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APPENDIX B
BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
Speakers
NEAL LANE (Co-Chair) is the Malcolm Gillis University Professor at
Rice University in Houston, Texas. He also holds appointments as senior
fellow of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, where he is
engaged in matters of science and technology policy, and in the
Department of Physics and Astronomy. Lane served in the federal
government during the Clinton administration as assistant to the
president for science and technology and director of the White House
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) from August 1998 to
January 2001, and as director of the National Science Foundation (NSF)
and member (ex officio) of the National Science Board from October
1993 to August 1998. Before becoming the NSF director, Lane was
provost and professor of physics at Rice University, a position he had
held since 1986. He first came to Rice in 1966, when he joined the
Department of Physics as an assistant professor. In 1972, he became
professor of physics and space physics and astronomy. Lane has received
numerous prizes and awards, including the AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson
Award, AAAS William D. Carey Award, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers President’s Award, American Chemical Society
Public Service Award, American Astronomical Society/American
Mathematical Society/American Physical Society Public Service Award,
NASA Distinguished Service Award, Council of Science Societies
Presidents Support of Science Award, Distinguished Alumni Award of
the University of Oklahoma, the National Academy of Sciences Public
Welfare Medal, the American Institute of Physics K.T. Compton Medal
for Leadership in Physics and the Association of Rice Alumni Gold
Medal for service to Rice University. Lane earned his B.S., M.S., and
Ph.D. (1964) degrees in physics from the University of Oklahoma.
BRONWYN HALL (Co-Chair) is Professor in the Graduate School at
the University of California at Berkeley and Professor of Economics of
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Technology and Innovation at the University of Maastricht, Netherlands.
She is a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic
Research and the Institute for Fiscal Studies, London. She is also the
founder and partner of TSP International, an econometric software firm.
She received a B.A. in physics from Wellesley College in 1966 and a
Ph.D. in economics from Stanford University in 1988. Professor Hall has
published articles on the economics and econometrics of technical
change, comparative analysis of the U.S. and European patent systems,
the use of patent citation data for the valuation of intangible (knowledge)
assets, comparative firm-level investment and innovation studies (the G-
7 economies), measuring the returns to R and D and innovation at the
firm level, analysis of technology policies such as R and D subsidies and
tax incentives, and of recent changes in patenting behavior in the
semiconductor and computer industries. She has also made substantial
contributions to applied economic research via the creation of software
for econometric estimation and of firm-level datasets for the study of
innovation, including the widely used NBER dataset for U.S. patents.
She is a member of the U.S. Federal Economic Statistics Advisory
Committee, and the Research Advisory Councils of the Deutsche
Bundesbank, Innovation Research Centre (University of Cambridge and
Imperial College) and Solvay Business School (Brussels). She is also a
past member of the Expert Group on Knowledge for Growth at the
European Commission, and the Science, Technology, and Economic
Policy (STEP) Board of the National Research Council.
STEFANO BERTUZZI is a Health Science Policy Analyst at the
National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director. Bertuzzi is
responsible for the NIH Return on Investment Program, in the Office of
Science Policy, Office of the NIH Director, U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services. In this position, Bertuzzi advises the NIH Director
on a wide range of health science policy matters related to the impact of
biomedical research on knowledge generation, health, wealth, and
national competitiveness. Bertuzzi is the NIH lead for the STAR Metrics
Project, which under the auspices of the White House Office of Science
Technology and Policy aims at developing a novel infrastructure to
capture the impact of federal R and D investments. Bertuzzi received his
Ph.D. in Molecular Biotechnology at the Catholic University of Milan,
Italy, and after postdoctoral training in the Laboratory of Molecular
Neurobiology at the Salk Institute in San Diego, CA., became a tenured
Associate Professor at the Dulbecco Telethon Institute in Milan, Italy.
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RICHARD BROGLIE is Director of Research Strategy at DuPont
Agricultural Biotechnology. He has a long history of research
management in DuPont/Pioneer including trait discovery programs in the
areas of improved soybean and canola oils and disease resistance in corn,
soybean, wheat and rice. Currently he is responsible for agricultural
biotechnology research programs in India, China, and Brazil as well as
for the establishment of strategic public-private sector partnerships in
these regions. Broglie received his Ph.D. in Microbiology from Rutgers
University and served as both Postdoctoral Fellow and Assistant
Professor at The Rockefeller University before joining DuPont in 1985.
