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C
Committee Biographies
CAROL A. HANDWERKER (Co-Chair) is the Reinhardt Schuhmann, Jr., Professor of Materials
Engineering at Purdue University, having joined Purdue in 2005 after serving for 9 years as chief of the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Metallurgy Division. Dr. Handwerker’s research
is focused on the thermodynamics and kinetics of interface processes with applications to
microelectronics, nanoelectronics, and printed electronics. She received a B.A. in art history from
Wellesley College and an S.B. in materials science and engineering, an S.M. in ceramics, and an Sc.D. in
ceramics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). After a year’s postdoctoral research at
MIT on electronic packaging, she joined the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in 1984 as an NRC-
NBS postdoctoral research associate and worked on the relationship between stress and diffusion in solids
and on composition effects on sintering and grain growth. She became a permanent staff member of NBS
in 1986, group leader of the Materials Structure and Characterization Group in 1994, and division chief of
the Metallurgy Division in 1996. She is a fellow of ASM International and of the American Ceramic
Society and is past chair of its Basic Science Division. She serves on the Technical Advisory Committee
and the Environmental Leadership Steering Committee for iNEM and has served on numerous other
boards, including the board of trustees of the Gordon Research Conferences, the advisory committees of
Carnegie Mellon University’s Mesoscale Interface Mapping Project and of MIT’s Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, and the editorial board of Annual Reviews of Materials Research. She
has written more than 100 scientific publications. Her expertise includes materials science and
engineering and research management.
MICHAEL N. HELMUS (Co-Chair) is a consultant who specializes in medical devices, drug delivery,
nanotechnology, and tissue engineering. Dr. Helmus has more than 28 years of experience in managing
the research and development (R&D) and business development of medical devices and controlled-drug-
delivery devices. He focuses on developing commercialization strategies for potentially disruptive
technology, managing intellectual-property development (holding 36 U.S. patents), and supporting patent
litigation. Many of his patents are focused on using nanotechnology to improve the functionality of
medical devices. He supports testing and regulatory submissions and performs due-diligence evaluations
of medical devices, biomedical materials (synthetic and biologic), biodegradable compositions, controlled
drug delivery, nanotechnology, medical technology, and tissue engineering. Dr. Helmus is an expert in
biomaterials, biocompatibility, and biomaterial databases and has served as chair of ASM International’s
Committee on Materials for Medical Devices Database. His medical-device experience includes drug-
eluting stents and coatings, large-diameter and small-diameter vascular grafts, mechanical and biologic
heart valves, central venous catheters, wound dressings, sealants such as fibrin sealant, and percutaneous
connectors. He has presented and written on commercializing nanotechnology. He has a Ph.D. and an
M.S. in biomedical engineering from Case Western Reserve University and was a Timken Honors
Fellow, and he has a B.S. in metallurgy and materials science from Lehigh University with highest
honors, Departmental Honors, Phi Beta Kappa, and Tau Beta Pi. He is an adjunct associate professor in
the Department of Biomedical Engineering of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, a fellow of the American
Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, and a member of the Science Advisory Board of the
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University of Massachusetts, Boston. His expertise includes research management, technology
development, technology insertion, and manufacturing processes and management.
