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C
Biographies of Speakers, Moderators, Planning Committee,
Rapporteur, and Reviewers
GREGORY BENFORD is a professor of physics and astronomy at University of California, Irvine.
He is a Woodrow Wilson Fellow, Phi Beta Kappa, and was a visiting fellow at Cambridge University. In
1995 he received the Lord Prize for contributions to science. A fellow of the American Physical Society,
his fiction has won many awards, including the Nebula Award for his novel Timescape. In 2007 he was
awarded the Asimov Memorial Award for Popularizing Science.
STEVEN A. BENNER is a distinguished fellow at the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution
(FfAME). Dr. Benner’s research interests include chemical genetics, synthetic biology, paleogenetics,
astrobiology, systems biology, and the connection of natural history to the physical sciences. His research
group at FfAME initiated synthetic biology as a field, and was the first to synthesize a gene for an enzyme
and use organic synthesis to prepare the first artificial genetic systems. Dr. Benner’s research has led to
promising drug development leads through the invention of dynamic combinatorial chemistry, which
combines ideas from different areas of chemistry and biology to discover small molecule therapeutic
leads. He also established paleomolecular biology, where researchers resurrect ancestral proteins from
extinct organisms for study in the laboratory. Dr. Benner was a National Science Foundation (NSF)
graduate fellow, a Sloan Foundation fellow, recipient of the Nola Summer Award, Anniversary Prize of
the Federation of European Biochemical Societies, and Sigma Xi Senior Faculty Award. He also sat on
numerous National Research Council (NRC) committees, such as the Committee on the Astrophysical
Context of Life and the Committee on the Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Sciences. Dr. Benner
received his B.S. and M.S. in molecular biophysics and biochemistry from Yale University and his Ph.D.
in chemistry from Harvard University.
LINDA BILLINGS is a research professor at the George Washington University School of Media and
Public Affairs. She does communication research for NASA’s astrobiology program in the Science
Mission Directorate, is a principal investigator for the NASA Astrobiology Program, and also advises
NASA’s planetary protection officer and lead scientist for Mars exploration on communications. Dr.
Billings’s research interests and expertise include mass communication, science communication, risk
communication, rhetorical analysis, journalism studies, and social studies of science. Her research has
focused on the role that journalists play in constructing the cultural authority of scientists, the rhetorical
strategies that scientists and journalists employ in communicating about science, and the rhetoric of space
exploration. As a researcher, she has worked on communication strategy, media analysis, and audience
research for NASA’s astrobiology, Mars exploration, and planetary protection programs. As a journalist,
she has covered energy, environment, and labor relations as well as aerospace. Dr. Billings was a
member of the staff for the National Commission on Space (1985-1986), appointed by President Reagan
to develop a long-term plan for space exploration. She earned her Ph.D. in mass communication from
Indiana State University. She is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
(AAAS) and the recipient of Outstanding Achievement and Lifetime Achievement awards from Women
in Aerospace.
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JEFF M. BINGHAM is senior advisor on space and aeronautics on the Republican staff of the
Subcommittee on Science and Space of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the
U.S. Senate. He served as chief of staff for Senator Jake Garn from 1974-1990, and throughout that
service was heavily involved in the Senator’s space-related activity. Mr. Bingham was also a NASA
consultant and participant in the Synthesis Group, which was charged with developing alternative
architectures for missions to the Moon and Mars under the Space Exploration Initiative. He was a senior
policy analyst for SAIC and supported the Johnson Space Center New Initiatives Office in strategic
planning and exploration policy activities. In 1994 to 1996, Mr. Bingham served as legislative
coordinator for the International Space Station Program. From 1996 to 1999, he managed the Space
Station Information Center. In 2000, Mr. Bingham supported the Bush-Cheney NASA Transition Team
and was appointed by the White House Personnel Office as special assistant to NASA Chief of Staff
Courtney A. Stadd. Mr. Bingham then served as associate administrator for legislative affairs at NASA
Headquarters. In 2002, he was appointed senior advisor/special assistant to the NASA administrator. Mr.
Bingham left NASA in 2004 and spent a year writing, speaking, and consulting. In 2005, Mr. Bingham
accepted the appointment as staff director for the Subcommittee on Science and Space, which had
authorization and oversight jurisdiction for NASA and NSF. In that capacity, Mr. Bingham was charged
with the development and drafting of the 2005 NASA Authorization Act, which was signed into law on
December 30, 2005. During the 110th Congress, Mr. Bingham assumed his current position and in that
capacity participated in drafting, consideration, and passage of the 2008 NASA Authorization Act. With
the reorganization of the committee in the 111th Congress, he continues to provide staff support at the full
committee level and for the newly reorganized subcommittee. In that capacity, he served as one of the
principal staff involved in drafting and securing passage of the NASA Authorization Act of 2010.