ANTHONY CARNEVALE is the Director of the Georgetown
University Center on Education and the Workforce. Between 1996 and
2006, Carnevale served as Vice-President for Public Leadership at the
Educational Testing Service (ETS). While at ETS, Carnevale was
appointed by President George Bush to serve on the White House
Commission on Technology and Adult Education. Before joining ETS,
Carnevale was Director of Human Resource and Employment Studies at
the Committee for Economic Development (CED). While at CED,
Carnevale was appointed by President Clinton to Chair the National
Commission on Employment Policy. Carnevale was the founder and
President of the Institute for Workplace Learning (IWL) between 1983
and 1993. While at the IWL, Carnevale was appointed by President
Reagan to chair the human resources subcommittee on the White House
Commission on Productivity between 1982 and 1984. Earlier, he was a
senior staff member in both houses of the U.S. Congress. In 1993,
President Clinton appointed Carnevale as chairman of the National
Commission for Employment Policy. Carnevale received his B.A. from
Colby College and his Ph.D. in public finance economics from the
Maxwell School at Syracuse University.
PAUL CITRON is retired Vice President of Technology Policy and
Academic Relations at Medtronic, Inc. Citron joined Medtronic in 1972
and worked in various positions until he retired in December 2003—Vice
President of Science and Technology (1988-2002), Vice President,
Ventures Technology (1985-1988), Vice President, Applied Concepts
Research (1982-1985), Director, Applied Concepts Research (1979-
1982), Design and Staff Engineer, Project and Program Manager (1972-
1979). Citron was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in
2003, was elected Founding Fellow of the American Institute of Medical
and Biological Engineering (AIMBE) in January 1993, has twice won
the American College of Cardiology Governor's Award for Excellence
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and, in 1980, was inducted as a Fellow of the Medtronic Bakken Society.
He was voted IEEE Young Electrical Engineer of the Year in 1979. He
has authored many publications and holds several medical device pacing-
related patents. In 1980 he was presented with Medtronic's "Invention of
Distinction" award for his role as the co-inventor of the tined pacing
lead. Citron received a B.S. in electrical engineering from Drexel
University in 1969 and an M.S. in electrical engineering from the
University of Minnesota in 1972.
CAROL CORRADO is senior advisor and research director in
economics at The Conference Board. In addition, Corrado is a senior
fellow of the Georgetown University Center for Business and Public
Policy, and a member of the executive committee of the National Bureau
of Economic Research’s (NBER) Conference on Research on Income
and Wealth. Corrado has authored key papers on the macroeconomic
analysis of intangible investment and capital, including one that won the
International Association of Research on Income and Wealth’s 2010
Kendrick Prize (“Intangible Capital and U.S. Economic Growth”) and
one that appears in Measuring Capital in the New Economy (University
of Chicago Press, 2005), a volume she co-edited. Previously, she was
chief of the industrial output section at the Federal Reserve Board.
Corrado received the American Statistical Association’s prestigious
Julius Shiskin Award for Economic Statistics in 2003 in recognition of
her leadership in these areas and received a Special Achievement Award
from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in 1998. She
holds a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Pennsylvania and a
B.S. in management science from Carnegie-Mellon University.
JAMES EVANS is Assistant Professor of Sociology and Fellow at the
Computation Institute at the University of Chicago. Before coming to
Chicago, he received his doctorate in sociology from Stanford
University, served as a research associate in the Negotiation,
Organizations, and Markets group at Harvard Business School, started a
private high school in Utah focused on project-based arts education, and
completed a B. A. in Anthropology from Brigham Young University. His
current work explores how social and technical institutions shape
knowledge—science, scholarship, law, news, religion—and how these
understandings reshape the social and technical world.
IRWIN FELLER is senior visiting scientist at the American
Association for the Advancement of Science and professor emeritus of
economics at the Pennsylvania State University, where he has been on
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APPENDIX B
the faculty since 1963. Feller's long-time research interests include the
economics of academic research, the university's role in technology-
based economic development, and the evaluation of federal and state
technology programs. He is the author of Universities and State
Governments: A Study in Policy Analysis (Praeger Publishers, 1986) and
many refereed journal articles. He has been a consultant to the President's
Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, the Carnegie Commission on Science,
Technology, and Government, the Ford Foundation, National Science
Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, COSMOS
Corporation, SRI International, U.S. General Accounting Office, and the
U.S. Departments of Education and Energy, among others.
IAN FOSTER is Arthur Holly Compton Distinguished Service
Professor, Department of Computer Science, and Chan Soon-Shiong
Scholor at University of Chicago. He is the Associate Division Director
for Mathematics and Computer Science at Argonne National Laboratory
and oversees the Distributed Systems Laboratory, which operates at both
the University of Chicago and at Argonne National Laboratory. Foster’s
honors include the Lovelace Medal of the British Computer Society, the
Gordon Bell Prize for high-performance supercomputing and an
honorary doctorate from the Mexican Center for Research and Advanced
Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute.
RICHARD FREEMAN holds the Herbert Ascherman Chair in
Economics at Harvard University. He is currently serving as faculty co-
director of the Labor and Worklife Program at the Harvard Law School.
