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OCR for page 137
Glossary
See Carlton and Ruiz (2005) for a framework for the standardization of terms
and definitions associated with vector science.
Allee effects — density-dependent phenomena that can cause the per-capita rate
of population growth to decline with decreasing population size (Kramer and
Drake, 2010)
ballast water exchange — transfer of water from a ship’s ballast systems to the
environment, with concomitant (“continuous exchange” method) or subsequent
(“empty-refill” method) uptake of water; generally intended to take place in off-
shore (open ocean) waters (cf. salt-water flushing) with a goal or removing or
reducing the original contents and associated biota from coastal or nearshore
habitats. Note that the target for exchange (100 percent for empty refill or 300
percent flow-through by volume) is intended to achieve 95 percent replacement
of the original water.
ballast water management — (1) in the context of reducing invasions, ballast-
ing practices designed to minimize the uptake or discharge of living organisms;
techniques or treatments designed to remove, kill or inactivate prior to their dis-
charge, organisms inadvertently taken up when water is brought into tanks or
ballasted holds; (2) independent of invasion biology considerations, the move-
ment of water into and out of ships’ ballast tanks and ballasted holds in such a
way as to maximize stability and safety of the ship, its crew, and cargo.
cryptogenic — a species that cannot be reliably demonstrated as native or non-
indigenous.
diapausing — describes a period during which physiological activity is sus-
pended.
discharge standard — criteria for the maximum concentration of living organ-
isms that may be discharged by a ship when discharging ballast; the value is
established by a regulatory or governing body.
donor region — dispersal hub within which a species interfaces with a transport
mechanism (Carlton, 1996); synonymous with “source region.”
establishment probability — used interchangeably herein with “invasion risk”;
the chance that one or more individuals establishes a self-maintaining popula-
tion.
137
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138 Glossary
euryphagic — a species exhibiting broad feeding range.
eurytopic — a species exhibiting broad habitat and physiological breadth.
founder effect — a reduction in genetic diversity occurring when a novel popu-
lation is established by a relatively small number of colonists.
holoplankton — organisms having their entire life history in the planktonic
(free-swimming) state.
inoculum density (ID or DI) —the total number of organisms in the inoculum
(NI) divided by the volume of the inoculum (VI) (Minton et al., 2005), i.e., DI =
NI / VI.
initial population size — the initial number of organisms released into the envi-
ronment in a given location at a given time, i.e., the inoculum number (NI). In
its simplest formulation, the organisms’ density in the environment (DE) is given
as the number of organisms released (NI) divided by the volume of water in the
environment (VE), i.e., DE = NI / VE.
invasion rate — the number of nonindigenous species that establish in a given
region per unit time.
invasion risk — see establishment probability.
invasive species — a broad term for a nonindigenous species to which is attri-
buted environmental, ecological, economic, or societal harm, or a combination
of these.
lecithotrophic — refers to planktonic larvae whose nutrition is yolk derived
from their egg.
meroplankton — defined as organisms having planktonic life stages for part of
their life history.
metapopulations — spatially separated populations of the same species that are
linked by dispersal.
microorganism — a wide variety of microscopic organisms consisting of a sin-
gle cell or cell cluster; includes viruses, which are not cellular (Madigan and
Martinko, 2006); synonymous with “microbe.”
models — conceptual, graphical, or mathematical descriptions of a phenomenon
or process. Here we define two major categories that are not mutually exclu-
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Glossary 139
sive, but which represent very different modeling philosophies and goals: de-
scriptive models represent the shape of the relationship, often in graphic form;
mechanistic models define the processes generating the relationship (e.g., Drake
and Jerde, 2009) and consist of two general classes, probabilistic statements and
dynamic, demographic models.
nonindigenous species — a species not naturally (historically) found in a par-
ticular geographic location or region; synonymous with non-native, alien, intro-
duced, exotic, and foreign (cf. invasive species).
parthenogenetic — describing a form of reproduction in which an unfertilized
egg develops into a new individual, occurring commonly among insects and
certain other arthropods.
pathway — a term used to encompass (a) why a species is transported, whether
accidentally or deliberately (cause), (b) the geographic path over which a spe-
cies is transported (route) and (c) how a species is transported (vector) (Carlton
and Ruiz, 2005).
polyvectic — species transported by more than one vector (Carlton and Ruiz,
2005); cf. vector.
probability of establishment (PE) — probability of establishing a self-
sustaining population.
propagule — any living biological material (particles, cells, spores, eggs, lar-
vae, and mature organisms) transported from one location to another.
propagule pressure — a general term expressing the quantity, quality, and fre-
quency with which propagules are introduced to a given location. Propagule
pressure is a function of a suite of variables reflecting the nature of the species
and the transport vector.
recipient region — endpoint of dispersal spoke at which a species is released
(initial point of inoculation) (Carlton, 1996); synonymous with target region.
risk–release relationship — the relationship between invasion risk and propa-
gule pressure for a single or multiple species. It expresses the number of spe-
cies that establish as a function of the large-scale release of a varying number of
varying species at varying densities. The relationship between invasion risk and
propagule pressure is generally held to be positive although the shape of the
curve may vary considerably.
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140 Glossary
salt-water flushing — the input of salt water to a ship’s seemingly empty or
partially filled ballast tank with the intent of (1) imposing a lethal physiological
shock to organisms therein or (2) removing residual living organisms and sedi-
ments, which are then pumped back out into the open sea (“rinse and spit”) (cf.
ballast water exchange).
vector — how a species is transported, that is, the physical means or agent (such
as ballast, hulls, or movement of commercial oysters) (Carlton and Ruiz, 2005)
(cf. polyvectic).
vector strength — the relative number or rate of established invasions that re-
sult within a specified time period from a given vector in a particular region
(Carlton and Ruiz, 2005).
virus — A genetic element containing either DNA or RNA that replicates in
cells but is characterized by having an extracellular state (Madigan and Martin-
ko, 2006).
REFERENCES
Carlton, J. T., and G. M. Ruiz. 2005. Vector science and integrated vector management
in bioinvasions ecology: conceptual frameworks. Pp. 36–58 In: Invasive Alien Spe-
cies. A New Synthesis. Mooney H. A., Mack R. N., McNeely J. A. , Neville L. E. ,
Schei P. J., Waage J. K., editors. Scope 63. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Carlton, J. T. 1996. Pattern, process, and prediction in marine invasion ecology. Biolog-
ical Conservation 78:97–106.
Drake, J. M., and C. Jerde. 2009. Stochastic models of propagule pressure and estab-
lishment. Chapter 5 In: Bioeconomics of invasive species: integrating ecology, eco-
nomics, policy, and management. Keller, R. P., Lodge, D. M, Lewis, M. A., and
Shogren, J. F. (editors). New York: Oxford University Press.
Kramer, A. M., and J. M. Drake. 2010. Experimental demonstration of population ex-
tinction due to a predator-driven Allee effect. Journal of Animal Ecology 79:1365–
2656.
Madigan, M. T., and J. M. Martinko. 2006. Biology of Microorganisms. Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Minton, M. S., E. Verling, A. W. Miller, and G. M. Ruiz. 2005. Reducing propagule
supply and coastal invasions via ships: Effects of emerging strategies. Frontiers in
Ecology and the Environment 3:304–308.