ROBERT R. DOERING is a senior fellow and research manager at Texas Instruments, Inc. (TI). He is
also a member of TI’s Technical Advisory Board, the Kilby Labs Review Board, the External
Development and Manufacturing Leadership Team, and the Executive University Research Steering
Team. His previous positions at TI include manager of complementary metal oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) and DRAM process development, director of the Microelectronics Manufacturing Science and
Technology Program, director of Scaled-Technology Integration, manager of Future-Factory Strategy,
and manager of Technology Strategy. He received a B.S. in physics from MIT in 1968 and a Ph.D. in
physics from Michigan State University in 1974. He joined TI in 1980, after several years on the faculty
of the Physics Department of the University of Virginia. His physics research was on nuclear reactions
and was highlighted by the discovery of the giant spin-isospin resonance in heavy nuclei in 1973 and by
pioneering experiments in medium-energy heavy-ion reactions in the late 1970s. His early work at TI was
on SRAM, DRAM, and NMOS/CMOS device physics and process-flow design. Management
responsibilities during his first 10 years at TI included overall CMOS and DRAM device/process
technology development and advanced lithography R&D. The teams that he led developed the first
process flows integrating silicide-clad, lightly-doped-drain, shallow-trench-isolated, CMOS transistors,
which were forerunners of all modern submicrometer CMOS devices. Nonplanar (doped-face trench)
DRAM bit cells were also developed under his leadership. Dr. Doering is an Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) fellow and chair of the Semiconductor Manufacturing Technical Committee
of the IEEE Electron Devices Society. He is also a fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) and
chair of the Corporate Associates Advisory Committee of the American Institute of Physics. In addition,
he is chair of the Governing Council of the Nanoelectronics Research Initiative (NRI) consortium. Dr.
Doering was a member of the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) committee that founded the
International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) and is one of the two U.S. representatives
to the International Roadmap Committee, which governs the ITRS. He also served on the SIA committees
that founded the Focus Center Research Program and NRI consortia of the Semiconductor Research
Corporation (SRC) on the APS committee that founded the Forum on Industrial and Applied Physics. He
is a former member of the SRC board of directors and has served on 88 industry, university, and
government boards, advisory committees, and study groups. He has also written or presented 232
publications and invited papers and talks and holds 20 U.S. patents.
LEE FLEMING is the faculty director of the Fung Institute for Engineering Leadership in the College of
Engineering of the University of California, Berkeley. He designs and teaches engineering leadership
courses and advises multidisciplinary engineering commercialization projects for master’s degree and
professional students. Dr. Fleming earned his B.S. in electrical engineering from the University of
California, Davis. He then spent 7 years at Hewlett Packard Company in research, design, manufacturing,
and application engineering. He has published in Hewlett Packard’s technical literature and holds two
patents in custom integrated-circuit testing. During his time at Hewlett Packard, Dr. Fleming earned an
M.S. in engineering management from Stanford University in the Honors Cooperative Program. He
received his Ph.D. in organizational behavior in the Department of Industrial Engineering of Stanford
University. He also completed an M.S. in statistics during his doctoral years. Dr. Fleming’s research
investigates how managers can increase their organizations’ chances of inventing a breakthrough through
types of collaboration, the integration of scientific and empirical search strategies, and the recombination
of diverse technologies. His research has appeared in Management Science, Administrative Science
Quarterly, Research Policy, Organization Science, Industrial and Corporate Change, Strategic
Management Journal, and the Harvard Business Review, California Management Review, and Sloan
Management Review practitioner journals. His awards include the best student paper in the Academy of
Management technology division, the Richard R. Nelson Prize of 2005 (with Olav Sorenson), the 2007
Accenture Award for the best paper in California Management Review (with Matt Marx), and the 2011
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Strategic Management Society Conference Best Paper Award (with Ken Younge and Tony Tong). He
won the 2009 Apgar Award at the Harvard Business School for innovation in teaching (with Joe Lassiter
and Forest Reinhardt). He is the department editor of the “Entrepreneurship and Innovation” section of
Management Science. Dr. Fleming is on leave from his position as the Albert J. Weatherhead III
Professor of Business Administration at Harvard University. He joined the Harvard Business School
faculty in 1998. He designed and teaches the course “Inventing Breakthroughs and Commercializing
Science,” which integrates business, science, engineering, and medical students from across the university
in multidisciplinary science commercialization projects. He has also taught technology and operations
management; managing innovation and product development; building of green businesses; executive
education courses in innovation, product development, and intellectual property; doctoral courses and
seminars; research methods and innovation; and a university seminar in applied statistical methods.