He directs the National Bureau of Economic Research / Sloan Science
Engineering Workforce Projects, and is Senior Research Fellow in
Labour Markets at the London School of Economics' Centre for
Economic Performance. Freeman is a Fellow of the American Academy
of Arts and Science. Freeman received the Mincer Lifetime Achievement
Prize from the Society of Labor Economics in 2006. In 2007 he was
awarded the IZA Prize in Labor Economics. In 2011 he was appointed
Frances Perkins Fellow of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science.
WILL FRIEDMAN joined Public Agenda in 1994, became associate
director of research in 1996, and was the founding director of its public
engagement department in 1997. In January 2011, he became president
of Public Agenda. Friedman has overseen Public Agenda's expanding
stream of work aimed at helping communities and states build capacity
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to tackle tough issues in more deliberative and collaborative ways. In
2007, he established Public Agenda's Center for Advances in Public
Engagement (CAPE), which conducts action research to assess impacts
and improve practice. He is also the co-editor, with Public Agenda
chairman and co-founder Daniel Yankelovich, of the book, Toward
Wiser Public Judgment, published in February 2011 by Vanderbilt
University Press. Previously, Friedman was senior vice president for
policy studies at the Work in America Institute, where he directed
research and special projects on workplace issues. He was also an
adjunct lecturer in political science at Lehman College, a research fellow
at the Samuels Center for State and Local Politics, and a practitioner in
the field of counseling psychology. He holds a Ph.D. in political science
with specializations in political psychology and American politics.
DAVID GOLDSTON is Director of Government Affairs at the Natural
Resources Defense Council in Washington, DC. Previously, Goldston
served for six years as Chief of Staff of the House Committee on Science
under Chairman Sherwood Boehlert of New York (2001-2006). Prior to
becoming Chief of Staff, Goldston was Boehlert’s legislative director
during the years when Boehlert led a coalition of moderate Republicans
that was pivotal in blocking environmental rollbacks. In that role,
Goldston played a part in debates on a wide range of environmental
issues, including clean air, forestry and endangered species. Goldston
retired from the Congressional staff at the end of 2006 and has taught at
Princeton and Harvard. He was also a monthly columnist on science
policy issues for the journal Nature. Goldston graduated magna cum
laude with a B.A. in American history from Cornell University in 1978.
He completed the course work for a Ph.D. in American history at the
University of Pennsylvania in 1993.
LAURA GUAY is Vice President of Research at the Elizabeth Glaser
Pediatric AIDS Foundation. She is also a research professor at the
George Washington University (GWU) School of Public Health and
Health Services. She received her M.D. from GWU in 1985, and went on
to a pediatrics residency at Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital
and Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) in Cleveland, Ohio.
Guay was a visiting lecturer at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda
from 1988 to 1991, and then returned to CWRU to complete her
fellowship in pediatric infectious diseases. She then spent seven more
years in Uganda, where she worked on the landmark HIVNET 012 trial,
which determined the effectiveness of single-dose nevirapine in
preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Prior to joining GWU,
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APPENDIX B
Guay was a member of the faculty at the Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine. Most recently, her research has focused on reducing
the rate of HIV transmission in breast-feeding infants and on the testing
of an HIV vaccine in infants.
RUSH HOLT has represented central New Jersey in Congress since
1999. He earned his B.A. in Physics from Carleton College in Minnesota
and completed his M.S. and Ph.D. at New York University. He has held
positions as a teacher, Congressional Science Fellow, and arms control
expert at the U.S. State Department where he monitored the nuclear
programs of countries such as Iraq, Iran, North Korea, and the former
Soviet Union. From 1989 until he ran for congress in 1998, Holt was
Assistant Director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, the
largest research facility of Princeton University and the largest center for
research in alternative energy in New Jersey. He has conducted extensive
research on alternative energy and has his own patent for a solar energy
device. In Congress Holt serves on the Committee on Education and the
Workforce and the Committee on Natural Resources, where he serves as
the ranking member on the Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral
Resources. From 2007 to 2010, Holt was the Chairman of the Select
Intelligence Oversight Panel.
ADAM JAFFE, the Fred C. Hecht Professor in Economics, has served
as dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Brandeis University since
2003. He has also held the position of chair of the economics department
at Brandeis. Prior to joining the university in 1993, Jaffe was an assistant
and associate professor at Harvard University and a senior staff
economist at the President’s Council of Economic Advisers. Jaffe’s
research focuses on the economics of innovation. His book Innovation
and Its Discontents: How Our Broken Patent System is Endangering
Innovation and Progress, and What to Do About It, co-authored with
Josh Lerner was released in paperback in 2006. Jaffe earned a Ph.D. in
economics at Harvard and an S.M. in technology and policy and an S.B.
in chemistry from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
JULIA LANE is the Program Director of the Science of Science and
Innovation Policy program at the National Science Foundation. Her
previous jobs included Senior Vice President and Director, Economics
Department at NORC/University of Chicago, Director of the
Employment Dynamics Program at the Urban Institute, Senior Research
Fellow at the U.S. Census Bureau and Assistant, Associate and Full
Professor at American University. She became an American Statistical
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Association Fellow in 2009. She is one of the founders of the LEHD
program at the Census Bureau, which is the first large scale linked
employer-employee dataset in the United States. A native of England
who grew up in New Zealand, Julia has worked in Australia, Germany,
Malaysia, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Namibia, Sweden, and
Tunisia. Her undergraduate degree was in Economics with a minor in
Japanese from Massey University in New Zealand; her M.A. in Statistics
and Ph.D. in Economics are from the University of Missouri in
Columbia.