ROGER BLANDFORD is director of the Kavli Institute of Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology at
Stanford University. He is a native of England and took his B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees at Cambridge
University. Following postdoctoral research at Cambridge, Princeton University, and University of
California, Berkeley, he took up a faculty position at the California Institute of Technology in 1976,
where he was appointed as the Richard Chace Tolman Professor of Theoretical Astrophysis. In 2003 he
became the first director of the Kavli Institute of Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology and the Luke
Blossom Chair in the School of Humanities and Science. His research interests include black hole
astrophysics, cosmology, gravitational lensing, cosmic ray physics, and compact stars. He is a fellow of
the Royal Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the National
Academy of Sciences.
ROGER-MAURICE BONNET, executive director of the International Space Science Institute (ISSI), is a
solar physicist mostly known for his early work in the study and observation of the ultraviolet radiation.
His early work concerned the study of solar radiation and solar irradiance. He has also been involved in
the problems of solar radiation forcing on Earth. As an instrumentalist, he designed several original
telescopes and spectrometers. He was responsible for the design of the telescope that obtained the first
pictures of a comet nucleus (Halley) with the European Space Agency (ESA) Giotto probe in 1986. From
1969 to 1983, he was the director of the Laboratoire de Physique Stellaire et Planétaire of the French
CNRS (now re-named Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, IAS). He then became director of ESA’s
scientific programme from 1983 until 2001, where he defined and led the Horizon 2000 program and
established the basis and structure of the Living Planet Earth Sciences program. Dr. Bonnet became
director general for science at CNES, the French space agency, in 2002 and is presently the executive
director of the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland. He is president of the
Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and a member of the Royal Scientific Academy of Sweden and
the Société Royale des Sciences de Liège and of the International Academy of Astronautics, from which
he received the Von Karman award in 2009. He is also doctor honoris causa of the Universities of
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London and Liège, and officier of the French Légion d’Honneur. He is the author of more than 150
scientific papers in solar physics, astronomy, and space science, as well as of several books, in particular
Les Horizons Chimériques and Surviving 100,000 Centuries, Can We Do It?, co-authored with L.
Woltjer.
ELIZABETH R. CANTWELL is director for the mission development for the Engineering Directorate at
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and is the director for national security initiatives at
Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Prior to joining Oak Ridge, she was the deputy division leader for
science and technology in the International, Space, and Response Division at Los Alamos National
Laboratory. Dr. Cantwell has served as the section leader for the Micro and Nanotechnology Center at
LLNL. She began her career building life support systems for human spaceflight missions with the
NASA. She is a member of the NRC’s Space Studies Board, chair of the Decadal Survey on Biological
and Physical Sciences in Space, and a former member of the Committee on NASA’s Bioastronautics
Critical Path Roadmap, the Space Station Panel of the Review of NASA Strategic Roadmaps, the
Committee on Technology for Human/Robotic Exploration and Development of Space, and the
Committee on Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space.
DEXTER COLE is vice president of programming for the Science Channel where he oversees the
programming strategy for the network and is responsible for securing acquisitions that will fuel the
network’s programming pipeline. He also manages members of the scheduling and development teams.
Mr. Cole will returned to Discovery after a 2-year term as vice president of research for TV One, where
he was responsible for network strategy in the areas of programming and consumer research. He joined
TV One in 2008 and was instrumental in growing the network’s prime time ratings by double digits.
Prior to working for TV One, Mr. Cole was employed at Discovery Communications, LLC, for 10 years,
and during his initial tenure managed research for each of the five major Discovery networks (Discovery
Channel, TLC, Animal Planet, Travel Channel, and Discovery Health Channel). Having spent the
majority of his time at Discovery supporting the TLC network, he last served as vice president for TLC
Research and was instrumental in the launch of successful TLC series. He and his team were also
responsible for the management of both the qualitative and quantitative research initiatives in the creation
of TLC’s award-winning “Life Lessons” brand campaign. Prior to joining Discovery, Mr. Cole worked
in corporate research at GEICO and in production at WTTG-FOX TV in Washington, D.C. He received
both his undergraduate and graduate degrees from Howard University in Washington, D.C., with a
bachelor of arts, magna cum laude, in journalism and an M.B.A.
