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CONTAGION OF VIOLENCE
Workshop Summary
Deepali M. Patel, Melissa A. Simon,
and Rachel M. Taylor, Rapporteurs
Forum on Global Violence Prevention
Board on Global Health
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Govern-
ing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the
councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineer-
ing, and the Institute of Medicine.
This study was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences
and the Department of Health and Human Services: Administration on Children,
Youth and Families, Administration on Community Living, Office on Women’s
Health; Anheuser-Busch InBev; the Avon Foundation for Women; BD (Becton,
D
ickinson and Company); Catholic Health Initiatives; the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention; the Department of Education: Office of Safe and Healthy
Students; the Department of Justice: National Institute of Justice; Eli Lilly and
Company; the F. Felix Foundation; the Fetzer Institute; the Foundation to Promote
Open Society; the Joyce Foundation; Kaiser Permanente; the National Institutes of
Health: National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institute
on Drug Abuse, Office of Research on Women’s Health, John E. Fogarty Interna-
tional Center; the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; and the Substance Abuse and
M
ental Health Services Administration. The views presented in this publication do
not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided sup-
port for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-26364-1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-26364-6
Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press,
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Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin.
Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine) and NRC (National Research
Council). 2013. Contagion of violence: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press.
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society
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Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Acad-
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The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter
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and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is presi-
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cil is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr.
Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of
the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR WORKSHOP
ON THE CONTAGION OF VIOLENCE1
L. ROWELL HUESMANN (Chair), Amos N. Tversky Collegiate
Professor of Psychology and Communication Studies; Director,
Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research,
The University of Michigan
JACQUELYN C. CAMPBELL, Anna D. Wolf Chair and Professor, Johns
Hopkins University School of Nursing
BRIAN W. FLYNN, Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychiatry,
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Associate
Director, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed
Services University School of Medicine
GARY SLUTKIN, Executive Director, Cure Violence (formerly
CeaseFire); Professor of Epidemiology and International Health,
University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health
EVELYN TOMASZEWSKI, Senior Policy Advisor, Human Rights and
International Affairs, National Association of Social Workers
CHARLOTTE WATTS, Professor in Social and Mathematical
Epidemiology; Founding Director, Gender Violence and Health
Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
1 Institute of Medicine planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the work-
shop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop
summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
v
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FORUM ON GLOBAL VIOLENCE PREVENTION1
JACQUELYN C. CAMPBELL (Co-Chair), Anna D. Wolf Chair and
Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing
MARK L. ROSENBERG (Co-Chair), President and Chief Executive
Officer, The Task Force for Global Health
ALBERT J. ALLEN, Senior Medical Fellow, Bioethics and Pediatric
Capabilities, Global Medical Affairs and Development Center of
Excellence, Eli Lilly and Company
CLARE ANDERSON, Deputy Commissioner, Administration on
Children, Youth and Families, Department of Health and Human
Services
FRANCES ASHE-GOINS, Deputy Director, Office on Women’s Health,
Department of Health and Human Services
KATRINA BAUM, Senior Research Officer, Office of Research
Partnerships, National Institute of Justice, Department of Justice
SUSAN BISSELL, Associate Director, Child Protection Section, United
Nations Children’s Fund
ARTURO CERVANTES TREJO, General Director of Health Promotion
for Mexico, Federal Ministry of Health, Mexico
XINQI DONG, Associate Director, Rush Institute for Healthy
Aging; Associate Professor of Medicine, Behavioral Sciences, and
Gerontological Nursing, Rush University Medical Center
AMIE GIANINO, Senior Global Director, Beer & Better World,
Anheuser-Busch InBev
KATHY GREENLEE, Administrator, Administration on Community
Living; Assistant Secretary for Aging, Administration on Aging,
Department of Health and Human Services
RODRIGO V. GUERRERO, Mayor, Cali, Colombia
JOHN HAYES, Executive Director, National Network of Depression
Centers
DAVID HEMENWAY, Director, Injury Control Research Center and the
Youth Violence Prevention Center, Harvard University School of
Public Health
FRANCES HENRY, Advisor, F. Felix Foundation
LARKE NAHME HUANG, Senior Advisor, Office of the Administrator,
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration,
Department of Health and Human Services
1 Institute of Medicine Forums and Roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual
documents. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop
rapporteurs and the institution.