KAI LEE joined the David and Lucile Packard Foundation in 2007 as
program officer with the Conservation and Science Program, where he is
responsible for the science subprogram. Before joining the Foundation,
Kai taught at Williams College from 1991 through 2007, and he is now
the Rosenburg Professor of Environmental Studies, emeritus. He directed
the Center for Environmental Studies at Williams from 1991–1998 and
2001–2002. Lee also taught from 1973 to 1991 at the University of
Washington in Seattle. He holds a Ph.D. in physics from Princeton
University and an A.B., magna cum laude, in physics, from Columbia
University. He is the author of Compass and Gyroscope (1993). He is a
member of the National Academies Roundtable on Science and
Technology for a Sustainability Transition, and served most recently as
vice-chair of the National Academies panel that wrote Informing
Decisions in a Changing Climate (2009). Earlier, Lee had been a White
House Fellow and represented the state of Washington as a member of
the Northwest Power Planning Council. He was appointed in 2009 to the
Science Advisory Board of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
GARRY NEIL is the Corporate Vice President of Johnson and Johnson
where he has held a number of senior positions within J and J, most
recently Group President, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research
and Development . Under his leadership a number of important new
medicines for the treatment of cancer, anemia, infections, central nervous
system and psychiatric disorders, pain, and genitourinary and
gastrointestinal diseases, gained initial or new and/or expanded
indication approvals. Before joining J and JPRD, Neil held senior-level
positions with Astra Merck Inc., Astra Pharmaceuticals, Astra Zeneca
and Merck KGaA. He has also held a number of academic posts at a
number of academic institutes including the Ludwig Institute for Cancer
Research, the University of Toronto, the University of Iowa College of
Medicine and the University of Pennsylvania (adjunct). He holds a
Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Saskatchewan and a
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APPENDIX B
medical degree from the University of Saskatchewan College of
Medicine and completed his postdoctoral clinical training in internal
medicine and gastroenterology at the University of Toronto.
PRABHU PINGALI is the Deputy Director of Agricultural
Development at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Formerly, he
served as Director of the Agricultural and Development Economics
Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United
Nations. Pingali was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences
as a Foreign Associate in May 2007, and he was elected Fellow of the
American Agricultural Economics Association in 2006. Pingali was the
President of the International Association of Agricultural Economists
(IAAE) from 2003-06. Pingali has over twenty five years of experience
in assessing the extent and impact of technical change in agriculture in
developing countries, including Asia, Africa and Latin America. From
1996-2002 he was Director of the Economics Program at Centro
Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo, Mexico. Prior to joining
CIMMYT, from 1987 to 1996, he worked as an Agricultural Economist
at the International Rice Research Institute at Los Baños, Philippines.
Prior to that, he worked from 1982-1987 as an economist at the World
Bank’s Agriculture and Rural Development Department. He has received
several international awards for his work, including two from the
American Agricultural Economics Association: Quality of Research
Discovery Award in 1988 and Outstanding Journal Article of the Year
(Honorable Mention) in 1995. An Indian national, he earned a Ph.D. in
Economics from North Carolina State University in 1982.
MICHAEL ROACH is Assistant Professor of Strategy and
Entrepreneurship, Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of
North Carolina. Roach examines the sources and mechanisms by which
firms utilize extramural knowledge in their innovative actives. In
particular, his current research investigates how firms use university
research in R and D activities and the subsequent impact of these
knowledge flows on innovative performance. He also investigates how
firms manage and protect intellectual capital, particularly through the
strategic use and enforcement of patents. He teaches courses in
entrepreneurial strategy, technological innovation and the management
of intellectual capital. Roach was an entrepreneur before he became a
professor. While in high school he co-founded a software start-up that
specialized in the development of interactive educational programs for
corporate executives and health care professionals. He also developed
applications for handheld devices, including a system to aid primary
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health care workers in the diagnosis of communicable diseases. He
received his Ph.D. in strategy from Duke University’s Fuqua School of
Business and his B.B.A. in decision sciences from Georgia State
University’s J. Mack Robinson College of Business.