ALAN DRESSLER is an observational astronomer at the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution. His
principal areas of research cover the formation and evolution of galaxies and the study of star populations
of distant galaxies. Dr. Dressler has made significant contributions in understanding galaxy formation
and evolution, including effects of the environment on galaxy morphology. He was a leader in the
identification of the “great attractor” that causes a large distortion of the Hubble expansion. From 1993-
1995 Dr. Dressler chaired the AURA committee “HST & Beyond: Exploration and the Search for
Origins” that presented NASA with the report A Vision for Ultraviolet-Optical-Infrared Space
Astronomy. NASA embraced the report’s three recommendations—the extension of the Hubble Space
Telescope (HST) mission, the building of a infrared-optimized successor to HST (the James Webb Space
Telescope) to study the birth of galaxies in the early universe, and the development of technology for
space telescopes capable of finding Earth-like planets around neighboring stars—which now form a
substantial component of the NASA program in astrophysics. Dr. Dressler is a member of the National
Academy of Sciences, served on the NRC Committee on Setting Priorities for NSF-Sponsored Large
Research Facility Projects and chaired the NRC Panel on Optical and Infrared Astronomy from the
Ground of the Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Committee.
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MARGARET FINARELLI is a senior fellow in the Center for Aerospace Policy Research at George
Mason University. In this capacity she has organized a number of space exploration related workshops
including one that focused on constituency building. From 2000-2006, Ms. Finarelli was the International
Space University’s vice president for North American Operations. Before that, her career with NASA
and other U.S. government agencies focused on strategy development and negotiations in the fields of
domestic space policy and international relations in science and technology. At NASA (1981-2000), she
rose to the position of associate administrator for policy coordination and international relations. She
played a major role at NASA in developing the initial concepts for the international partnerships in the
International Space Station program, and she led the U.S. team conducting the first round of international
negotiations that resulted in the agreements governing NASA’s cooperation with Europe, Japan, and
Canada. Ms. Finarelli’s has served on the NRC Committee on Assessment of Impediments to
Interagency Cooperation on Space and Earth Science Missions, the Committee on Science Opportunities
Enabled by NASA’s Constellation System, and the Committee for the Review of NASA Science Mission
Directorate Science Plan.
LENNARD A. FISK is the Thomas M. Donahue Distinguished University Professor of Space Science in
the Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences at the University of Michigan. He is an
active researcher in both theoretical and experimental studies of the solar atmosphere and its expansion
into space to form the heliosphere. Dr. Fisk was the associate administrator for space science and
applications and chief scientist at NASA (1987-1993), and from 1977 to 1987, he served as professor of
physics and vice president for research and financial affairs at the University of New Hampshire. He is a
member of the National Academy of Sciences, a member of the board of directors of the Orbital Sciences
Corporation, co-founder of the Michigan Aerospace Corporation, and a former chair of the board of
trustees of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Dr. Fisk earned his degree from the
University of California, San Diego. His NRC service includes chair of the Space Studies Board, co-vice
chair of the Committee on the Rationale and Goals of the U.S. Civil Space Program, and membership on
the Committee on Scientific Communication and National Security, the Committee on Fusion Science
Assessment, the Committee on International Space Programs, Air Force Physics Research Committee,
and the Committee on Solar and Space Physics.
LUCY FORTSON is an associate professor of physics in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the
University of Minnesota. A member of the VERITAS and CTA very-high-energy gamma-ray astronomy
collaborations, Dr. Fortson studies active galactic nuclei (AGN) using multi-wavelength observations to
determine the source of gamma-ray emission from AGN and the evolution of the AGN host galaxies. She
is also deeply committed to improving the science literacy of all Americans through her role on the
Executive Committee of the Citizen Science Alliance and the Zooniverse project (www.zooniverse.org).
With projects such as Galaxy Zoo, the Zooniverse provides opportunities for volunteer citizens to
contribute to discovery research by using their pattern matching skills to perform simple data analysis
tasks and to become more deeply engaged in the science research through social networking and simple
data processing tools. Dr. Fortson was recently the vice president for research at the Adler Planetarium
where she held a joint research position at the University of Chicago. Dr. Fortson graduated with a B.A.
in physics and astronomy from Smith College and received her Ph.D. in high-energy physics from the
University of California, Los Angeles. She has served on numerous local and national committees,
including the NRC’s 2010 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey and the Astrophysics Science
Subcommittee, the NASA Advisory Council’s Human Capital Committee, NSF’s Mathematical and
Physical Sciences Directorate Advisory Committee, and the National Optical Astronomy Observatory’s
Education and Public Outreach Review Committee.
