A
Actinobacteria, 34, 35, 44
Actinomycete bacteria, 38, 41
Actinorhizal plants, 30–31
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 18–19, 24
Allelopathy, 129
Alloparents and alloparental care, 49–50, 66–67, 299–300, 304, 307, 308–309, 311–312, 315
Altruism, xv–xvi, 11 (see also Restraint; Human prosocial sentiments; specific attributes)
evolution of, 131–132, 343–362
greenbeard alleles, 17, 56
indirect genetic effects, xvi
parental manipulation of offspring, 188
phenotypic gambit and, 11
as selfish act, 50
Amoeba (see Dictyostelium discoideum)
Amundsen, Roald, 370
Angelman syndrome (AS), 260, 282–283, 284–285
Anopheles gambiae, 178, 186
Antibiotic resistance (see also Chemotherapy; Malaria)
broad-spectrum drug use and, 251
evidence-based management, 248–249
fitness advantages of, 243–246
fitness costs of, 243
hypothetical pathway, 240
in-host competition of clones and, 242–243, 250–251
lateral transfer of genes, 219, 251
management strategies, 238, 239–240, 246–248
radical pathogen cure and, 235, 237, 238, 241, 246
real-world context, 240–246
selection for, 235, 236, 238–239, 241–242, 243–246, 248
single-gene knockout, 200
useful life span of drug, 239–240
Antibiotics
in animal feeds, 238
mutualist production of, 26, 30, 32, 38, 39, 44, 92
restrictions on use, 238
Ants (see also Fire ants; Social Hymenoptera)
alloparental care, 50
bacterial mutualism, 30–31, 39, 44
brain evolution, 177, 187–188
fungus-growing, 30–31, 39
greenbeard behavior, 56, 67
hexamerins, 184
immunity genes, 171, 178, 179
kin recognition, 49–50, 56
odorant receptor genes, 174
origins of eusociality, 169
runaway social selection, 67
slave making, 176
social foraging behavior, 187
unicoloniality, 50, 67, 68
Apis mellifera (see also Honey bee), 53, 169, 174, 178–179, 181, 183, 185–186
Arms race, evolutionary, 166, 178, 180, 209, 215
Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia, iv, viii, xiii, 84, 135, 211
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of Asian Art, viii Asobara tabida, 228–229
Autism, 236, 254, 277, 284–285, 289, 291–292
Avise, John C., xiii–xiv
Ayala, Francisco J., xiii–xiv
Azolla filiculoides, 43
B
Baboons, 327, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 339, 350
Bacteria (see also Bacterial; “Mycetocyte” bacteria; Myxococcus xanthus; other individual species) mobile DNA, 219
Bacterial symbioses, defined, 28
Bacterial-eukaryotic mutualisms
benefits provided to hosts, 26–27, 29–30, 32
breakdown of, 2, 29, 31, 33, 43–45, 46, 47
greenbeard genes, 18
host association origins, 27, 31, 33, 34, 35–36, 45–46, 47
host localization, 28, 30, 32
maintenance of, 29, 38–42
methods, 29, 46–47
origins, xvi, 29, 36–38, 46
from parasitism, 2, 30–31, 35, 36–37, 46, 47
stabilizing forces, 2, 31, 33
symbiont capture, 29, 42–43
transmission among hosts, 30, 32, 45, 46
Bacterial parasites, 28
Bacteriocins, 18, 129, 192, 226, 242
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, 30–31, 38, 39, 41
Baffin Island Inuit, 371
Bdelloid rotifers, 233
Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome, 280–281, 282, 283, 284–285
Bees, primitive eusocial (see also Honey bees)
brain evolution, 176–177, 187–188
gland development genes for chemical signaling, 173, 187
metabolism and nutrition genes, 172, 185–186
molecular evolution study, 169
origins of eusociality, 169 (see also Honey bees; Social Hymenoptera)
ovary development, 181
piRNA pathway, 171, 172, 181
reproduction-related genes, 171–172, 181
Beewolves, 32–33, 41
Behavioral economics games, 347–349
Beta-glycosidases, 175
Biodiversity, defined, xiii
Biofilms (see also Multispecies biofilms)
defined, 140
single-species, 193
Bioluminescence, 26, 30, 40
Bipolar disorder, 285
Birds (see also Cooperative breeding in birds)
coloration and plumage, 66
Blowfly (Calliphora vicina), 184
Bobtail squid, 30–31, 41, 155
Bonobos (Pan paniscus), 336, 361
Boyd, Robert, 301, 363–382
Bradyrhizobium japonicum, 41, 45
Brain evolution, 176–177, 187–188
Bumble bees, 169, 179
Burkholderia spp., 30–31, 37–38, 40–41, 44
Byproduct cooperation, 11, 31, 38, 39, 157, 333
C
Cancer, 138, 236, 237, 252, 275, 277, 278–282
Capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus), 327, 343, 357, 358–359
Cell-cell adhesion, 94, 95, 97, 107, 114, 158, 166, 203, 204
Central Inuit, 366–369, 370
Centromere drive, 221, 223–224, 225
Chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus), 327–328, 330
Cheaters/cheating
in bacterial mutualisms, 2, 40–41, 46
controls, 166, 191, 198, 201–206, 211
defining, 198–199
Dictyostelium discoideum, 166, 198–201, 211
distinguishing, 40–41, 340–341
facultative, 198, 199, 200
falsebeards, 55
fixed, 198, 199, 200
kin discrimination and, 166, 191, 198, 201, 202–203
lottery-like role assignment and, 166, 191, 202, 204–206
Myxococcus xanthus, 88, 93, 107–109, 110
noble resistor genes and, 166, 191, 208
pleiotropy and, 166, 191, 201, 202, 203–204
primate insensitivity to, 325, 332, 340–341
punishment of, 40, 300, 330, 332, 340, 341, 342, 346, 348, 349, 360, 361
relatedness within social groups and, 191, 197–198, 201–202
by single-gene knockouts, 200–201
social parasites, 198, 199, 202
by wild clones, 199–200
Chemotherapy (see also Antibiotic)
aims of patient treatment, 239–240
cancer, 252
combination drug therapy, 237
multiple-strain infection and, 235–236
radical pathogen cure, 235, 237, 238, 241, 246
social structure of the pathogen and, 235
Cheney, Dorothy L., 300, 325–342
Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus), 300, 327
Chickens, meiotic drive in, 225
Chimeras/chimerism, 191, 197–198, 200, 221
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
attribution of intentions, 330, 332
cognitive constraints, 335, 365, 366, 380
cultural adaptation, 378, 380, 381
contingent altruism, 337–338, 360
detection of noncooperators, 340
emotional constraints, 336
generosity in, 351–353
helping behavior, 353–355
inequity aversion, 361
prosocial sentiments and behavior, 343, 351–356, 381
recognition of others’relationships, 300, 328
Chlorobi, 34, 35
Chloroflexi, 34, 35
Cichlid fish (Astatotilapia burtoni), 328
Clark University, vii
Clostridium difficile, 251
Cognitive ability, and cultural adaptation, 363, 364–366, 371–372, 380–381
Coloration, warning, 20
Conflict (see also Cheaters/cheating; Genetic conflict; Genomic imprinting; Pathology from evolutionary conflict; Sexual conflict)
condition-based power, 207
controls, 193, 206–208
in Dictyostelium discoideum, 166, 191, 200, 206–208, 210–211
embryo-maternal, 236, 260
first-strike power, 206
insider-outsider theory, 80–81
interlocus, 56, 57, 62
male parentage (worker policing), 2, 49, 51, 52–53
in model organisms of cooperation, 193–194
parent-offspring, 236, 260, 265, 271, 272
power asymmetries and, 166, 202, 206–208, 261–262
resolution during group formation of breeding birds, 80
siblings, 261–262
weaning, 260
within-group, 91, 111
Consanguineous matings, 264
Cooperation (see also Vertebrate cooperation)
laboratory-friendly models, 194–195
and major transitions in evolution, 193–194
Cooperative breeding in birds
among-generation bet-hedging, 73, 82
benefits of philopatry hypothesis, 71, 72, 80, 81
climatic uncertainty and reproductive success, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77–78, 79, 81, 82, 83–84
conflict resolution during group formation, 80
ecological constraints hypothesis, 3, 70, 71, 72, 73, 80, 81
environmental quality (temporal variation) and, 69, 70–72, 73–74, 79–82
fecundity variance, 3, 69, 72, 74, 77–78, 82
fitness optimization, 72
group size, 69–70, 72, 73, 74, 77–78, 79, 82, 83
habitat heterogeneity and reproductive success, 71, 74, 76, 77, 79, 81–82, 83, 84
inclusive fitness benefits, 70
insider-outsider conflict theory, 80–81
kin neighborhoods and, 81–82
obligate plural breeders, 74
reproductive skew, 80
territory quality (spatial variation), 69, 70–72, 73, 74, 79–81
within-generation bet-hedging (risk aversion) hypotheses, 3, 69, 72–74, 79, 82, 83
Cooperative breeding in humans (see also Dogon people)
alloparenting, 299–300, 303, 304, 307, 308–309, 311–312, 315
cooperative breeding hypothesis, 306
grandmaternal survival and grandoffspring survival, 304
Hadza of Tanzania, 304
kin selection theory, 306, 309
!Kung, 304
life history theory, 306
Maya of the Yucatan, 304
parent-offspring conflict theory, 308
parental manipulation theory, 308
social dominance theory, 308
Coral reef communities, 129
Coriobacterium glomerans, 32–33
Crespi, Bernard J., 236, 275–297
Crespi-Badcock theory, 284
Crozier’s paradox, 56, 60, 66
Cryptotermes secundus, 175
Cultural adaptation
Baffin Island Inuit, 371
bowmaking example, 374–375
Central Inuit, 366–369, 370
cognitive ability and, 363, 364–366, 371–372, 380–381
