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Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering (2012)

Chapter: Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang

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Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
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Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology

LIU JINGNAN, FANG RONGXIN, and SHI CHUANG
GNSS Research Center
Wuhan University

 

 

ABSTRACT

In this paper we introduce the background of seismology development and the opportunities and challenges it faces. To verify the agreement of precise point positioning (PPP) results and seismometer results, we set up a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) seismologic testing platform. The experiments reflect that the results by the two methods have great agreement. With regard to the applications of GNSS seismology, we discuss the method of using GNSS to infer epicenters of earthquakes. Eventually the perspective of GNSS seismology is put forward.

INTRODUCTION

The GNSS has been widely used to study kinematic deformation. The accuracy of GNSS kinematic positioning has been significantly improved and can reach millimeter level (Elósegui et al., 2006). At present, the receiver technology and data storage capabilities of GNSS have been greatly improved with the sampling rate up to 50 Hz (Genrich and Bock, 2006). At the same time, high-rate GNSS tracking networks have been well established, with which recent earthquakes have been successfully observed (Emore et al., 2007; Irwan et al., 2004; Langbein and Bock, 2004).

When comparing GNSS with a seismometer, the differences are remarkable (Wang et al., 2007). The digital seismometer measures the accelerations or velocities of ground motions directly (Wang et al., 2011). By contrast, GNSS estimates the position of an antenna by recording range measurements between the

Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
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antenna and satellite. Moreover, the datum of GNSS positioning is satellite constellations, whereas the seismometer measures in a ground inertial reference frame.

A GNSS receiver has several advantages over a traditional seismometer. First, when the displacements of ground motions are required, GNSS can directly estimate them by range measurements and the results have no accumulated errors over time, but after integrating seismometer data to displacement, large drifts will occur. Secondly, a seismometer may be saturated in a large earthquake, in which case the instrument can not record the full amplitude of velocity or acceleration while GNSS will not be saturated in amplitude. Thirdly, a seismometer operates based on the theory of gravity, and a tilt of the instrument can bring about artificial horizontal acceleration, but a GNSS receiver will not be affected in this way. When a seismometer is saturated and unavailable to record large or nearby earthquakes, GNSS can be a feasible tool for earthquake studies.

When kinematic GNSS technology is used in seismology, it is referred to as GNSS seismology (Bock et al., 2011; Larson, 2009). In other words, using a high-rate GNSS technique to investigate the background, developing process, and explosion of earthquakes, and combining other data to determine relevant parameters can be called GNSS seismology. A high-rate GNSS receiver that is used as an instrument to capture co-seismic waves is called a GNSS seismometer.

The first experiment on GPS seismometers was reported in 1994 and was carried out by Hirahara et al. (1994) at the Disaster Prevention Research Institute of Kyoto University. In another experiment, Ge et al. (2000) fixed a GPS antenna, an accelerometer, and a velometer on a truck platform and demonstrated how GPS could recover the truck oscillation in both frequency and amplitude. They were the pioneers to reveal that GPS is able to measure large displacements with a high sampling rate.

After the 2002 Mw 7.9 Denali earthquake, Larson recovered the seismic waves with 1 Hz high-rate GPS data collected from California GPS tracking networks (Larson et al., 2003). Since then, a number of similar studies followed to use high-rate GPS technology to reconstruct waves caused by earthquakes (Bilich et al., 2008; Bock et al., 2000; Kouba, 2003; Shi et al., 2010) and to determine source parameters of earthquakes (Davis and Smalley, 2009; Ji et al., 2004; Miyazaki et al., 2004).

Kinematic high-rate GNSS positioning has been demonstrated successful for measuring seismic waves, in which relative mode is applied for GNSS data processing by assuming that one of the stations can be fixed to serve as a datum to compute absolute displacements (Bock and Prawirodirdjo, 2004; Larson et al., 2007). Obviously, a fixed datum may not be appropriate in the case of a large earthquake, and under that circumstance PPP instead of relative positioning is highly desirable. However, up to the present, there is no PPP result available to directly compare displacements from a seismometer and a GNSS receiver. The current studies of high-rate GNSS waveforms focus on the horizontal component and information on the vertical component has been ignored (Larson et al., 2007).

Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
×

There are some challenges for GNSS seismology. How to improve the precision of GNSS positioning? How to realize real-time processing for huge network and ultra high-rate (20–50 Hz) GNSS data? How to explore methods of combining GNSS data and strong motion data for earthquake investigation?

For the above problems, we made some primary studies and tests as indicated in the following.

GNSS KINEMATIC POSITIONING AND TEST

Presently there are two approaches in GNSS kinematic positioning: relative positioning (RP) technique (Bock and Prawirodirdjo, 2004; Larson et al., 2007) and PPP technique (Geng et al., 2010; Kouba, 2003; Larson et al., 2003; Shi et al., 2010). In the former approach, at least one station must be fixed or tightly constrained to its known position, which will possibly experience displacement by the seismic motions. Therefore, the displacements estimated for the other stations are affected by the motions of the fixed station. In order to obtain displacements relative to a reference frame, stations not affected by the earthquake should be included as reference stations for data processing. As the position accuracy of relative positioning degrades along with the length of baselines, the inter-station distance is limited to hundreds of kilometers as in published studies (Ge et al., 2006).

In the PPP approach, where satellite clocks and orbits are fixed to pre-estimated precise parameters, for example, in the International GNSS Services (IGS) final products, the coordinates can be estimated station by station in the reference frame defined by the orbits and clocks. However, orbit and clock errors may affect the accuracy of estimated position. Hence we need to obtain high-precision orbit and clock data for positioning. In our study and test, the PPP approach was employed.