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HEIDI B. HAMMEL is senior research scientist and co-director at the Space Sciences Institute and an
independent research and education organization based in Boulder, Colorado. Her primary research
interests are the outer planets and their satellites, with a specific focus on observational techniques. Dr.
Hammel is a leading expert on the planet Neptune and was a member of the Imaging Science Team
during the Voyager 2 spacecraft’s encounter with that planet in 1989. For the impact of Comet
Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994, Dr. Hammel led the HST team that investigated Jupiter’s
atmospheric response to the collisions. Her latest research has focused on the imaging of Neptune and
Uranus with HST and on ground-based observations of Uranus. Dr. Hammel was elected a fellow of
AAAS in 2000 and received the Sagan Medal of the Division for Planetary Sciences (DPS) of the
American Astronomical Society (AAS) for outstanding communication by an active planetary scientist to
the general public in 2002. In addition, Asteroid 1981 EC20 was renamed 3530 Hammel in her honor.
Dr. Hammel was profiled by the New York Times in 2008 and Newsweek magazine in 2007 and was
identified as one of the 50 most important women in science by Discover magazine in 2002. She received
her Ph.D. in astronomy and astrophysics from the University of Hawaii. Dr. Hammel was the chair of the
NRC’s Giant Planets Panel of the Planetary Science Decadal Survey.
JOAN JOHNSON-FREESE is chair of the Department of National Security Decision Making at the
Naval War College. Prior to that, she held the following positions: chair of the Transnational Studies
Department at the Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies in Honolulu, Hawaii; faculty member at the
Air War College in Montgomery, Alabama; and director of the Center for Space Policy and Law at the
University of Central Florida. Dr. Johnson-Freese has focused her research and writing on security
studies generally, and space programs and policies specifically, including issues relating to technology
transfer and export, missile defense, transparency, space and regional development, transformation, and
globalization. She is on the editorial board of China Security and a member of the International Academy
of Astronautics and the International Institute for Strategic Studies. She has testified before Congress
concerning U.S.-Sino security issues concerning space. Dr. Johnson-Freese’s most recent books are
Space as a Strategic Asset (2007) and Heavenly Ambition: Will America Dominate Space? (2009).
MARC KAUFMAN is a science writer and editor at the Washington Post, though at heart he sees himself
as a foreign correspondent. His book on astrobiology, First Contact: Scientific Breakthroughs in the
Hunt for Life Beyond Earth (2011), is described as a remarkable, unfolding story of science’s search for
the beginnings of life on Earth and the probability that it exists elsewhere in our universe. Before joining
the Post in 1999, Mr. Kaufman was a reporter at the Philadelphia Inquirer for 17 years. He did a tour in
India for the Inquirer, spent a lot of time in Afghanistan in the late 1980s and through the 1990s, and
returned to Afghanistan for the Post after 9/11. Given his foreign-correspondent instincts, Mr. Kaufman
managed to turn his first contact reporting into a global affair, making trips to Alaska, Australia, Chile,
Death Valley, California, England, Florida, Idaho, Italy, Japan, Louisiana, and South Africa, among other
places. He has reported for the Post on topics ranging from the BP oil spill to the search for organics on
Mars, plans for space tourism, and the Kepler mission’s extrasolar planet discoveries.
CHARLES F. KENNEL is a distinguished professor of atmospheric science and director emeritus in the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Dr. Kennel was
the founding director of the UCSD Environment and Sustainability Initiative, an all-campus effort
embracing teaching, research, campus operations, and public outreach, and is now chairman of its
international advisory board. His research covers plasma physics, space plasma physics, solar-terrestrial
physics, plasma astrophysics, and environmental science and policy. He is a member of the National
Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society,
and the International Academy of Astronautics. He was a member of the NASA Advisory Council from
1998 to 2006, its chair from 2001-2005, and is presently chair of the California Council on Science and
Technology. He has had visiting appointments to the International Centre for Theoretical Physics
(Trieste), the National Center for Atmospheric Research (Boulder), the Ecole Polytechnique (Paris),
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California Institute of Technology (Pasadena), Space Research Institute (Moscow), and the University of
Cambridge (U.K.). He is a recipient of the James Clerk Maxwell Prize (American Physical Society), the
Hannes Alfven Prize (European Geophysical Society), the Aurelio Peccei Prize (Accademia Lincei), and
the NASA Distinguished Service and Distinguished Public Service Medals. He was the 2007 C.P. Snow
Lecturer at Christ’s College, Cambridge (U.K.). Dr. Kennel has served on numerous NRC committees
and boards, including the Committee on NASA’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for
Implementation (co-chair), the Committee on Global Change Research (chair), the Committee on Fusion
Science Assessment (chair), the Board on Physics and Astronomy (chair), the Panel to Review the
National Space Science Data Center/World Data Center-A for Rockets and Satellites, the Committee on
Cooperation with the USSR in Solar Activity, Solar Wind, Terrestrial Effects, and Solar Acceleration (co-
chair), the Plasma Science Committee (chair), and the Air Force Physics Research Committee.