cognitive biases and, 379
essentiality for humans, 366–371
evidence for, 377–379
food preparation practices and taboos, 378–379
and global expansion, 364
kayak keel design example, 375–376
learning from others and, 363, 365, 366, 369–371, 372–377
lost European explorer experiment, 370
lost technology examples, 370–271
maladaptations, 379–381
modeling successful behaviors, 376–378
Netsilik, 366, 370
Polar Inuit, 371
population process, 371–377
social learning biases and, 379–380
West Greenland Inuit, 375
Cyanobacterium spp., 32–33
Cyphomyrmex longiscapus, 41
Cytoplasmic incompatibility, 228, 229
D
Daphnia species, 233
Darwinian medicine, 235
Day, Troy, 235–236, 237–252
Depression, 285
Dictator Game, 300, 345–346, 348, 351
Dictyostelium discoideum
altruism, 166, 196–197
cell adhesion genes, 166, 203, 204
characteristics, 195
cheaters/cheating, 166, 198–201, 211
cheating controls, 166, 191, 201–206, 211
chimerism, 191, 197–198, 200
condition-based power, 207
conflict, 166, 191, 200, 206–208, 210–211
differentiation-inducing factor signaling system, 204, 207–208, 211
dimA gene, 204
evolutionary arms races in social genes, 207
farming of bacteria, 166, 210, 211
first-strike power, 206
fruiting bodies, 195, 196–197, 198
kin discrimination, 166, 191, 198, 201, 202–203
life cycles, 196
lottery-like role assignment, 166, 191, 202, 204–206
as a model system, 191, 194, 195–199
noble resistor genes, 166, 191, 208
pleiotropy, 166, 191, 201, 202, 203–204
power asymmetries, 166, 206–208
prestarvation factor, 195
rates of change in social genes, 191
relatedness within social groups, 191, 197–198, 201–202
sexual cycle, 209–210, 211
single-gene knockouts, 200–201
social cycle, 191, 195–196
wild clones, 199–200
Dictylostelium purpureum, 203, 209
Didemnid ascidians, 32
Dimorphopterus pallipes, 41
Diplosoma spp., 41, 43
Diptera, 178
DNA binding proteins, 221
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv
Dogon people of Mali
alloparenting, 299–300, 303, 304, 307, 308–309, 311–312, 315
asymmetries in genetic relatedness and conflict, 309
behavioral data, 323
child growth determinants, 306–307, 311–312, 316–319, 323
child survival determinants, 303, 308, 309–311, 313, 315–320, 322–323
conflicts of interest, 315
cooperative breeding hypothesis, 303, 306, 308
ethnographic background, 299, 305
fissioning of WEGs, 313–315, 323
genetic relatedness, 312–313
grandparental investment, 312–313, 315–320
kin selection theory and, 305, 306, 309, 312, 313–314, 315, 321
maternal importance, 309–310
parental manipulation of children, 299–300, 307, 308
polygynous vs. monogamous families, 303, 305, 309–312
power structure, 315
reproductive success, 307
sex differences in work, 307
siblings, 306–308, 321
study population, 321
wealth, 310–311, 322
work-eat groups (WEGs), 308–315, 321–322
Drosophila, 179, 182, 185, 187
cryptic X-drive systems, 224–225
D. anannassae, 43, 229–230
D. melanogaster, 178, 186, 188, 220, 223, 224, 227, 231
D. obscura, 213
D. simulans, 224–225, 231
flamenco locus, 220
gland patterning genes, 173
lateral gene transfers, 43, 229–230
P-elements, 222
pesticide resistance, 231
segregation distorter, 223, 224
temperature adaptation, 231
Wolbachia infection, 43, 229–230
E
Eavesdropping, 300, 327, 328–329
Ecological constraints hypothesis, 70, 71, 72, 73, 80, 81
Endoriftia persephone, 30–31, 41
Escherichia coli, 92, 251
restraint evolution in colicin producing strains, 120–130
Salmonella enterica mutualism, 132
Eukaryotes, evolution of, 193
Euprymna scolopes, 41
Eusocial insects (see also Honey bees; Social Hymenoptera; Termites)
brain development and function, 171, 176–177, 329
chemical signaling, 173–176
cladogram, 169
conditional helping, 13
core traits, 168
genes implicated in origin or maintenance of, 170–172
greenbeard genes, 18
group effects, 20, 50
hygienic behaviors, 178
immunity genes, 170, 178–180
laboratory-friendly models, 194–195
and kin selection theory, 2, 50, 56–59
metabolism and nutrition genes, 172, 183–186
molecular genetic mechanisms in origin and maintenance, 165, 167–189
multiple mating by queens, 178
origins, 169
prospects and challenges in molecular evolution, 186–189
reproduction, 167, 180–182
worker policing, 2, 52–53
F
Fairness an inequity aversion, 300, 325, 335, 340, 342, 346, 347, 351, 360–361
Falsebeards, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 65
