Determining Core Capabilities in
Chemical and Biological Defense
Science and Technology
Committee on Determining Core Capabilities in
Chemical and Biological Defense Research and Development
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
Board on Life Sciences
Division on Earth and Life Studies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract No. HQ0034-10-D-0003, TO #5 between the National Academy of Sciences and US Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-26535-5
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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COMMITTEE ON DETERMINING CORE CAPABILITIES IN CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
MIRIAM E. JOHN (Chair), Private Consultant; Vice President, Emeritus, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA
DAVID R. FRANZ, Former Commander, USAMRIID, Frederick, MD
JILL M. HRUBY, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
ANNA JOHNSON-WINEGAR, retired, Office of the Secretary of Defense
CHARLES E. KOLB, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA
C. RICK LYONS, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
JON MOGFORD, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
RANDALL S. MURCH, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA
DONALD PROSNITZ, Private Consultant, Livermore, CA
TOM SLEZAK, E.O. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA
HENRY H. WILLIS, RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA
PATRICK SCANNON, (Consultant) XOMA, Berkeley, CA
GEORGE M. WHITESIDES, (Consultant) Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
National Research Council Staff
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
DOUGLAS FRIEDMAN, Program Officer
KATHRYN HUGHES, Senior Program Officer
AMANDA CLINE, Administrative Assistant
SHEENA SIDDIQUI, Senior Program Associate
RACHEL YANCEY, Senior Program Assistant
Board on Life Sciences
FRAN SHARPLES, Director
INDIA HOOK-BARNARD, Senior Program Officer
BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
PABLO DEBENEDETTI (Co-Chair), Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
C. DALE POULTER (Co-Chair), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
ZHENAN BAO, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
ROBERT BERGMAN, University of California, Berkeley, CA
HENRY BRYNDZA, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, DE
EMILY CARTER, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
DAVID CHRISTIANSON, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
MARY JANE HAGENSON, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, LLC, The Woodlands, TX
CAROL J. HENRY, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
JILL HRUBY, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
MICHAEL C. KERBY, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Houston, TX
CHARLES E. KOLB, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA
JOSEF MICHL, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
SANDER G. MILLS, Merck, Sharp, & Dohme Corporation, Whitehouse Station, NJ
DAVID MORSE, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY
ROBERT E. ROBERTS, Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, VA
DARLENE J. S. SOLOMON, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA
JEAN TOM, Bristol-Myers Squibb, West Windsor, NJ
DAVID WALT, Tufts University, Medford, MA
National Research Council Staff
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
TINA MASCIANGOLI, Senior Program Officer
DOUGLAS FRIEDMAN, Program Officer
KATHRYN HUGHES, Senior Program Officer
AMANDA CLINE, Administrative Assistant
SHEENA SIDDIQUI, Senior Program Associate
RACHEL YANCEY, Senior Program Assistant
BOARD ON LIFE SCIENCES
KEITH R. YAMAMOTO (Chair), University of California, San Francisco, CA
BONNIE L. BASSLER, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
VICKI L. CHANDLER, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Palo Alto, CA
SEAN EDDY, HHMI Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, VA
SARAH C.R. ELGIN, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
MARK FITZSIMMONS, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, IL
DAVID R. FRANZ, Former Commander, USAMRIID, Frederick, MD
LOUIS J. GROSS, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
RICHARD A. JOHNSON, Arnold & Porter, LLC, Washington, DC
CATO T. LAURENCIN, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
ALAN I. LESHNER, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC
BERNARD LO, University of California, San Francisco, CA
KAREN E. NELSON, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD
ROBERT M. NEREM, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
MURIEL E. POSTON, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY
ALISON G. POWER, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
MARGARET RILEY, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
BRUCE W. STILLMAN, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
CYNTHIA WOLBERGER, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
MARY WOOLLEY, Research!America, Alexandria, VA
National Research Council Staff
FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director
JO L. HUSBANDS, Scholar/Senior Project Director
JAY B. LABOV, Senior Scientist/Program Director for Biology Education
KATHERINE W. BOWMAN, Senior Program Officer
INDIA HOOK-BARNARD, Senior Program Officer
MARILEE K. SHELTON-DAVENPORT, Senior Program Officer
KEEGAN SAWYER, Program Officer
BETHLEHEM M. BANJAW, Financial Associate
ORIN E. LUKE, Senior Program Assistant
CARL G. ANDERSON, Program Associate
SAYYEDA AYESHA AHMED, Senior Program Assistant
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.