GNSS Seismometer Testing Platform

In order to compare the displacements of high-rate GNSS PPP results and seismometers results, we set up a testing platform (Figure 1). It is made of an aluminous board that is connected to the metal frame by eight springs. A GNSS antenna, seismometers recording acceleration, and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) are attached on the same board.

GNSS data were collected with a sampling rate of 50 Hz while seismometers and IMU simultaneously worked to record data of acceleration and attitude.

Data Processing Strategy

High-rate GNSS data were processed with the PANDA (position and navigation system data analyst) software, which was developed by the GNSS Research Center of Wuhan University as a multifunctional tool for GNSS research and

Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
×

image

FIGURE 1 GNSS seismometer testing platform.

applications (Liu and Ge, 2003; Shi et al., 2006, 2008). Its performances in precise static and kinematic positioning were demonstrated by Ge et al. (2008) and Geng et al. (2009). In our test, PANDA software was used to compute displacements recorded by a GNSS receiver with the PPP technique. In order to correct for the tilting of the platform, IMU was used to obtain the attitude of the platform. After attitude correction, accelerometer data was integrated twice to obtain displacements.

Results and Analysis

Figure 2 shows a 50-second oscillation in the east component. The maximum displacement amplitude is about 1 cm. The amplitude of the maximum error is 5.6 mm. About 98 percent of the differences are less than 4 mm. The RMS error over the entire event is 1.8 mm.

APPLICATIONS OF GNSS SEISMOLOGY

Studies on Propagation Velocity and Earthquake Parameter Determination

Seismic waves take different times to reach various stations, and with the signals captured by GNSS we can determine the arrival times of seismic waves.

Figure 3 shows the Wenchuan earthquake seismic waveforms of the east component captured by GPS sites located at Shanghai, Wuhan, Xi’an, and Chongqing, respectively (from top to bottom).

With the time that an earthquake occurs, the times that seismic waves reach GNSS stations, and the distance between the stations and the epicenter, we can calculate the propagation speed of seismic waves. According to our calculation, the average speed of seismic wave propagation for the Wenchuan earthquake is 3.9 km/s.

Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
×

image

FIGURE 2 Comparison between GPS and seismometer (below), and their differences (upper).

 

 

Suppose the seismic waves propagate at equal speeds along all components, the position of the epicenter and the average speed of seismic wave propagation can be inferred with the known coordinates of the above four stations and the arrival times of seismic waves. Figure 4 describes the principle of epicenter determination with the coordinates of GNSS stations and the arrival times of seismic waves. Based on this method, GPS data of the Wenchuan earthquake are used to infer the epicenter. Compared with the result issued by the China Seismological Bureau, the inversion error is 12.5 km. The epicenter of the Chile earthquake on February 27, 2010, is also inferred with the inversion error of 27.4 km compared with the result released by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).

CONCLUSIONS

High-rate GNSS is going to be a new method to monitor earthquakes. With high-rate GNSS data, both seismic waveforms and the permanent offsets can be

Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
×

image

FIGURE 3 Seismic waveforms of Wenchuan earthquake in the east component captured by GPS sites located at Shanghai, Wuhan, Xi’an, and Chongqing respectively (from top to bottom).

 

obtained. Combining high-rate GNSS data and seismometer data, seismologic research on earthquake parameter determination and fault rupture modeling will be more scientific and reliable (Bock et al., 2011). Thus the high-rate GNSS positioning technique can be applied for real-time earthquake monitoring (Allen and Ziv, 2011), tsunami warning (Blewitt et al., 2006; Sobolev et al., 2007), and other engineering deformation monitoring.

There are still some problems with GNSS seismology. For instance, GNSS is not as sensitive as seismometers, GNSS is not applicable for small or far-field earthquakes currently, and the sampling rate is still insufficient to capture high-frequency seismic waves. These problems need to be further studied in our future research.

Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
×

image

FIGURE 4 Epicenter determination with four GNSS stations.

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Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
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Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
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Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
×

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Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
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Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
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Suggested Citation:"Recent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi Chuang." National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13292.
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) has revolutionized the measurement of position, velocity, and time. It has rapidly evolved into a worldwide utility with more than a billion receiver sets currently in use that provide enormous benefits to humanity: improved safety of life, increased productivity, and wide-spread convenience. Global Navigation Satellite Systems summarizes the joint workshop on Global Navigation Satellite Systems held jointly by the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering on May 24-25, 2011 at Hongqiao Guest Hotel in Shanghai, China.

"We have one world, and only one set of global resources. It is important to work together on satellite navigation. Competing and cooperation is like Yin and Yang. They need to be balanced," stated Dr. Charles M. Vest, President of the National Academy of Engineering, in the workshop's opening remarks. Global Navigation Satellite Systems covers the objectives of the workshop, which explore issues of enhanced interoperability and interchangeability for all civil users aimed to consider collaborative efforts for countering the global threat of inadvertent or illegal interference to GNSS signals, promotes new applications for GNSS, emphasizing productivity, safety, and environmental protection.

The workshop featured presentations chosen based on the following criteria: they must have relevant engineering/technical content or usefulness; be of mutual interest; offer the opportunity for enhancing GNSS availability, accuracy, integrity, and/or continuity; and offer the possibility of recommendations for further actions and discussions. Global Navigation Satellite Systems is an essential report for engineers, workshop attendees, policy makers, educators, and relevant government agencies.

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