Feral dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), 340
Fire ants (Solenopsis), 18
GP-9 gene, 67, 171, 175–176
Firebugs, 32–33
Firmicutes, 34, 35
Fischman, Brielle J., 165, 167–189
Foster, Kevin R., 89, 137–164
Frank, Steven A., 236, 275–297
Frankia spp., 30–31
Franklin Expedition of 1845–1846, 370
Franklin, John, 370
Frequency-dependent effects, xvi, 1, 7, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 93, 110, 130, 182
G
Game theory, 19–20, 300, 345–349
Gamete killing, 224
Generosity, 300, 345, 347, 349, 351–353, 359
Genetic conflict (see also Genomic imprinting)
defined, 216
inbreeding, 259, 261, 287, 293–294, 295
sex determination, 214, 217, 228, 230
types of, 216–218
Genetic diversity, and social heterosis, 67–68
Genetic drift, 24, 92, 93, 107, 110, 111
Genome-eliminating supernumerary chromosome, 214
Genomic imprinting
adolescent sexual maturation, 236, 271–272
asymmetries of relatedness and, 236, 253, 254–257, 262, 273
birth order and, 270–271
blended vs. unblended relatedness, 268–269
DNA methylation suppression of TEs and, 220, 230
effects of, 254, 259, 271, 281
epigenetic imprints, 280
extended kinship, 26
fathers, 260–261, 264, 269–270, 273–274
and fetal development, 260
as genetic conflict, 218
identifying genes, 282
kinship categories and, 257–263, 273–274
kith and kin selection and, 263–264, 273
mothers, 259–260, 264, 273
partner change and, 253, 259, 262, 264–265, 267–268
and sexual maturation, 236, 265–272
sibs, 255, 261–262
symmetric kin, 255, 259
Global Malaria Action Plan, 241
Greenbeard genes
alloparental care, 49–50, 66–67
altruistic, 17
attractive traits, 66
bacterial-eukaryotic mutualisms, 18
Crozier’s paradox, 56, 60, 66
eusocial insects, 56, 67
examples of behavior, 56
facultative, 16, 18
falsebeard interaction with, 55–56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 65
genetic kin recognition, 1, 49, 55, 56, 64
harmful, 16, 18
helpful, 16, 18, 56–61
interlocus conflict, 56, 57, 62
key feature, 18
kin selection mechanisms, 55–56, 68
kind selection, 5, 7, 16–19, 21, 24
multilocus, 56–57, 65–66
nepotism, 65–67, 68
obligate, 16, 18
payoff matrix, 19, 58
persistence of alleles, 60
and phenotype matching, 57, 58, 59
pheromonal communication, 175–176
and runaway social selection, 65–67
selection pressures, 66
and unicoloniality, 67
Group-level selection, 49, 50
H
Habitat saturation, 71
Haig, David, 236, 253–274
Haldane’s rule, 225
Hamilton, William D., xvi, 50
Hamilton’s rule (see also Inclusive fitness)
defined, xvi, 50
and genetic diversity, 68
and helping behavior, 49, 50, 55, 56–59, 60, 61–62, 63, 66, 67, 68
indirect genetic effects, 11
and kin discrimination, 258
in kind selection, 16
in kith selection, 12, 14, 15
neighbor-modulated approach, 5, 6–7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 22, 23
Hamiltonian medicine, 235
Haplodiplody hypothesis, 51
Harding, Brittany N., 88, 117–136
Harvard University, vii–viii
Hawk-Dove game, 20–21
Hayes, Isaac, 371
Henrich, Joseph, 301, 363–382
Hepatoblastoma, 281
Hexamerins, 184
Hitchhiking, 93, 110
Homing endonucleases, 223
Homo heidelbergensis, 364
Honey bees (Apis mellifera), 53, 181–182, 183–184, 185, 187
brain-related genes, 165, 171
carbohydrate metabolism, 165, 185–186
cAMp/CREB signaling pathways, 171
CREB binding protein, 171
dance communication, 176, 177
hexamerins, 184
immunity genes, 165, 179
insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1, 165, 185
juvenile hormone, 165, 185
Major Royal Jelly, 183–184
metabolism and nutrition genes, 165–166, 172, 184
molecular origins of sociality, 165, 169
odorant receptor genes, 165, 174
queen pheromone 9-ODA, 174
reproduction-related genes, 172, 181–182
sex determination, 181–182
social foraging behavior, 187
vitellogenin axis, 185
whole-genome sequence, 169
Horizontal gene transfer
bacterial mutualisms, 2, 30, 32, 36, 37–38, 40, 42, 43, 44–45, 46
and endemic variation, 106
House, Bailey R., 300, 343–362
Huijben, Silvie, 235–236, 237–252
Human genome, transposable elements, 219
Human prosocial sentiments (see also specific attributes)
dimensions of, 345–346
game theory applied to, 300, 345–349
limits on altruistic preferences, 347
motives underlying altruism, 349–351
nonhuman primates compared to, 350–355
phylogenetic foundations, 350
Humans
bacterial mutualisms, 30–31, 38
microbiome, 138, 154
veil of ignorance model, 204