We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
R. Stephen Berry, University of Chicago
W. Peter Cherry, Independent Consultant
Joseph M. DeSimone, University of North Carolina
Gerald L. Epstein, US Department of Homeland Security
Thomas G. Ksiazek, University of Texas Medical Branch
Stephen S. Morse, Columbia University
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by
Ed Przybylowicz, Retired, Eastman Kodak Company, and Robert Frosch, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Appointed by the National Research Council, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
Contents
Statement of Task and Purpose of Study
3 Core Science and Technology Capabilities for the Chemical and Biological Defense Program
Enabling CBRN Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance
Chemical and Biological Agent Detection
Individual and Collective Protection
Hazard Assessment, Management, and Decontamination
Cross-Cutting Science and Technology
Capabilities-Based Strategic Planning for Chemical and Biological Defense
5 Management of Science and Technology at CBDP
Maintaining a Connection to the End User
Technology Transition within CBDP
Laboratory Management within CBDP
B Additional Thoughts on the Nature of the Chemical Threat
Hard Intelligence Difficult to Obtain
Characteristics of Chemical Weapons
C Frameworks of the CBDP Enterprise Elements
D Relationship Comparison of CBDP Enterprise Frameworks to the Committee’s S&T Capability Categories
Acronyms
AFRL |
US Air Force Research Laboratory |
ARIEM |
US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine |
ASARDA |
Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research, Development, and Acquisition |
ASD(NCB) |
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs |
AT&L |
Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics |
|
|
BARDA |
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority |
BSL |
Biological Safety Level |
BW |
Biological Weapon |
|
|
CB |
Chemical and Biological |
CBD |
Chemical and Biological Defense |
CBDP |
Chemical and Biological Defense Program |
CBRN |
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear |
CBW |
Chemical and Biological Weapons |
CDC |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
COCOM |
US Combatant Command |
CONOPS |
Concept of Operations |
CRO |
Contract Research Organizations |
CRP |
Critical Reagents Program |
CTR |
Cooperative Threat Reduction |
DARPA |
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency |
DASD(CBD) |
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Chemical and Biological Defense |
DHS |
Department of Homeland Security |
DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
DoD |
US Department of Defense |
DOE |
US Department of Energy |
DPG |
US Army Dugway Proving Ground |
DTRA |
Defense Threat Reduction Agency |
|
|
ECBC |
Edgewood Chemical Biological Center |
EFP |
Explosively Formed Projectile |
|
|
FDA |
US Food and Drug Administration |
FFRDC |
Federally Funded Research and Development Center |
FSU |
Former Soviet Union |
|
|
GEIS |
Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System |
GPHIN |
Global Public Health Intelligence Network |
GLP |
Good Laboratory Practices |
GMP |
Good Manufacturing Practices |
|
|
HHS |
Department of Health and Human Services |
|
|
IC |
Intelligence Community |
IED |
Improvised Explosive Device |
IND |
Investigational New Drug |
IR&D |
Internal Research and Development |
ISR |
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance |
|
|
JCAD |
Joint Chemical Agent Detector |
JCS |
Joint Chiefs of Staff |
JPEO-CBD |
Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense |
JPL |
Joint Priority List |
JPM |
Joint Program Manager |
JPO |
Joint Program Office |
JRO-CBRND |
Joint Requirements Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense |
JSIG |
Joint Service Integration Group |
JSMG |
Joint Service Materiel Group |
JSTO-CBD |
Joint Science and Technology Office for Chemical and Biological Defense |
|
|
LANL |
Los Alamos National Laboratory |
LLNL |
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory |
|
|
MCMI |
Medical Countermeasures Initiative |
MDD |
Material Development Decision |
MRMC |
US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command |
|
|
NAS |
National Academy of Sciences |
NBACC |
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center |
NCAR |
National Center for Atmospheric Research |
NCI |
National Cancer Institute |
NIH |
National Institutes of Health |
NIST |
National Institute of Standards and Technology |
NRC |
National Research Council |
NSRDEC |
US Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center |
NSWC |
Naval Surface Warfare Center |
NTA |
Non-Traditional Agent |
|
|
OASD(NCB/CB) |
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs/Chemical and Biological Defense |
OGA |
Other Government Agency |
OSD |
Office of the Secretary of Defense |
|
|
PET |
Positron Emission Tomography |
PI |
Principal Investigator |
PNNL |
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |
POM |
Program Objective Memorandum |
|
|
R&D |
Research and Development |
R-D-A |
Research-Development-Acquisition |
RDT&E |
Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation |
RNA |
Ribonucleic Acid |
RSDL |
Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion |
|
|
S&T |
Science and Technology |
SNL |
Sandia National Laboratory |
T&E |
Test and Evaluation |
TMT |
Transformational Medical Technologies |
TMTI |
Transformational Medical Technologies Initiative |
|
|
US |
United States |
USAMRICD |
US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense |
USAMRIID |
US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases |
USD |
Under Secretary of Defense |
USDA |
US Department of Agriculture |
USG |
United States Government |
USSOCOM |
US Special Operations Command |
UTMB |
University of Texas Medical Branch |
|
|
WDTC |
West Desert Test Center |
WRAIR |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research |