MICHAEL ROBERTS is Assistant Professor of Agricultural and
Resource Economics at North Carolina State University. Before joining
the faculty at NCSU, Roberts worked for USDA’s Economic Research
Service. His research focuses on the intersection of agricultural and
environmental economics. He has published papers on the effects of U.S.
agricultural policies on production, land use, and the size of farms. Since
leaving USDA, Roberts’ research has focused increasingly on the
potential effects of climate change on production of staple food grains
and how biofuel growth has contributed to rising world food prices and
food price variability. Roberts is also doing research on the design of
procurement auctions, with an eye toward finding simple and cost-
effective ways to buy environmental services like carbon sequestration
from farmers and landowners.
BHAVEN SAMPAT is an Assistant Professor in the Department of
Health Policy and Management at Columbia's Mailman School of Public
Health. He also holds a courtesy affiliation with Columbia's School of
International and Public Affairs (SIPA). An economist by training,
Sampat is interested in issues at the intersection of health policy and
innovation policy. His current projects examine the impacts of new
global patent laws on innovation and access to medicines in developing
countries, the political economy of the National Institutes of Health, the
roles of the public and private sectors in pharmaceutical innovation, and
institutional aspects of patent systems. Sampat has also written
extensively on the effects of university patenting and entrepreneurship on
academic medicine, and is actively involved in policy debates related to
these issues. Sampat was previously an Assistant Professor at the School
of Public Policy at Georgia Tech, where he won the “Faculty Member of
the Year” teaching award in 2001-2002 and in 2002-2003. From 2003 to
2005 he was a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Scholar in Health
Policy Research at the University of Michigan. He is recipient of a
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation "Investigator Award" to study how the
NIH allocates its funds across disease areas.
MARCIO DE MIRANDA SANTOS is Executive Director of the
Centre for Strategic Management and Studies in Science, Technology
and Innovation and Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Center of
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Reference on Environmental Information in Brazil. He received his M.Sc
in Genetics and Plant Breeding and Ph.D. in Biochemical Genetics. He is
also a former Visiting Scholar at Harvard University (1995-1997), where
he studied the impacts of intellectual property rights regimes on the
access and ownership of plant genetic resources utilized in food
production and in other agriculture production systems. His major former
professional appointments include: Director General, National Center for
Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (1991-1995); Head, Brazilian
Corporation for Agricultural Research (Embrapa) Department for
Research and Development (1997-1999); Member and Chair of the
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute Board of Trustees (1995-
2002); Acting Director of Embrapa (1994-1995); and Professor of
Evolutionary Biology, Catholic University of Brasilia (2000 to 2003).
Santos was recently appointed as a member of the Consultative Group
for International Agricultural Research Independent Scientific and
Partnership Council.
DANIEL SAREWITZ is Professor of Science and Society at Arizona
State University. Sarewitz’s work focuses on understanding the
connections between scientific research and social benefit, and on
developing methods and policies to strengthen such connections. His
most recent book is Living with the Genie: Essays on Technology and the
Quest for Human Mastery (co-edited with Alan Lightman and Christina
Desser; Island Press, 2003). He is also the co-editor of Prediction:
Science, Decision-Making, and the Future of Nature (Island Press, 2000)
and the author of Frontiers of Illusion: Science, Technology, and the
Politics of Progress (Temple University Press, 1996). Prior to taking up
his current position as director of the Center for Science, Policy, and
Outcomes, he was the director of the Geological Society of America's
Institute for Environmental Education. From 1989-1993 he worked on
Capitol Hill, first as a Congressional Science Fellow, and then as science
consultant to the House of Representatives Committee on Science,
Space, and Technology, where he was also principal speech writer for
Committee Chairman George E. Brown, Jr. Before moving into the
policy arena he was a research associate in the Department of Geological
Sciences at Cornell University, with field areas in the Philippines,
Argentina, and Tajikistan. He received his Ph.D. in geological sciences
from Cornell University in 1986.
HENRY SAUERMANN is Assistant Professor of Strategic
Management at the Georgia Institute of Technology and holds a Ph.D. in
Business Administration from Duke University. Dr. Sauermann’s work
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examines the role of individuals’ motives and incentives in shaping
innovative activities and performance in organizations. One stream of his
research examines the nature of scientists’ pecuniary and nonpecuniary
motives. This research also compares individuals’ motives across
organizational contexts and relates them to outcomes such as innovative
performance in firms or patenting in academia. Another line of his work
focuses on the goals and career choices of junior scientists and on the
functioning of scientific labor markets.
BRIAN SLOAN is a senior policy analyst at the Research and
Innovation Directorate General of the European Commission. A
statistician by training, he started his career at the Commission in 1987 in
Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union. Since 1992 he has
worked in the Commission department dealing with research policy and
funding, where he has specialized in ex-post and ex-ante evaluation, and
in the analysis and development of science and technology indicators.