PAUL A. FLEURY (NAE, NAS) is the Frederick William Beinecke Professor of Engineering and
Applied Physics and a professor of physics at Yale University. He is the founding director of the Yale
Institute for Nanoscience and Quantum Engineering. He served as dean of engineering at Yale from 2000
to January 2008. Before joining Yale, Dr. Fleury was dean of the School of Engineering of the University
of New Mexico, following 30 years at AT&T Bell Laboratories. At Bell Laboratories, he was director of
three research divisions—covering physics, materials, and materials-processing research—in 1979-1996.
During 1992 and 1993, he was vice president for research and exploratory technology at Sandia National
Laboratories, where he was responsible for research in physical sciences, high-performance computing,
engineering sciences, pulsed power, microelectronics, photonics, materials and process engineering, and
computer networking. Dr. Fleury is the author of more than 130 scientific publications on nonlinear
optics, spectroscopy and phase transformations in condensed matter systems, and a co-editor of three
books. He is a fellow of APS, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the
National Academy of Sciences. He received the 1985 Michelson-Morley Award and the 1992 Frank
Isakson Prize of APS for his research on optical phenomena and phase transitions in condensed matter
systems. He has been a member of numerous National Research Council study panels, including that of
the 2007 National Nanotechnology Initiative review, and is a member of the Board on Physics and
Astronomy. He has served on the secretary of energy’s Laboratory Operations Board, the University of
California President’s Council on the National Laboratories, and review committees for Brookhaven,
Lawrence Berkeley, Sandia, and Los Alamos National Laboratories. He is active on Sandia and Los
Alamos committees in addition to his service on the Visiting Committee for Advanced Technology for
the National Institute of Standards and Technology. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in 1960 and
1962 from John Carroll University and his doctorate from MIT in 1965, all in physics.
LIESL FOLKS has a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Western Australia and an M.B.A. from
Cornell University. She first moved to the United States to join IBM Almaden Research Center in 1997
and later transitioned to Hitachi Global Storage Technologies through a corporate acquisition that was
finalized in 2004. Her field of expertise is magnetism and magnetic materials, and her important technical
contributions are in nanostructured permanent magnetic materials, bit-patterned recording media,
magnetic-force microscopy, spin-transfer torque device physics, and semiconductor-based nonmagnetic
field sensors. She manages the advanced media technologies development program at Hitachi Global
Storage Technologies. She is also president-elect of the IEEE Magnetics Society.
ROBERT HULL is the Henry Burlage Professor and head of the Materials Science and Engineering
Department of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), which he joined in 2008. He received a Ph.D. in
materials science from Oxford University in 1983. He then spent 10 years at AT&T Laboratories in the
Physics Research Division. He next joined the faculty of the Materials Science and Engineering
Department of the University of Virginia, where he was the Charles Henderson Professor of Engineering,
director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) Center on Nanoscopic Materials Design, and director
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of the university’s Institute for Nanoscale and Quantum Engineering, Science, and Technology
(NanoQuest). His recent research focuses on the development of new techniques for nanoscale assembly,
fabrication, and characterization using focused ion and electron beams with emphasis on epitaxial
semiconductor structures and applications to nanoelectronics. He has published more than 250 journal and
conference papers, edited several books and proceedings in the fields of semiconductor materials and
devices, given about 100 keynote and invited talks at national and international conferences, and
presented more than 100 additional seminars at universities and government and industrial laboratories.
He is a member of multiple editorial and advisory boards, a fellow of APS and of the Materials Research
Society, and a member of the European Academy of Sciences, and he has served as president of the
Materials Research Society. He has served on multiple national committees, including serving as the chair
of a committee of visitors for the Division of Materials Science of NSF.
