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Small Populations, Large Effects: Improving the Measurement of the Group Quarters Population in the American Community Survey (2012)

Chapter: Appendix F: The 10 Largest Federal Assistance Programs That Relied on ACS Total Population Estimates, Fiscal Year 2008

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: The 10 Largest Federal Assistance Programs That Relied on ACS Total Population Estimates, Fiscal Year 2008." National Research Council. 2012. Small Populations, Large Effects: Improving the Measurement of the Group Quarters Population in the American Community Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13387.
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Appendix F

The 10 Largest Federal Assistance Programs That Relied on ACS Total Population Estimates, Fiscal Year 2008


CFDA Number and Program Name Department Fiscal Year 2008 Expenditures Data Set Type of Assistanceand Recipient

93.778 Medical Assistance Program HHS $261,143,624,624 Per capita income Formula grants to states
84.027 Special Education Grants to States ED $10,786,318,120 SF-3/ACS Formula grants to states
84.010 Title I Grants to Local Educational Agencies ED $7,513,986,185 SAIPE Formula grants to state educational agencies (local educational agencies are subgrantees)
10.410 Very Low to Moderate Income Housing Loans USDA $7,268,193,451 MSAs Direct loans and guaranteed/insured loans to very low- to moderate-income families
20.500 Federal Transit—Capital Investment Grants (Fixed Guideway Modernization Bus and Bus Facilities New Starts) DOT $4,667,272,525 Population Estimates Program estimates Formula and project grants to states and local governments
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: The 10 Largest Federal Assistance Programs That Relied on ACS Total Population Estimates, Fiscal Year 2008." National Research Council. 2012. Small Populations, Large Effects: Improving the Measurement of the Group Quarters Population in the American Community Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13387.
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93.658 Foster Care—Title IV-E HHS $4,335,529,844 Per capita income Formula and project grants to states
84.367 Improving Teacher Quality State Grants ED $2,798,832,364 Population Estimates Program estimates Formula grants tostates
14.218 Community Development Block Grants/Entitlement Grants HUD $2,570,735,980 Population Estimates Program estimates, MSAs, area median income, and SF-3/ACS Formula grants to states, metropolitan cities, and counties
10.558 Child and Adult Care Food Program USDA $2,367,591,204 SF-3/ACS and SAIPE Formula grants to states or institutions
10.760 Water and Waste Disposal Systems for Rural Communities USDA $2,317,463,815 Population Estimates Program estimates, MSAs, SF-3/ACS, and area median income Formula grants tocounties and localgovernments

NOTES: DOT = U.S. Department of Transportation, ED = U.S. Department of Education, HHS = U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HUD = U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, MSA = metropolitan statistical area, SAIPE = Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates Program, SF-3/ACS = Census 2000 Summary File 3/American Community Survey, USDA = U.S. Department of Agriculture.
SOURCE: Taeuber and Carpenter (unpublished).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: The 10 Largest Federal Assistance Programs That Relied on ACS Total Population Estimates, Fiscal Year 2008." National Research Council. 2012. Small Populations, Large Effects: Improving the Measurement of the Group Quarters Population in the American Community Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13387.
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Page 139
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: The 10 Largest Federal Assistance Programs That Relied on ACS Total Population Estimates, Fiscal Year 2008." National Research Council. 2012. Small Populations, Large Effects: Improving the Measurement of the Group Quarters Population in the American Community Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13387.
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Page 140
Next: Appendix G: The 10 Largest Federal Assistance Programs with Funds Sent Directly to Substate Areas Based on ACS Total Population Estimates, Fiscal Year 2008 »
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In the early 1990s, the Census Bureau proposed a program of continuous measurement as a possible alternative to the gathering of detailed social, economic, and housing data from a sample of the U.S. population as part of the decennial census. The American Community Survey (ACS) became a reality in 2005, and has included group quarters (GQ)-such places as correctional facilities for adults, student housing, nursing facilities, inpatient hospice facilities, and military barracks-since 2006, primarily to more closely replicate the design and data products of the census long-form sample.

The decision to include group quarters in the ACS enables the Census Bureau to provide a comprehensive benchmark of the total U.S. population (not just those living in households). However, the fact that the ACS must rely on a sample of what is a small and very diverse population, combined with limited funding available for survey operations, makes the ACS GQ sampling, data collection, weighting, and estimation procedures more complex and the estimates more susceptible to problems stemming from these limitations. The concerns are magnified in small areas, particularly in terms of detrimental effects on the total population estimates produced for small areas.

Small Populations, Large Effects provides an in-depth review of the statistical methodology for measuring the GQ population in the ACS. This report addresses difficulties associated with measuring the GQ population and the rationale for including GQs in the ACS. Considering user needs for ACS data and of operational feasibility and compatibility with the treatment of the household population in the ACS, the report recommends alternatives to the survey design and other methodological features that can make the ACS more useful for users of small-area data.

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