ALFRED SPECTOR is Vice President for Research and Special
Initiatives at Google, and is responsible for the research across Google
and also a growing collection projects of strategic value to the company
but somewhat outside the mainstream of current products. Previously,
Spector was Vice President of Strategy and Technology IBM's Software
Business, and prior to that, he was Vice President of Services and
Software Research across IBM. He was also founder and CEO of
Transarc Corporation, a pioneer in distributed transaction processing and
wide area file systems, and was an Associate Professor of Computer
Science at Carnegie Mellon University, specializing in highly reliable,
highly scalable distributed computing. Spector received his Ph.D. in
Computer Science from Stanford and his A.B. in Applied Mathematics
from Harvard. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering,
a Fellow of the IEEE and ACM, and the recipient of the 2001 IEEE
Computer Society's Tsutomu Kanai Award for work in scalable
architectures and distributed systems.
JOHN STASKO joined the faculty at Georgia Tech in 1989, and is
presently the Associate Chair of the School of Interactive Computing and
Director of the Information Interfaces Research Group in the College of
Computing. His primary research area is human-computer interaction,
with a focus on information visualization and visual analytics. Stasko is
also a faculty investigator in the Department of Homeland Security's
VACCINE Center of Excellence focusing on developing visual analytics
technologies and solutions for grand challenge problems in homeland
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security, and in the NSF FODAVA Center exploring the foundations of
data analysis and visual analytics. He received the B.S. degree in
Mathematics at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania (1983)
and Sc.M. and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science at Brown University
in Providence, Rhode Island (1985 and 1989).
PAULA STEPHAN is a Professor of Economics, Andrew Young
School of Policy Studies, at Georgia State University and served as the
founding associate dean of the school from 1996-2001. Her research
interests focus on the careers of scientists and engineers and the process
by which knowledge moves across institutional boundaries in the
economy. Stephan‘s research has been supported by the Alfred P. Sloan
Foundation, the Andrew Mellon Foundation, the Exxon Education
Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization and the U.S. Department of Labor. She has served on
several National Research Council committees, is a regular participant in
the National Bureau of Economics Research’s meetings in Higher
Education, and is a participant in the Science and Engineering Workforce
Project based at the National Bureau of Economic Research. She
currently is serving a three-year term as a member of the Advisory Board
for the Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences at the National
Science Foundation. Dr. Stephan graduated from Grinnell College (Phi
Beta Kappa) with a B.A. in Economics and earned both her M.A. and
Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Michigan. Stephan
coauthored with Sharon Levin Striking the Mother Lode in Science,
published by Oxford University Press, 1992. Dr. Stephan has lectured
extensively in Europe. She was a visiting scholar at the
Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Germany,
intermittently during the period 1992-1995.
SUBRA SURESH is the 13th director of the National Science
Foundation (NSF). Prior to his confirmation as NSF director, Suresh
served as Dean of the Engineering School and Vannevar Bush Professor
of Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He
joined MIT's faculty ranks in 1993 as the R.P. Simmons Professor of
Materials Science and Engineering. During his more than 30 years as a
practicing engineer, he held joint faculty positions in four departments at
MIT as well as appointments at the University of California at Berkeley,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Brown University. Suresh
has received many awards for his innovative research and commitment to
improving engineering education around the world. Suresh is a co-
inventor in more than 18 U.S. and international patent applications. He is
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112 MEASURING THE IMPACTS OF FEDERAL INVESTMENTS IN RESEARCH
author or co-author of several books that are widely used in materials
science and engineering, including Fatigue of Materials and Thin Film
Materials. He has consulted with more than 20 international corporations
and research laboratories and served as a member of several international
advisory panels and non-profit groups. Suresh has been elected to the
U.S. National Academy of Engineering, American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences, German National
Academy of Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the Developing World,
Indian National Academy of Engineering and Indian Academy of
Sciences. He earned his bachelor's degree from the Indian Institute of
Technology in Madras in 1977, his master's from Iowa State University
in 1979, and his doctorate from MIT in 1981.
MICHAEL TURNER is Bruce V. and Diana M. Rauner Distinguished
Service Professor and Chair of the Department of Astronomy and
Astrophysics at the University of Chicago. He also holds appointments in
the Department of Physics and Enrico Fermi Institute at Chicago and is
member of the scientific staff at the Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory. Turner received his B.S. in Physics from the California
Institute of Technology (1971) and his Ph.D. in Physics from Stanford
University (1978). His association with the University of Chicago began
in 1978 as an Enrico Fermi Fellow and in 1980 he joined the faculty.
Since 1979 Turner has been involved in the Aspen Center for Physics
and served as its President from 1989 to 1993. From 2003 to 2005,
Turner served as the Assistant Director of the National Science
Foundation’s Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences.
Turner is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences and is a member of the National
Academy of Sciences. He serves a member of the National Academies’
Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. Turner’s
research interests are in theoretical astrophysics, cosmology, and
elementary particle physics. He has made important contributions to
inflationary Universe theory and understanding of dark matter.