ANDREW LAWLER is a contributing writer with Science magazine and freelance writer for
Smithsonian, National Geographic, Discover, and other publications. He began to cover the space
program in 1984 for The Futurist Magazine. Later he was associate editor of Space Business News and
then founding editor of Space Station News. In 1989, he joined the first staff of Space News, where he
covered NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Defense
Department, the White House, Congress, and international space programs. From 1994 until 2009, he
was a senior writer at Science, following a host of space and science beats. During his quarter century
writing about space, Mr. Lawler has interviewed every NASA administrator as well as many chiefs of
other space agencies, sat through countless congressional hearings on Capitol Hill, and written about
space-related news in Europe, Japan, Russia, China, and India.
MOLLY MACAULEY is vice president for research and a senior fellow at Resources for the Future
(RFF), a research organization established upon recommendation of a U.S. presidential commission in
1952 and dedicated to economic and policy analyses of the health of the nation’s natural and
environmental resources. Dr. Macauley’s research at RFF has covered studies on economics and policy
issues of new technology, the valuation of non-priced resources, the design of incentive arrangements to
improve space resource use, and the appropriate relationship between public and private endeavors in
space research, development, and commercial enterprise. Dr. Macauley serves as a visiting professor in
the Department of Economics at Johns Hopkins University and has previously served in the Woodrow
Wilson School of Public Affairs at Princeton University. She has frequently testified before Congress
and serves on many national-level committees and panels. She served on the NRC’s Aeronautics and
Space Engineering Board, the Panel on Earth Science Applications and Societal Needs, and the Science
Panel of the Review of NASA Strategic Roadmaps.
STEPHEN MAUTNER is executive editor of the National Academies Press (NAP) in Washington, D.C.
NAP operates as publisher for the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering,
the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council—an associated group of private institutions
chartered by Congress to advise the U.S. federal government on science, technology, and health policy.
In addition to his work publishing studies and reports of the National Academies, Mr. Mautner has a role
in communications projects designed to make individual or collected works of the institution accessible
and informative for more general audiences. This has included the creation of a trade science book
imprint, the Joseph Henry Press, and more recently the development of a website series on science,
engineering, and health topics of current interest. He received his B.A. from Brown University and an
M.A. from the Johns Hopkins University.
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BERRIEN MOORE III is dean of the College of Atmospheric and Geographic Sciences at the University
of Oklahoma. He is the former director of the Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space at the
University of New Hampshire and former executive director of Climate Central. Dr. Moore’s research
focuses on the carbon cycle, global biogeochemical cycles, global change, and policy issues in the area of
the global environment. From 1998 to 2002 he served as chair of the Science Committee of the
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme and served as the lead author for the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change’s Third Annual Report that was released in 2001. In 2001 he chaired the
Global Change Open Science Conference and is one of the four architects of the Amsterdam Declaration
on Global Change. He has simultaneously served on and chaired numerous NASA and NOAA
committees and has served on NRC committees, including the Committee on Global Change Research,
which produced the landmark report Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next
Decade (1999). Dr. Moore is a member of the Space Studies Board and served as a co-chair of the NRC
Committee for Earth Science and Applications from Space: A Community Assessment and Strategy for
the Future.