vii
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viii
L. ROWELL HUESMANN, Amos N. Tversky Collegiate Professor of
Psychology and Communication Studies; Director, Research Center
for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, The University of
Michigan
PAUL KESNER, Director, Safe and Supportive Schools Program, Office
of Safe and Healthy Students, Department of Education
CAROL M. KURZIG, President, Avon Foundation for Women
JACQUELINE LLOYD, Health Scientist Administrator, Prevention
Research Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention
Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse
BRIGID McCAW, Medical Director, NCal Family Violence Prevention
Program, Kaiser Permanente
JAMES A. MERCY, Special Advisor for Strategic Directions, Division
of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and
Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
MARGARET M. MURRAY, Director, Global Alcohol Research Program,
National Institute for Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National
Institutes of Health
MICHAEL PHILLIPS, Director, Suicide Research and Prevention Center,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
COLLEEN SCANLON, Senior Vice President, Advocacy, Catholic Health
Initiatives
KRISTIN SCHUBERT, Interim Team Director, Public Health and
Program Officer, Vulnerable Populations, Robert Wood Johnson
Foundation
EVELYN TOMASZEWSKI, Senior Policy Advisor, Human Rights and
International Affairs, National Association of Social Workers
ELIZABETH WARD, Chair, Violence Prevention Alliance, University of
the West Indies, Mona Campus
IOM Staff
DEEPALI M. PATEL, Program Officer
RACHEL M. TAYLOR, Research Associate
MEGAN M. PEREZ, Senior Program Assistant
KATHERINE M. BLAKESLEE, Global Program Advisor
ALICIA DAVIS, Intern
MELISSA A. SIMON, Institute of Medicine Anniversary Fellow
JULIE WILTSHIRE, Financial Officer
PATRICK W. KELLEY, Director, Board on Global Health
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Reviewers
T
his workshop summary has been reviewed in draft form by indi-
viduals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise,
in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research
Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent re-
view is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institu-
tion in making its published workshop summary as sound as possible and
to ensure that the workshop summary meets institutional standards for
objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review
comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity
of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their re-
view of this workshop summary:
DAVID ADDISS, Director, Children Without Worms, The Task Force
for Global Health
BRIAN W. FLYNN, Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychiatry,
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Associate
Director, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed
Services University School of Medicine
VALERIE MAHOLMES, Director, Child and Family Processes/Child
Maltreatment & Violence Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,
National Institutes of Health
ZOE MENTEL, Policy Analyst, U.S. Department of Justice
EVELYN TOMASZEWSKI, Senior Policy Advisor, Human Rights
and International Affairs, National Association of Social Workers
ix
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x REVIEWERS
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive
comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the workshop
summary before its release. The review of this workshop summary was
overseen by Dyanne D. Affonso, Director, Research Infrastructure, Office
of Vice President of Research, University of Hawaii System. Appointed by
the Institute of Medicine, she was responsible for making certain that an
independent examination of this workshop summary was carried out in
a
ccordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments
were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this work-
shop summary rests entirely with the authors and the institution.
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Acknowledgments
T
he Forum on Global Violence Prevention was established to develop
multisectoral collaboration among stakeholders. Violence prevention
is a crossdisciplinary field that could benefit from increased dialogue
among researchers, policy makers, funders, and practitioners. As awareness
of the insidious and pervasive nature of violence grows, so too does the
imperative to mitigate and prevent it. The Forum seeks to illuminate and
explore evidence-based approaches to the prevention of violence.
A number of individuals contributed to the development of this work-
shop and summary. These include a number of staff members from the
Institute of Medicine and the National Academies: Pamela Bertelson,
D
aniel Bethea, Leigh Carroll, Marton Cavani, Angela Christian, Alicia
Davis, Laura Harbold DeStefano, Pablo Flores, Meg Ginivan, Sandra Jones,
Wendy Keenan, Patrick Kelley, Eileen Milner, Jose Portillo, Patsy Powell,
Samantha Robotham, Julie Wiltshire, and Sarah Ziegenhorn. The Forum
staff, including Deepali Patel, Megan Perez, and Rachel Taylor, also put
forth considerable effort to ensure this workshop’s success.
The planning committee contributed several hours of service to develop
and execute the agenda, with the guidance of Forum membership. Reviewers
also provided thoughtful remarks in reading the draft manuscript. Finally,
these efforts would not be possible without the work of the Forum member-
ship itself, an esteemed body of individuals dedicated to the concept that
violence is preventable.
The overall successful functioning of the Forum and its activities de-
pends on the generosity of its sponsors. Financial support for the Forum on
xi
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xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Global Violence Prevention is provided by the Department of Health and
Human Services: Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Admin
istration on Community Living, Office on Women’s Health; Anheuser-
Busch InBev; the Avon Foundation for Women; BD (Becton, Dickinson
and Company); Catholic Health Initiatives; the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention; the Department of Education: Office of Safe and Healthy
Students; the Department of Justice: National Institute of Justice; Eli Lilly
and Company; the F. Felix Foundation; the Fetzer Foundation; the Founda-
tion to Promote Open Society; the Joyce Foundation; Kaiser Permanente;
the National Institutes of Health: National Institute on Alcoholism and
Alcohol Abuse, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Office of Research on
Women’s Health, John E. Fogarty International Center; the Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation; and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration.
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Contents
1 Introduction 1
PART I: WORKSHOP SUMMARY
2 Patterns of Transmission of Violence 7
3 Processes and Mechanisms of the Contagion of Violence 17
4 The Role of Contextual Factors in the Contagion of Violence 28
5 Contagion and Interruption in Practice 41
PART II: PAPERS AND COMMENTARY FROM SPEAKERS
II.1 Violence: Contagion, Group Marginalization, and Resilience 53
or Protective Factors
Carl C. Bell
II.2 School-Based Violence and Interruption 59
Patrick Burton
II.3 Contagion of Collective Violence: Contagion from
Ethnopolitical Violence to Other Forms of Aggression
and Violence 64
F. Dubow
Eric
II.4 The Contagion of Suicidal Behavior 68
Madelyn S. Gould and Alison M. Lake
xiii
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xiv CONTENTS
II.5 The Potential Role of Mirror Neurons in the
Contagion of Violence 73
Marco Iacoboni
II.6 Contagion of Violence 78
Eleanor Taylor-Nicholson and Barry Krisberg
II.7 Native Aspirations: Addressing the Contagion of Violence
in the Context of Historical Trauma 83
PrettyPaint and Corinne Taylor
Iris
II.8 Contagion of Violence Against Refugee Women in
Migration and Displacement 88
Fariyal Ross-Sheriff
II.9 Violence Is a Contagious Disease 94
Gary Slutkin
II.10 Emotional and Evolutionary Aspects of Contagious
Violence: Overlapping Factors in the Genesis of Diverse
Types of Non-Sanctioned Human Aggression 112
Jeffery Victoroff
APPENDIXES
A Workshop Agenda 147
B Glossary 154
C Speaker Biographical Sketches 156