RICHARD VAN ATTA is Senior Research Analyst at the Science and
Technology Policy Institute (STPI). He came to STPI from the research
staff of IDA’s Studies and Analyses Center. His recent work has focused
on advanced manufacturing issues and policies for effectively developing
emerging technologies. Before joining IDA, he taught courses in national
security and policy analysis at the American University’s School of
International Service, followed by several years of private consulting.
From 1993 to 1998, Van Atta worked at the Department of Defense, first
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as Special Assistant for Dual Use Technology Policy and then as
Assistant Deputy Under Secretary for Dual Use and Commercial
Programs. Van Atta holds a BA in political science from the University
of California, Santa Barbara, and a Ph.D. in political science from
Indiana University.
IAN VINEY is Head of Strategic Evaluation at the Medical Research
Council Head Office, United Kingdom. He gained a Ph.D. in genetics
from Cambridge University in 1995. After a postdoctoral project at
Imperial College he joined the MRC Head Office. Between 1998 and
2003, Viney worked as Research Programme Manager for genetics, and
then Head of the Molecular and Cellular Medicine Board group. From
2003 to 2007 he was head of the MRC’s Administrative Centre in
London, working closely with MRC funded researchers at institutions
across London on finance, personnel and strategic matters.
ERIC WARD is President of Two Blades Foundation, and was most
recently CEO of Cropsolution, Inc., a crop protection chemical discovery
company. Prior to that, he was Co-President of Novartis (now Syngenta)
Agribusiness Biotechnology Research, where he was responsible for a
staff of 270, including researchers and all administrative functions,
including finance, patents, business development, public affairs, human
resources, and facilities. Simultaneously, he was head of target discovery
for Novartis Crop Protection AG, where he implemented a fully
integrated agricultural chemical lead discovery program based on
proprietary molecular targets. This program relied on extensive
interactions with biotech firms and academic labs. Prior to that, he was a
Research Director for the Novartis herbicide business unit, during which
time his team invented Acuron™ herbicide tolerance technology,
developed corn and sugar beet varieties engineered with the Acuron™
gene, and built the patent strategy to protect the technology. In 1994-5,
he worked in Basel, Switzerland as a project leader for Ciba Crop
Protection in the Weed Control business unit. He received his Ph.D. in
plant biology from Washington University in St. Louis in 1988, where he
was a graduate fellow of the National Science Foundation. He received
his B.S in biology magna cum laude from Duke University in 1982.
BRUCE WEINBERG received his Ph.D. from the University of
Chicago in 1996 before joining the faculty at the Ohio State University,
where he is now Professor of Economics and Public Administration. He
has held visiting positions at the Hoover Institution at Stanford, the
National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), the Kennedy School of
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Government at Harvard; and the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. He
is a Research Associate at the NBER and a Research Fellow at the
Institute for Labor (IZA), Bonn. He is an associate editor of the New
Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and Regional Science and Urban
Economics and currently serves as Director of Undergraduate Studies in
Economics at the Ohio State University. His research has been supported
by the Federal Reserve, the National Institutes of Health, the National
Science Foundation, and the Templeton Foundation.
CATHERINE WOTEKI is the Under Secretary for Agriculture for
Research, Education and Economics at the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA). Woteki served as Global Director of Scientific
Affairs for Mars, Incorporated, where she manages the company’s
scientific policy and research on matters of health, nutrition, and food
safety. From 2002-2005, she was Dean of Agriculture and Professor of
Human Nutrition at Iowa State University. Woteki served as the first
Under Secretary for Food Safety at USDA from 1997-2001, where she
oversaw U.S. Government food safety policy development and USDA’s
continuity of operations planning. Woteki also served as the Deputy
Under Secretary for Research, Education and Economics at USDA in
1996. Prior to going to USDA, Dr. Woteki served in the White House
Office of Science and Technology Policy as Deputy Associate Director
for Science from 1994-1996. Woteki has also held positions in the
National Center for Health Statistics of the U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services (1983-1990), the Human Nutrition Information
Service at USDA (1981-1983), and as Director of the Food and Nutrition
Board at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences
(1990-1993). In 1999, Woteki was elected to the Institute of Medicine,
where she chaired the Food and Nutrition Board (2003-2005). She
received her M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Nutrition from Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University (1974), and a B.S. in
Chemistry from Mary Washington College (1969).
LYNNE ZUCKER is a Professor of Sociology and Policy Studies, and
Director of the Center for International Science, Technology and Cultural
Policy in the School of Public Policy and Social Research at the
University of California, Los Angeles. Concurrently, she holds
appointments as Research Associate with the National Bureau of
Economic Research, and was previously a consulting sociologist with the
American Institute of Physics. Zucker is the author of four books and
monographs as well as numerous journal and other articles on
organizational theory, analysis, and evaluation, institutional structure and
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process, trust production, civil service, government spending and
services, unionization, science and its commercialization, and
permanently failing organizations. Zucker received her A.B. with
Distinction in Sociology and Psychology from Wells College in 1966.