CHRISTIE NICHOLSON is a science journalist based in New York City. For Scientific American, she
hosts podcasts for 60-Second Psych and 60-Second Science and produces 60-Second Earth. As an online
contributor at Scientific American, Ms. Nicholson launched their first online community and helped
develop two video series, Instant Egghead and The Monitor. In 2010 she spoke on brain-machine
interfaces at the South by Southwest Interactive conference in Austin, Texas. She is an on-air contributor
to Web and television shows for Slate, Scientific American, Discovery Channel, and Science Channel. A
graduate of Columbia University’s School of Journalism, she co-created the “Science of Sex” website that
won two Webby Awards. Ms. Nicholson has spoken at many organizations about the upheaval in
traditional communication due to the Web, including NSF, the New York Academy of Sciences,
Rockefeller University, and Brookhaven National Laboratory. Currently a contributing editor at Scientific
American, she teaches an intensive program in Web journalism each summer at the Banff Centre for the
Arts.
MILES O’BRIEN is a 30-year broadcast news veteran who has successfully melded a talent for telling
complex stories in accessible terms with a lifelong passion for aviation, space, science, and technology.
Based in New York City, he owns a production company that creates, produces, and distributes
compelling stories across all media platforms. He is the science correspondent for the PBS NewsHour
and chief correspondent for the NSF series Science Nation and the Discovery Science Channel series
Innovation Nation. He has done several documentaries for PBS and appears on the radio serving as a
frequent guest anchor of “The Takeaway” and “The Leonard Lopate Show” on WNET/New York. He is
managing editor of “This Week in Space”⎯a popular webcast found at www.SpaceflightNow.com. In
partnership with that site, he has pioneered web-based live, extended coverage of space shuttle launches
that have lured a global audience of more than 200,000 viewers. Mr. O’Brien is also a member of the
NASA Advisory Council, chairing its Education and Public Outreach Committee. He is currently
working on a documentary and book on the space shuttle program and the rise of a private sector space
industry. For nearly 17 years he worked as a correspondent, anchor, and producer for CNN, based in
Atlanta and New York. At various times he was CNN’s science, space, aviation, technology, and
environment correspondent. During his time at CNN, he also anchored a myriad of news and talk
programs, including Science and Technology Week, CNN Saturday Morning and CNN Sunday Morning,
Talkback Live, Headline News Primetime, CNN Live From. . . and CNN American Morning. Mr. O’Brien
has received three Emmy awards, DuPont and Peabody awards, and numerous other prestigious awards
over the years for his coverage of hurricanes, wars, and politics in addition to his coverage of space,
aviation, science, technology, and the environment. He may be best known for his coverage of the U.S.
space program. In 2003 he led the CNN’s acclaimed coverage of the loss of the space shuttle Columbia,
staying on the air live for 16 solid hours. Mr. O’Brien has covered every major space story in the past 20
years: the repair missions to the HST; the shuttle dockings at Mir; the launch of the first space station
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crew from Kazakhstan; several robotic landings on Mars, and the private sector endeavors of Burt Rutan
and others. In 1998 he co-anchored CNN’s coverage of John Glenn’s return to space with broadcast
veteran Walter Cronkite. In 2000 he produced, shot, and wrote a 1-hour documentary on the intricate,
sometimes-perilous process of readying a space shuttle for flight, Terminal Count: What it Takes to Make
the Space Shuttle Fly, which aired in 2001.
ROBERT T. PAPPALARDO is a senior research scientist in the Planetary Science Division of the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) at the California Institute of Technology. He also holds visiting faculty
positions in the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences at the California Institute of Technology
and in the Department of Geological Sciences and Laboratory for Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences at
the University of Colorado, Boulder. His research interests focus on the study of processes that have
shaped the icy satellites of the outer solar system, particularly Jupiter’s Europa. He is also involved in the
study of the nature, origin, and evolution of bright grooved terrain on Jupiter’s moon, Ganymede,
specifically the style of tectonism. In addition to these projects, he is interested in the geological
implications of geyser-like activity on Saturn’s moon, Enceladus. He is currently the project scientist for
the extended mission of the Cassini spacecraft. He was formerly an affiliate member of the Galileo
Imaging Team and oversaw many of the Galileo observations of Jupiter’s icy Galilean satellites. Dr.
Pappalardo’s NRC service has included membership on the co-chair of the Committee on the Origins and
Evolution of Life, the Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration, and the Committee on Solar
System Exploration Strategy. He is currently a member of the Space Studies Board
KIM STANLEY ROBINSON is a science fiction writer, best known for the Mars trilogy, Red Mars,
Green Mars, and Blue Mars. He holds a Ph.D. in literature from UCSD and attended the Clarion Science
Fiction Writer’s Workshop. He has published 20 books, which have been translated into 23 languages.
His books have been awarded 11 awards in the science fiction field, including the Hugo and Nebula
awards. Dr. Robinson was chosen by NSF to go to Antarctica as part of the Antarctic Artists and Writers
Program and is involved in the Sequoia Parks Foundation’s Artists in the Back Country program.