JACQUELINE A. ISAACS is a professor in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering of
Northeastern University and an associate director of the NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center
for High-rate Nanomanufacturing (CHN), a collaborative partnership of Northeastern University, the
University of Massachusetts, Lowell, and the University of New Hampshire. She leads the Responsible
Manufacturing Research Thrust for the CHN. Dr. Isaacs is responsible for her own research on assessing
economic and environmental tradeoffs in nanomanufacturing and for oversight of a team of faculty in
political science, philosophy, and worker safety. The goal of this research is concurrent assessment of the
regulatory, economic, environmental, and ethical issues facing the development of nanomanufacturing
processes. Dr. Isaacs’s research group works on life-cycle assessment of various processes under
development and assesses alternatives to uncover more environmentally benign processes or products.
Her 1998 NSF Career Award was one of the first that focused on environmentally benign manufacturing.
She also guides research on development and assessment of educational computer games. Dr. Isaacs
received a B.S. from Carnegie Mellon University and S.M. and Sc.D. in materials science and
engineering from MIT. She has been recognized by Northeastern University, receiving the President’s
Aspiration Award in 2005 and a university-wide Excellence in Teaching Award in 2000. Her expertise
includes nanotechnology, materials science and engineering, manufacturing processes, and management.
DONALD H. LEVY, the Albert A. Michelson Distinguished Service Professor in Chemistry, is the
University of Chicago’s vice president for research and for national laboratories; chief executive officer
(CEO) of UChicago Argonne, LLC; vice chairman of the board of governors for Argonne National
Laboratory; and a member of the board of directors of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab).
Named to the university position in 2007, Dr. Levy has oversight responsibilities for the management
contracts for both Argonne and Fermilab, the Office of Technology and Intellectual Policy, the Office of
University Research Administration, University-Argonne Research Centers, and all issues related to
human-subjects research. The annual research budget of the university is more than $400 million. The
combined annual research budget for Argonne and Fermilab is $900 million. In addition to his
responsibilities for research throughout the university and Argonne campuses, Dr. Levy chairs the
Science Policy Council, a collaboration with Argonne, Northwestern University, and the University of
Illinois established in 2005 to enhance Argonne’s scientific capabilities, strengthen the state’s technologic
base and workforce preparation, and improve Illinois’s ability to compete for federal research funding. He
joined the University of Chicago faculty in 1967. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences
and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, APS, and the American Association for the
Advancement of Science. He is a former chairman of the Chemistry Department, and he played an
important leadership role in planning the new Gordon Center for Integrative Science. A physical chemist,
Dr. Levy was a leader in developing and using supersonic jet cooling to study the structure of molecules.
He was editor of the Journal of Chemical Physics from 1998 to 2008. His awards include the E. Bright
Wilson Award in Spectroscopy and the Ellis Lippincott Award from the Optical Society of America.
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CELIA MERZBACHER is the vice president for innovative partnerships at SRC. She is primarily
responsible for developing novel partnerships with stakeholders in government and the private sector in
support of SRC’s research and education goals. Before joining SRC, Dr. Merzbacher was assistant
director for technology R&D in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP),
where she coordinated and advised on a variety of issues, including nanotechnology, technology transfer,
technical standards, and intellectual property. At OSTP, she oversaw the National Nanotechnology
Initiative. She also served as executive director of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and
Technology, which is composed of leaders from academe, industry, and other research organizations and
advises the president on technology, scientific research priorities, and mathematics and science education.
Previously, Dr. Merzbacher was on the staff of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington,
D.C. As a research scientist at NRL, she developed advanced optical materials, for which she received a
number of patents. She also worked in the NRL Technology Transfer Office, where she was responsible
for managing NRL intellectual property. Dr. Merzbacher served on the board of directors of the American
National Standards Institute and led the U.S. delegation to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development Working Party on Nanotechnology. She received her B.S. in geology from Brown
University and her M.S. and Ph.D. in geochemistry and mineralogy from Pennsylvania State University.
Her expertise includes nanotechnology, research management, and technology transfer and
commercialization.
