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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2011. Preparing for the High Frontier: The Role and Training of NASA Astronauts in the Post-Space Shuttle Era. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13227.
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B

Acronyms and Glossary

Apollo

The 1961-1975 space program that followed the Gemini program.

ASCAN

Astronaut candidate.

ATV

Automated transfer vehicle. A European uncrewed resupply spacecraft.

   
C3PO

Commercial Crew and Cargo Program Office (NASA).

CCDev

Commercial Crew Development.

CoFR

Certification of Flight Readiness.

COTS

Commercial Orbital Transportation Services.

CRM

Crew resource management.

CSA

Canadian Space Agency.

CST-100

Space capsule in development by Boeing; it could carry up to seven astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) and launch from a variety of rockets, including Atlas, Delta, and Falcon 9 rockets.

Cygnus

Space capsule in development by Orbital Sciences; it is designed to carry cargo from the Earth to the ISS and to dispose of ISS waste. It is not, however, designed for reentry into Earth’s atmosphere and will not transport cargo back to Earth.

   
Dragon

Space capsule in development by Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX); it is designed to carry cargo to and from the ISS.

Dream Chaser

Spacecraft in development by Sierra Nevada Corporation; it is designed to launch from an Atlas V launch vehicle and to carry up to seven astronauts and cargo to the ISS. It will return to Earth by way of a conventional runway landing, allowing it to bring back cargo from the ISS.

   
ESA

European Space Agency.

EVA

Extravehicular activity. Also known as a “spacewalk.”

   
FCOD

Flight Crew Operations Directorate. Located at the NASA Johnson Space Center.

FRR

Flight Readiness Review

   
Gemini

The 1965-1966 space program that was the follow-up to the Mercury program. Gemini missions included the first spacewalk.

   
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2011. Preparing for the High Frontier: The Role and Training of NASA Astronauts in the Post-Space Shuttle Era. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13227.
×
GRT Generic robotics training.
   
HTV

H-II Transfer Vehicle. A Japanese uncrewed resupply spacecraft.

   
ISS

International Space Station.

   
JAXA

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.

JSC

Johnson Space Center.

   
LEO

Low Earth orbit. Generally considered to be between 160 and 2,000 km above Earth’s surface.

   
MCC

Mission Control Center. Located at the NASA Johnson Space Center.

Mercury

First human spaceflight program in the United States; it ran from 1959 to 1963 and included the first American to orbit Earth.

Mir

Russian space station, operational from 1986 to 2001.

MMR

Minimum Manifest Requirement. The minimum number of astronauts required to sustain a human spaceflight operation as determined by model input, including spaceflight program requirements and the 5-year rotation plan (see Chapter 2).

MOD

Mission Operations Directorate. Located at the NASA Johnson Space Center.

MPCV

Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (NASA). It is based on the design of the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle.

   
NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

NBL

Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory. Located at NASA’s Johnson Space Center, it is an astronaut training facility consisting of a large indoor pool of water used to simulate a low-gravity environment during astronaut training in the performance of various mission tasks.

NRC

National Research Council.

   
Orion

Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle. This spacecraft, in development by Lockheed Martin, is designed to carry four astronauts to the Moon or six astronauts to the ISS and to sustain a crew for 21.1 days.

   
PMMT

Pre-launch Mission Management Team.

   
RMS

Remote Manipulator System. Also known as the robotic arm used on the space shuttle.

RSA

Russian Space Agency.

   
SES Dome

Shuttle Engineering Simulator Dome.

SFRT

Spaceflight readiness training. Operational environments in which the crew is trained for spaceflight.

Skylab

Crewed U.S. space station in orbit from 1973 to 1979.

SLS

Space Launch System.

SORR

Stage Operations Readiness Review.

Soyuz

Russian spacecraft used since the 1960s to deliver cosmonauts and astronauts to space.

Spacelab

Reusable laboratory that flew on 22 space shuttle flights from November 1983 to August 1998.

SSPCB

Space Studies Program Control Board.

Star City

The site of the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Russia.

   
T-38N

Two-person jet specifically outfitted for NASA’s astronaut training needs.

   
UPT

Undergraduate Pilot Training.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2011. Preparing for the High Frontier: The Role and Training of NASA Astronauts in the Post-Space Shuttle Era. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13227.
×
Page 95
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2011. Preparing for the High Frontier: The Role and Training of NASA Astronauts in the Post-Space Shuttle Era. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13227.
×
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As the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) retires the Space Shuttle and shifts involvement in International Space Station (ISS) operations, changes in the role and requirements of NASA's Astronaut Corps will take place. At the request of NASA, the National Research Council (NRC) addressed three main questions about these changes: what should be the role and size of Johnson Space Center's (JSC) Flight Crew Operations Directorate (FCOD); what will be the requirements of astronaut training facilities; and is the Astronaut Corps' fleet of training aircraft a cost-effective means of preparing astronauts for NASA's spaceflight program? This report presents an assessment of several issues driven by these questions. This report does not address explicitly the future of human spaceflight.

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