DIETRAM A. SCHEUFELE is Professor and John E. Ross Chair in Science Communication at the
University of Wisconsin, Madison. He is co-principal investigator of the NSF-funded Center for
Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University and affiliated with the University of Wisconsin’s
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center on Templated Synthesis and Assembly at the Nanoscale. Dr.
Scheufele co-chairs the National Conference of Lawyers and Scientists, a joint committee of AAAS and
the American Bar Association, and is a former member of the Nanotechnology Technical Advisory Group
to the U.S. President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. Prior to joining University of
Wisconsin, Madison, he was a tenured faculty member at Cornell University. He is currently a visiting
fellow at the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy at Harvard University.
SARA SEAGER is the Ellen Swallow Richards Professor of Planetary Science and Professor of Physics
at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Professor Seager’s research focuses on theoretical
models of atmospheres and interiors of all kinds of exoplanets. Her research has introduced many new
ideas to the field of exoplanet characterization, including work that led to the first detection of an
exoplanet atmosphere. She was part of a team that co-discovered the first detection of light emitted from
an exoplanet and the first spectrum of an exoplanet. Professor Seager is the 2007 recipient of the
American Astronomical Society’s Helen B. Warner Prize. Before joining MIT in 2007, she spent 4 years
on the senior research staff at the Carnegie Institution of Washington preceded by 3 years at the Institute
for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Her B.Sc. is from the University of Toronto and her Ph.D.
is from Harvard University.
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MARCIA S. SMITH is president of the Space and Technology Policy Group, LLC, in Arlington,
Virginia, which specializes in policy analysis of civil, military, and commercial space programs and other
technology areas. She is also the founder and editor of the website SpacePolicyOnline.com. From March
2006 to March 2009, Ms. Smith was director of the Space Studies Board of the NRC and from January
2007 to March 2009 was director of the NRC’s Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board. Prior to
working for the NRC, Ms. Smith was a senior level specialist in aerospace and telecommunications policy
at the Congressional Research Service (CRS) of the Library of Congress. She worked at CRS from 1975
to 2006, except for a 1-year leave of absence from 1985 to 1986 while she served as executive director of
the U.S. National Commission on Space. The commission, created by Congress and its members
appointed by the president, developed long-term (50-year) goals for the civilian space program under the
leadership of (the late) former NASA Administrator Thomas Paine. Before joining CRS, Ms. Smith
worked in the Washington, D.C., office of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (then
headquartered in New York). A graduate of Syracuse University, Ms. Smith is the author or co-author of
more than 220 reports and articles on space, nuclear energy, and telecommunications and Internet issues.
EDWARD C. STONE is the David Morrisroe Professor of Physics and vice provost for special projects at
the California Institute of Technology and a former director of JPL. Since 1972, Dr. Stone has served as
the Voyager chief scientist in the exploration of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune and continues to
lead the study of the outer heliosphere as the two Voyager spacecraft continue their journey to interstellar
space. As a principal investigator on nine NASA spacecraft and co-investigator of five others, he has
studied energetic ions from the Sun and cosmic rays from the galaxy and leads the Advanced
Composition Explorer mission that is stationed Sun-ward of Earth, reporting real-time observations of
approaching space weather. He has also had oversight of the construction and operation of the two 10-
meter W.M. Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, and of the design development of the Thirty-Meter
Telescope. Dr. Stone is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical
Society, past president of the International Academy of Astronautics, a former vice president of
COSPAR, and on the board of the W.M. Keck Foundation. Among his scientific awards and honors, he
has received the National Medal of Science from President Bush (1991) and three NASA Distinguished
Service Medals. In 1996, asteroid (5481) was named after him.
JEAN-PIERRE SWINGS is an honorary professor at the University of Liège (Belgium) where he
obtained his master’s degree in space engineering and his Ph.D. and D.Sc. in astrophysics. Between the
latter two, Dr. Swings spent 3 years of post-doctoral fellowships in JILA (formerly the Joint Institute for
Laboratory Astrophysics) in Boulder, Colorado, and at the Hale Observatories in Pasadena, California.
His subjects of interest include solar physics, emission-line and/or infrared excess objects, extragalactic
astrophysics, space research, (very) large telescopes and their instrumentation, and solar system
exploration. He gradually switched from observational astrophysics to “astropolitics,” as general
secretary of the International Astronomical Union and as a member of numerous committees of the ESA
of the European Southern Observatory, where he was a council member for 17 years and involved in the
advisory structure of the Very Large Telescope project and the selection of its site. He was a member of
the European Astronomical Society where he was one of the four founders with Lodewijk Woltjer. Dr.