vocal signals, 173
Hybrid incompatibility genes, 225, 229, 289–290, 291
Hydrozoans, 56
Hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), 327, 337
Hymenoptera. See Social Hymenoptera
I
Immunity genes, 171, 178, 179
Imprinted genes (see Genomic imprinting)
Imprinting, learned, 257
Inclusive fitness (see also Hamilton’s rule; Social selection)
indirect genetic effects, 21
kith selection, 12–16
relatedness and, 24, 70
social effects modeling, 8–10, 22, 24
Indirect fitness gains, xvi, 7, 21, 50, 71, 73, 75, 226, 255, 266, 272 (see also Kin selection)
Indirect genetic effects, 8, 9, 11, 16, 261, 281
Infertility, 275, 277, 286, 290
Insects. See Social Hymenoptera; Social insects
Insider-outsider theory, 80–81
Insulin growth factor gene (IGF2), 280–281, 282, 291
Interbirth intervals, 261
Interlocus conflice, 56, 57, 62
Intralocus antagonism, 287
J
Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), 337
Jewel wasp (Nasonia vitripennis), 169
K
Kane, Elisha, 371
Kerr, Benjamin, 88, 117–136
Kin-directed behavior, 257
Kin recognition
adhesion genes, 203
cheating control, 166, 191, 198, 201, 202–203
in eusocial insects, 49–50, 54–55, 56, 64–65
greenbeard genes and, 7, 16–19, 55–59
phenotype matching, 55, 56, 57, 264
Kin selection
altruism, 50
caste-rearing nepotism and, 54, 55
conditional helping, 13
defined, 6–7, 263
environmental cues, 55
failures, 51
genetic recognition, 55
genetic relatedness and, 67–68
greenbeard genes, 1, 7, 16–19, 55–59
group selection hypothesis, 54–55
haplodiplody hypothesis, 51
heritability of the indirect selection effect, 16
monogamy hypothesis, 51
multilevel selection models, 7
neighbor-modulated approach, 5, 6–7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 22, 23
phenotypic gambit, 11
reproductive skew theory and, 54
successes, 51
Kind selection
defined, 1, 5, 263–264
greenbeard genes, 1, 5, 7, 16–19, 21, 24, 264
kin selection compared to, 16–19
phenotype matching, 264
Kinship
asymmetric, 236, 253, 254–257
and cheating, 191, 197–198, 201–202
instinctive categories vs. cultural classification, 258
symmetric, 259
Kith selection (see also Mutualisms)
defined, 1, 2, 5, 12–16, 264
multiple partners, 24
phenotypic expression and, 13
Kraemer, Susanne A., 88, 91–115
L
Language development, 260, 285, 365
Leishmania, 221–222
Life-history theory, 273
Lion (Panthera leo), 340
Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), 339
Long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus), 73
Lotus strigosus, 41
M
Malaria
cases per year, 247
fitness effects drug resistance, 243–246
genetic diversity of infections, 242–243
radical pathogen cure, 235, 237, 238, 241, 246
resistance to drugs, 240–241
rodent model, 242, 243–244
treatment goals, 241
vector control, 252
Manipulation, 1, 13, 15, 40
Marmosets, 343, 357
Maternal effect dominant embryonic arrest (Medea) system, 227
Maternally expressed factors, 227, 259, 260, 261, 271, 277, 280, 282, 283, 284, 285, 291
Meiotic drive elements, 166, 213, 214, 216, 218, 223–225, 230, 288
Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus, 155–156
Microbes (see Bacterial; Dictyostelium discoideum; Multispecies biofilms; Myxococcus xanthus)
examples of natural microbial communities, 138–139
social interactions, 87–89, 138–139, 192
Mitochondria, 2, 32, 37–38, 193, 214, 227, 228, 287–288
Mitri, Sara, 89, 137–164
Monogamy, 3, 51, 189, 303, 319
Multispecies biofilms
cell-cell adhesion and, 158
abundance of additional species, 147–148
between-species cooperation, 155–156
bottlenecks, 151, 157
characteristics of communities, 140
competition among microbial groups, 150–154
ecological competition in, 144–147, 150–154, 157
examples, 138–139
fitness calculations, 161
human microbiome, 138, 154
invasion analysis, 150–151, 152–153, 157, 162–163
model framework, 158–161
motility and, 158
mutualism constraints, 148–150, 152–153, 154–157
nutrient concentration and diffusion rate, 89, 142–143, 147, 150–153, 154, 158
quorum sensing, 88, 140, 154
secretor/nonsecretor models, 88–89, 141–154, 158–161
segregation index, 162
Simpson’s paradox, 150
single-species simulation, 142–144, 151
size of the growth area, 146–147
social insulation, 89, 147–148, 154, 157–158, 162
social phenotypes, 139–140
spatial structure and, 89, 137, 139, 140, 149, 151, 152–153, 154–155, 158
statistical analysis, 163
within-species cooperation, 89, 155–156
