoku earthquake, the
quakes struck countries that are among the best prepared National Research Council convened a long-planned com-
for earthquakes. The M6.1 South Island of New Zealand munity workshop sponsored by the National Science Foun-
earthquake (February 22, 2011) had an epicenter 6 km from dation. The purpose of the workshop was to give members
Christchurch. Less than three weeks later, the M9.0 Tohoku of the earthquake engineering community an opportunity to
earthquake (March 11, 2011) hit the northeast region of identify the “Grand Challenges” for earthquake engineering
Japan’s largest island, unleashing a massive tsunami. At the research that would be needed to achieve an earthquake-
time of this publication, it is estimated that more than 25,000 resilient society. Based on these grand challenges, the par-
people perished in the Tohoku earthquake and the economic ticipants were asked to identify the networked facilities, both
toll in Japan may exceed 3 percent of its gross domestic experimental and cyberinfrastructure, needed to address the
product. These two earthquakes came on the heels of major challenges. Six keynote speakers provided their ideas and
earthquakes in Haiti and Chile within the past 18 months, perspectives about the grand challenges and key technolo-
providing stark reminders of the devastating impact major gies that will contribute to earthquake resilience. Through
earthquakes have on the lives and economic stability of mil- discussions in breakout sessions and plenary sessions, the
lions of people worldwide. participants identified Grand Challenges in earthquake engi-
The events in Haiti continue to show that poor planning neering and the general requirements for networked facilities
and governance lead to long-term chaos. The steady recov- to pursue Grand Challenge research on preparedness, mitiga-
ery of Chile demonstrates that modern earthquake planning, tion, response, and recovery.
proper construction, and mitigation activities facilitate rapid The timing of the community workshop, held while
recovery. The recent earthquake in New Zealand underscores the world was learning about the impact of the Tohoku
the importance of including resilience—the ability to recover earthquake, emphasized to the 53 participants that although
quickly—as a goal of urban development, land use planning, great progress in earthquake resilience has been made over
and earthquake preparedness. Japan, as one of the most the past 40 years, the geological threats to the United States
prepared nations, reminds us of the evolving nature of our are substantial. Society must make a major commitment to
understanding of major earthquakes and their consequences. increase the resilience of its communities, infrastructure,
There is uncertainty inherent in all aspects of earthquake and citizens. The Grand Challenge problems and networked
engineering that needs to be addressed on an ongoing basis facilities identified by the workshop participants will accel-
with transformative research, process and code development, erate the research needed for transformative solutions to
and focused implementation programs. achieve this goal.
Gregory L. Fenves, Co-chair
Chris D. Poland, Co-chair
ix
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Acknowledgments
The workshop would not have been successful without tivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The
the contributions of those who attended; discussions were review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential
informative, professional, and conducted in a cooperative to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish
spirit. For providing excellent white papers and keynote to thank the following individuals for their participation in
presentations to the workshop, the committee would like the review of this report:
to thank Gregory Deierlein, Reginald DesRoches, Omar
Ghattas, John Halloran, Laurie Johnson, and James Myers. Richard Bowker, Memphis Light, Gas, and Water,
The workshop was also greatly enhanced by the leader- Tennessee
ship of the breakout group moderators: John Egan, Ken Russell A. Green, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
Elwood, Kathleen Tierney, and Sharon Wood. Also to be State University, Blacksburg
a cknowledged are the workshop participants: Richard Ronald O. Hamburger, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger,
Bowker, Mehmet Celebi, Raymond Daddazio, Leonardo Inc., San Francisco, California
Duenas-Osorio, Shirley Dyke, Ahmed Elgamal, Mohammed Ann Patton, Ann Patton Company, LLC, Tulsa,
Ettouney, Charles Farrar, Kent Ferre, Steve French, Branko Oklahoma
Glisic, Thomas Heaton, Jon Heintz, William Holmes, Muneo Kathleen J. Tierney, University of Colorado at Boulder
Hori, Kimberly Kurtis, Kincho Law, Bret Lizundia, Stephen
Mahin, James Malley, Sami Masri, Peter May, Shamim Although the reviewers listed above have provided
Pakzad, Hope Seligson, Jonathan Stewart, Costas Synolakis, many constructive comments and suggestions, they were
and Solomon Yim. All participants are listed in Appendix C not asked to endorse—nor did they see—the final draft of
of this document. the workshop report before its release. The review of this
This report has been reviewed in draft form by indi- report was overseen by Susan Hanson, Clark University,
viduals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical and William Holmes, Rutherford & Chekene. Appointed by
expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the the NRC, they were responsible for making certain that an
National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Report Review Com- independent examination of this report was carried out in
mittee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide accordance with institutional procedures and that all review
candid and critical comments that will assist the institution comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the
in making its published report as sound as possible and to final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring
ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objec- committee and the NRC.
x
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Contents
OVERVIEW 1
1 INTRODUCTION 5
Background, 5
Overview of the Workshop, 5
Organization of the Report, 8
2 GRAND CHALLENGES IN EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH 11
Community Resilience Framework, 13
Decision Making, 14
Simulation, 15
Mitigation, 16
Design Tools, 18
3 NETWORKS OF FACILITIES 21
Community Resilience Observatory, 22
Instrumented City, 23
Earthquake Engineering Simulation Center, 23
Earthquake Engineering Data Synthesis Center, 23
Earth Observation, 23
Rapid Monitoring Facility, 24
Sustainable Materials Facility, 24
Networked Geotechnical Centrifuges, 24
SSI Shaking Table, 24
Large-Scale Shaking Table, 24
Tsunami Wave Simulator, 24
Advanced Structural Subsystems Characterization Facility, 25
Non-Structural, Multi-Axis Testing Facility, 25
Mobile Facility for In Situ Structural Testing, 25
REFERENCES 27
xi
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xii CONTENTS
APPENDIXES
A Breakout Session Presentations 29
B White Papers 43
Transformative Earthquake Engineering Research and Solutions for Achieving
Earthquake-Resilient Communities, 44
Grand Challenges in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Research, 51
Earthquake Engineering Research Needs in the Planning, Design, Construction,
and Operation of Buildings, 58
Cyberinfrastructure-Intensive Approaches to Grand Challenges in Earthquake
Engineering Research, 65
A Built Environment from Fossil Carbon, 70
Uncertainty Quantification and Exascale Computing: Opportunities and
Challenges for Earthquake Engineering, 74
C Workshop Participants 81
D Workshop Agenda 85
E Committee Biographies 89