Swings is currently chair of the European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC) of the European Science
Foundation (ESF) and member of the Space Advisory Group of the European Commission 7th
Framework Program.
JOAN VERNIKOS was the director of the former Life and Biomedical Sciences and Applications
Division at NASA Headquarters from 1993 until 2000. Prior to this, she was on staff at NASA’s Ames
Research Center and was an assistant professor of pharmacology at Ohio State University Medical
School. While at NASA, Dr. Vernikos led the research that developed the framework for determining
how spaceflight and Earth’s gravity affect the human body. She was the first to carry out head-down bed-
rest studies in women and compare the changes in fluid and electrolyte regulation and their post-bed-rest
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orthostatic response to that of men. For this work and her leadership in the space sciences, she received
numerous awards, including the Strughold and Leverett Awards from the Aerospace Medical Association
and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Women in Aerospace. After leaving NASA in 2000, Dr.
Vernikos began a consulting company, Thirdage LLC.
CHARLES WOODWARD is a professor of astronomy at the University of Minnesota. He is an infrared
astronomer who conducts studies on astronomical dust particles produced in the atmosphere of evolved
stars and cometary dust in the solar system. He is a board member (U.S. representative) and incoming
chair of the International Gemini Observatory and has chaired the American Astronomical Society
Committee on the Status of Minorities in Astronomy. Dr. Woodward served as a presidential faculty
fellow at the University of Wyoming where he was an associate professor and a NSF fellow. His
published research has covered infrared spectroscopy, star formation, novae, and comets. In 1997, he co-
authored an article on the baffling halo emission from Galaxy NGC5907 for Nature. Dr. Woodward
served on the NRC Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics, the Committee on Review of Progress in
Astronomy and Astrophysics toward the Decadal Vision, and the Committee on NASA Astrophysics
Performance Assessment.
JEAN-CLAUDE WORMS is head of the Space Sciences Unit of the ESF, managing the ESSC and all
space-related programmes of the ESF. He holds a Ph.D. in physics from the University Paris 6 and was
assistant professor in physics and astronomy in Paris and Versailles from 1989 to 1992. He was associate
researcher to several laboratories in France. He worked in radiative transfer in granular media, pre-
planetary aggregation and space debris, and was principal investigator on the PROGRA2 facility
(polarimetry of dust clouds in microgravity), LIBRIS project (in-orbit optical detection of space debris),
and co-investigator of the ESA (Interactions in Cosmic and Atmospheric Particle Systems facility (study
of particle systems on the International Space Station). He has been main scientific organiser and editor
of solar system sessions in COSPAR scientific assemblies since 1998, and he is a member of the editorial
board of the International Journal on Nanotechnologies. In 1994, Dr. Worms was a consultant for
Dassault Aviation on the state-of-the-art French civilian research in infrared and synthetic aperture radar
imaging. He is involved in ESA and European Commission high-level science advisory structures and
has participated with an observer status to ESA’s ministerial conferences since 1999. As a result of the
specific structure of the ESSC, which reflects the broad spectrum of space-related disciplines, Dr. Worms
is dealing with strategic planning, program evaluation and reviewing, and intelligence monitoring in most
sectors of space sciences, including space policy and global monitoring for environment and security.
A. THOMAS YOUNG is retired executive vice president of Lockheed Martin. Mr. Young previously
was president and chief operating officer of Martin Marietta Corporation. Prior to joining industry, Mr.
Young worked for 21 years at NASA, where he directed the Goddard Space Flight Center, was deputy
director of the Ames Research Center, and directed the Planetary Program in the Office of Space Science
at NASA headquarters. Mr. Young received high acclaim for his technical leadership in organizing and
directing national space and defense programs, especially the Viking program. He is a member of the
National Academy of Engineering and was a member of the NASA Advisory Council. He is a former
member of the NRC Office of Science and Engineering Personnel Advisory Committee, the Committee
on Supply Chain Integration: New Roles and Challenges for Small and Medium-Sized Companies, and
the Committee on a New Science Strategy for Solar System Exploration, and he served as chair of the
Committee for Technological Literacy, the steering committees for the 2010 Astronomy and Astrophysics
Decadal Survey and the Planetary Science Decadal Survey.
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