Multicellularity, cooperation, 193
Mutualisms (see also Bacterial-eukaryotic mutualisms)
between-species cooperation, 155–156, 157, 210
cheating in, 2, 40–41, 46
chemotaxis and, 156, 158
complex, 15
Hamilton’s rule and, 12, 15
inclusive fitness modeling, 6, 7, 12
inoculation density on agar plates and, 156–157
multispecies simulation, 148–150, 154–157
nutrient competition and, 155–156
partner choice and partner fidelity feedback, 13, 24
spatial structure and ecological feedback and, 131
social selection, 1, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 24
within-species cooperation, 155–156, 157
“Mycetocyte” bacteria, 32–33, 37–38
Myxococcus xanthus
balancing selection, 110
cell-cell adhesion, 94, 95, 97, 107
cheater-cooperator population dynamics, 110
cheater strains with social defects, 88, 93, 107–109
chimeric load, 109
coevolution, 91, 93, 109, 111
conflict, within-group, 111
DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, 114–115
endemic variation, 91, 93, 106
genetic structure of fruiting body groups, 91, 92–93, 94, 98–100, 102, 104, 106
horizontal gene transfer, 106
kin selection, 93, 109
laboratory origin of minority phenotypes, control for, 104–105, 113–114
maintenance of social diversity, 110–111
migration into “foreign” groups, 91, 93–94, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111
model of population biology, 108, 194
motility systems, 92, 95
phage transduction, 106
phase variation, 105–106
phenotypic and genetic diversity, 88, 94, 95, 98–100
phylogenetic relationships, 102–103
regeneration of clonality, 110
sample collection and strain isolation, 94, 111–112
social conflict within groups, 91
spore production, 87, 91, 92, 97, 101–102, 105, 107
sporulation assays, 113
starvation response, 87–88, 92, 104
statistical analyses, 114
swarming motility assays, 111–112
swarming phenotypes, 91, 95–97, 102, 105
territorial kin discrimination, 94, 107, 110
N
Nahum, Joshua R., 88, 117–136
Nasonia wasps, 169, 178, 179, 182, 227, 229
Nasutitermes termites, 179, 180
Neanderthals, 364
Neotermes koshunensis, 175
Nepotism, 49, 50, 51, 53–54, 55, 56, 64, 65, 66, 68, 263, 347
Netsilik, 366, 370
Neurospora, 220
New York University, vii
Nitrogen fixation, 30, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40
Nonacs, Peter, 2, 49–68
Nonadditive fitness effects, 18, 19, 20–21, 22
Nonhuman primates (see Chimpanzees; Vertebrate cooperation; other individual species)
altruistic social preferences in, 350–359
fairness and inequity aversion, 360–361
punishment of conspecifics, 360
Nontransitivity
in male mating systems, 129
in overgrowth patterns, 129
prevalence in natural ecosystems, 129–130
and restraint evolution in E. coli, 119–120, 121, 122, 127, 128, 129–130
spatial structure and, 130
in sperm competition, 129
victim-exploiter relationships, 129–130
O
Odorant receptor genes, 174
Oxytocin, 285
P
Paper wasps (Polistes dominulus), 177, 329
Parasitism
bacterial, 28
manipulation of host reproduction, 40
restraint in host-parasite systems, 131
social, 198, 199, 202
transition from mutualism, 45, 46
transition to mutualism, 2, 30–31, 35, 36–37, 46, 47
vertical transmission, 42
virulence/infectivity, 131
Parent-offspring conflict, 236, 260, 265, 271, 272
Parental manipulation of offspring, 189, 299, 306, 307
Partner choice
in bacterial mutualism, 31, 33, 38, 39, 40, 41–42, 46
in kith selection, 13, 24
Partner fidelity feedback
in bacterial mutualism, 31, 33, 38–40, 41–42
in kith selection, 13, 14, 15, 24
Parthenogenesis, 228, 229
Paternally expressed factors, 259, 260–261, 271, 277, 278, 280, 282, 283, 284
Pathology from evolutionary conflict cancer, 236, 237, 252, 275, 277, 278–282
growth conflict, 236, 275, 276–277, 278–285, 290, 291–292
maternally expressed factors, 277, 280, 282, 283, 284, 285, 291
model of opposing forces, 275, 278, 279, 284, 286, 292–293
morphology and feeding-related behavior, 277, 282–283
paternally expressed factors, 277, 280, 282, 283, 284
psychiatric disorders, 236, 275, 277, 283–285, 290, 291–292
sexual conflict, 285–287
Pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), 178–179
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), 305
Peking University, viii
Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum, 155–156
Phenotype matching, 56, 57, 264
Philanthus triangulum, 41
Photosynthates, 32–33, 38
Pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca), 339, 341
Pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus), 326–327
piRNA pathway, 171, 172, 181, 220, 222
Planctomycetes, 34, 35
Plasmids, 218, 234
antibiotic resistance, 219
colicin, 120, 132
killer, 214, 226
R-M system, 226
Ti, 18–19, 24
Plasmodium falciparum, 242, 244
Plasmodium chabaudi, 242, 243, 244
Pleiotropy, 166, 191, 201, 202, 203–204
Pogo elements, 221
Polar Inuit, 371
Polygamy, 51
Polygyny, 175, 262, 299, 303, 305, 309, 310, 311–312, 317, 319, 321
Populus, 221
Power
age and, 262, 315
asymmetries, 166, 202, 206–208, 261–262
condition-based, 207
conflict control by, 206–208, 211
first-strike, 206
mediation of competition and, 207–208
sibs, 261–262, 306
Poxviruses, 219
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), 260, 271, 282–283, 285
Predation/predators, 24 (see also Myxococcus xanthus) and horizontal gene transfer, 42
Price’s equation, 8, 9, 10
Princeton University, vii
Prochloron spp., 32–33, 41
Prosocial Test, 351–356
Proteobacteria, 34, 35, 36, 87, 92 (see also Myxococcus xanthus)
Pseudogenes, 221
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 151, 153
Pseudonocardia spp., 30–31
Public goods games, 347
Pufferfish, 219
Punishment of cheaters, 40, 300, 330, 332, 340, 341, 342, 346, 347, 348, 349, 360, 361
Q
Queller, David C., 1, 5–25, 166, 191–211
Quorum sensing, 88, 140, 154, 192, 195–196
R
Ravens (Corvus corax), 300, 330
Read, Andrew F., 235–236, 237–252
Reciprocity, 12, 13, 15
Regus, John U., 27–47
Reproductive skew theory, 49, 51, 53–54, 55, 64, 65, 68
Restraint, evolution of
in colicin producing E. coli strains, 88, 120–130, 132–135
competition assay, 133–134
defined, 118
ecological dynamics, 120, 121–122, 128–129, 132
evolution of resistant strain, 122–124
experimental treatments, 132–133
in host-parasite communities, 131
in hypercycle communities, 131
Lotka-Volterra model, 130
migration patterns and, 88, 121–122, 127, 130, 132, 134–135
in nontransitive communities, 88, 119–120, 121, 122, 127, 128, 129–131
positive assortment and, 118, 120, 121, 125, 129, 131–132
rock-paper-scissors game, 88, 119–120
simulation of ecoevolutionary dynamics, 124–127, 134–135, 136
spatial structure and, 130–131
survival of the weakest, 119
in victim-exploiter communities, 130–131
Restriction-modification (R-M) systems, 226
Reticulitermes flavipes, 184
Retinoblastoma, 281
Retrogenes, 221
Retroposons, 218, 219, 221–222
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), 327, 329–331
Rhizobia, 30–31, 32, 36, 39, 40, 44
Rhizobiales, 36
Richerson, Peter J., 301, 363–382
Rickettsia, 42
Riftia pachyptila, 41
Ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), 340
Robinson, Gene E., 165, 167–189
Rubenstein, Dustin R., 3, 69–85
Runaway social selection, 67
S
Sachs, Joel L., 2, 27–47
Sackler, Arthur M., vii–viii. See also Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium
Sackler, Jillian, vii, viii
Salmonella enterica, 131
Schizophrenia, vii, 236, 254, 284, 285
Scrub jays (Aphelocoma californica), 330
Self-splicing introns, 218–219, 223
Selfish genetic elements
B (supernumerary) chromosomes, 166, 213–214, 223–224, 227
clade selection hypothesis, 232
defined, 214
domestication, co-option, or exaptation, 221
“epi-transposon” hypothesis, 222
evolutionary function, 166, 216, 230–233, 234
gene converters, 223
and genetic conflict, 214, 215, 216–218, 224, 228
harmful effects, 220, 218–233
host dependency, 216
imprinted genes, 166 (see also Genomic imprinting)
interspecies lateral transfers, 219, 222, 229–230
meiotic drive elements, 166, 213, 214, 216, 218, 223–225, 230, 288
modification-rescue systems, 166, 225, 226, 227, 228, 234
organellar genes, 166, 214, 217–218, 227–230
parasitic hypothesis, 215, 216, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232–233, 234
postsegregation distorters, 225–227, 229
safe havens, 216, 220, 222, 223
transposons and other mobile elements, 166, 214, 215, 217, 218, 220, 221–222, 230–233, 234
types and consequences, 218–233
Selfish-herd defense, 20
SETMAR gene, 221
Sex chromosome drive, 223, 224–225
Sex ratios, 2, 40, 51, 64, 227, 230, 276
Sexual conflict (see also Genomic imprinting)
Gaussian fitness function, 296
genetic models of sexually antagonistic traits, 296
quadratic fitness, 294
sex-limited traits, 277, 285–286, 291
sexual antagonism over trait with same fitness consequences, 277, 286–290, 291