She received her M.A. in 1969 and Ph.D. in 1974 from the Sociology
Department of Stanford University.
Staff
STEPHEN MERRILL (Project Director) has been executive director of
the National Academies’ Board on Science, Technology, and Economic
Policy (STEP) since its formation in 1991. Dr. Merrill has directed many
STEP projects and publications, including Investing for Productivity and
Prosperity (1994); Improving America’s Schools (1995); Industrial
Research and Innovation Indicators (1997); U.S. Industry in 2000:
Studies in Competitive Performance and Securing America’s Industrial
Strength (1999); Trends in Federal Support of Research and Graduate
Education (2001), A Patent System for the 21st Century (2004),
Innovation Inducement Prizes (2007), Innovation in Global Industries
(2008), and Managing University Intellectual Property in the Public
Interest (2010). For his work on patent reform he was recognized as one
of the 50 leading world intellectual property experts by Managing
Intellectual Property magazine and awarded the National Academies’
2005 Distinguished Service Award. Dr. Merrill’s association with the
National Academies began in 1985, when he was principal consultant on
the report, Balancing the National Interest: National Security Export
Controls and Global Economic Competition. In 1987 he was appointed
to direct the National Academies’ first government and congressional
liaison office. Previously, Dr. Merrill was a Fellow in International
Business at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS),
where he specialized in technology trade issues. For seven years until
1981, he served on various congressional staffs, the last four years on
that of the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee.
Dr. Merrill holds degrees in political science from Columbia (B.A.,
summa cum laude), Oxford (M. Phil.), and Yale (M.A. and Ph.D.)
Universities. In 1992 he attended the Senior Managers in Government
Program of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard
University. From 1989 to 1996 he was an adjunct professor of
international affairs at Georgetown University.
KEVIN FINNERAN is director of the Committee on Science,
Engineering, and Public Policy, a joint unit of the National Academy of
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116 MEASURING THE IMPACTS OF FEDERAL INVESTMENTS IN RESEARCH
Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of
Medicine. He has been editor-in-chief of Issues in Science and
Technology since 1991. Earlier he was Washington editor of High
Technology magazine, a correspondent for the London Financial
Times energy newsletters, and a consultant on science and technology
policy. His clients included the National Science Foundation, the Office
of Technology Assessment, the U.S. Agency for International
Development, and the Environmental Protection Agency. Before
launching his career in science and technology policy, he taught
literature and film studies at Rutgers University. He is a fellow of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, the author of The
Federal Role in Research and Development (1985), and a contributing
author to Future R and D Environments: A Report to the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (2002).
GURUPRASAD MADHAVAN is a program officer for the Committee
on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy and the Board on Population
Health and Public Health Practice at the National Academies. He has
worked on such National Academies’ publications as Rising Above the
Gathering Storm, Revisited: Now Approaching Category 5; The
Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence (Third Edition); Managing
University Intellectual Property in the Public Interest; and Direct-to-
Consumer Genetic Testing. Madhavan received his B.E. (honors with
distinction) in instrumentation and control engineering from the
University of Madras, and his M.S. in biomedical engineering from State
University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook. Following his medical
device industry experience as a research scientist at AFx, Inc. and
Guidant Corporation in California, Madhavan received an M.B.A., and a
Ph.D. in biomedical engineering from SUNY Binghamton. Among other
awards and honors, Madhavan was selected as one among 14 people as
the “New Faces of Engineering” in the USA Today in 2009. He serves on
the administrative council of the International Federation for Medical
and Biological Engineering. Madhavan is co-editor of Career
Development in Bioengineering and Biotechnology (Springer),
Pathological Altruism (Oxford University Press), and Practicing
Sustainability (Springer).
STEVE OLSON has been a consultant writer for the National
Academies, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy,
the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, the
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the National Institutes of Health, the
Institute for Genomic Research, and many other organizations. From
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1989 through 1992 he served as Special Assistant for Communications in
the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. Olson is the
author of Mapping Human History: Genes, Race, and Our Common
Origins (Houghton Mifflin), which was one of five finalists for the 2002
nonfiction National Book Award and received the Science-in-Society
Award from the National Association of Science Writers. His
book, Count Down: Six Kids Vie for Glory at the World’s Toughest Math
Competition (Houghton Mifflin), was named a best science book of 2004
by Discover magazine. His most recent book, cowritten with Greg
Graffin, is Anarchy Evolution (HarperCollins). He has written several
other books, including Evolution in Hawaii and Biotechnology: An
Industry Comes of Age. He earned a bachelor’s degree in physics from
Yale University.
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