X inactivation consequences, 295
X vs. autosome theory, 236, 275–276, 277, 287–290, 293–296
Sexual maturation
adolescence, 271–272
another-mouth-to-feed scenario, 266–267, 269
birth order and, 270–271
blended vs. unblended relatedness, 268–269
effects of imprinted genes, 271
father absence and, 269–270
genomic imprinting and, 265–272
helper-at-the-nest scenario, 267, 268–270, 271
life expectancy and, 266
partner change and, 267–268
pygmies, 266
Siblings, conflict, 261–262
Side-blotch lizards (Uta stansburiana), 56, 129
Silk, Joan B., 300, 343–362
Silver-Russell syndrome, 271, 282, 283
Skophammer, Ryan G., 27–47
Slave making, 176
Slime molds, 56
Social brain hypothesis, 177
Social effects, modeling, 8–10
Social foraging behavior, 187
Social heterosis, 67–68
Social Hymenoptera
caste-biasing nepotism, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 64, 65–67, 68
environmental cues, 49, 55, 56, 58, 64–65
genetic recognition, 2–3, 49, 55
greenbeard traits, 2–3, 49, 55–60, 65–67
haplodiplody hypothesis, 51
immune gene evolution, 178–180
kin recognition, 2–3, 49–50, 54–55, 64–65
kin selection mechanisms, 50–51, 54–59, 67–68
male parentage conflicts (worker policing), 2, 49, 51, 52–53
monogamy hypothesis, 3, 51
reproductive skew theory, 2, 49, 51, 53–54, 55, 64, 65, 68
runaway social selection, 49–50
sex investment ratios, 2, 49, 51–52
simulating evolution of cooperation, 2–3, 49, 56–59
Social immunity, 178
Social selection
byproduct social effects, 11
causality, 6, 7, 8, 10–11, 14
Hamilton’s rule and, 5–6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 49, 55, 56–59
indirect genetic effects approach, 8, 21
kind selection, 5, 6, 7, 16–23
kith selection, 5, 6, 7, 12–16
indirect genetic effects, 11
modeling social effects, 8–10
mutualisms, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 24
neighbor-modulated approach, 5, 6–7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 22, 23
phenotype matching, 6, 9, 10, 11–12, 13, 14–15, 22, 23, 57–59
reciprocity, 12, 13, 15
runaway, 67
selfish effects, 24
social causality, 6, 9, 10, 11–12, 14
population structure (relatedness) and, 6, 10
separation condition, 6, 10
Staphylococcus aureus, 151, 153
State University of New York at Stony Brook, viii
Stinkbugs, 30–31, 40–41, 43
Strassmann, Beverly I., 299, 303–324
Strassmann, Joan E., 166, 191–211
Streptomyces philanthi, 32–33, 41
Stromatolites, 138, 139
Superb starlings (Lamprotornis superbus), 69, 74–84 (see Cooperative breeding)
Superorganisms, 2
T
Tamarins, 343, 357–358
Termites (see also Eusocial insects)
hexamerins, 184, 187
immune gene evolution, 171, 179–180
juvenile hormone, 184
metabolism and nutrition genes, 165–166, 172, 184
origins of eusociality, 169
queen pheromone gene (Neofem2), 175, 187
within-colony competition, 153, 154
Third-Party Punishment Game, 346
Ti plasmid, 18–19, 24
Tragedy of the commons, 130–131
Transposons, 166, 215, 217, 218–219
Tribolium beetles, 227
Trichogramma wasps, 227
Trust, 300, 345, 347, 348
Trust Game, 345, 348
Tubeworms, 30–31, 41
Tufted capuchins, 360
U
Ubiquitin pathway, 283
Ultimatum Games, 345–346, 348, 360
Unicoloniality, 50, 67, 68
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage site, 305
United States Agency for International Development, 305
V
Vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus), 338
Velicer, Gregory J., 88, 91–115
Vertebrate cooperation
attribution of intentions, 300, 325, 326, 329–331
attribution of knowledge, 326, 331–332
cognitive constraints, 334–335
contingent altruism measures, 325, 336–339
detection of noncooperators, 325, 340–342
emotional constraints, 335–336
mechanisms, 332–334
recognition of others’relationships, 300, 326–329
Vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops), 300, 327, 333, 340
Vibrio fischeri, 30–31, 38, 40, 41, 45, 155
Viviparous lizards, 129
Volvocales, 193
W
Wasps, 300 (see also Social Hymenoptera)
immunity genes, 178
origins of eusociality, 169, 177, 187–188
Water fern, 32–33, 43
Weaning, 260, 283, 319
Werren, John H., 166, 213–234
West Greenland Inuit, 375
Wilms’tumor, 281
Wolbachia, 40, 42, 43, 228–230, 234
Woodard, S. Hollis, 165, 167–189
World Health Organization, 240, 311
X
X inactivation, 287, 293, 294, 295
Xavier, Joao B., 89, 137–164
Y
Yeast, 56, 226
Z
Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), 328