OMKARAM NALAMASU is the chief technology officer (CTO) for Applied Materials, Inc. In this role,
he reports to chairman and CEO Michael Splinter and provides critical technologic insight to maintain
Applied’s technology leadership in the industries that it serves. Dr. Nalamasu leads the company’s R&D
and innovation strategies, funding of global academe and consortia, and venture-capital investments in
startups and value-added strategic partnerships with academe, research institutes, customers, supply-chain
partners, and government funding agencies. He previously was vice president of research and a NYSTAR
(New York State Foundation for Science, Technology and Innovation) distinguished professor of
materials science and engineering at RPI. At RPI, he conceived and founded the Center for
Computational Nanotechnology Innovations, a $100 million program that created the world’s fastest
university-based computing center at RPI, in partnership with the state of New York and IBM. He was
also the founding director of the $20 million Center for Future Energy Systems that was created to help to
meet 25 percent of New York state’s energy needs from renewable sources by the year 2012. Before
joining RPI in 2002, Dr. Nalamasu was the CTO of the New Jersey Nanotechnology Consortium, the
nation’s first public-private nonprofit enterprise to foster precompetitive nanotechnology research with
Bell Labs, New Jersey, and other academic and industrial partners. From 1986 to 2002, he held key R&D
leadership positions at AT&T Bell Laboratories, Bell Laboratories-Lucent Technologies, and Agere
Systems. Dr. Nalamasu is a recognized expert in materials science and technology and has more than 180
publications, review articles, book chapters, and two books to his credit; he has about 50 issued or filed
patents. He has won several national and international awards, including the 2004 American Chemical
Society (ACS) Roy W. Tess Award, the 2000 ACS Team Innovation Award, the 1998 Japan
Photopolymer Science and Technology Award, two R&D 100 Awards, and the 1997 Bell Labs
President’s Gold Medal. Dr. Nalamasu is a member of the board of directors of SRC, the San Jose Tech
Museum, and Plextronics, and he has served on the National Research Council’s Panel on Materials
Science and Engineering and several technical advisory boards and university advisory committees. He
received his Ph.D. from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
WOLFGANG POROD is the Frank M. Freimann Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of
Notre Dame. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Graz, Austria, in 1979 and 1981,
respectively. After appointments as a postdoctoral fellow at Colorado State University and as a senior
research analyst at Arizona State University, he joined the University of Notre Dame in 1986. He is the
recipient of the Electrical Engineering Department’s 2000 Joel and Ruth Spira Award for Excellence in
Teaching and the College of Engineering 2005 Kaneb Teaching Award. He now also serves as the
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director of Notre Dame’s Center for Nano Science and Technology. His research interests are in
nanoelectronics with an emphasis on new circuit concepts for novel devices. He is the coinventor of the
Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) concept, a new way of representing information by electronic
charge configurations at the molecular level. In recent years, he has demonstrated nanomagnetic
implementations of the original QCA concept, which is now known as Nanomagnet Logic (NML). NML
is one of the emerging device technologies pursued by the Nanoelectronics Research Initiative sponsored
by SRC. He is the author of some 300 publications and presentations. He is a fellow of the IEEE and has
served as the vice president for publications on the IEEE Nanotechnology Council and as an associate
editor of the IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology. He has been active in organizing special sessions
and tutorials and as a speaker in IEEE distinguished-lecturer programs. In 2009, he was awarded a Hans
Fischer Senior Fellowship with the Institute for Advanced Study at the Technical University of Munich,
which is sponsored by the German Excellence Initiative. In Germany, he participated in the study
“Nanoelectronics as a Future Key Technology for Information and Communication Technologies in
Germany,” organized by the German National Academy of Science and Engineering. His expertise
includes nanotechnology, materials science and engineering, and research management.
ALAN RAE is managing member at TPF Enterprises, LLC, a technology-commercialization and
business-development company that he founded in 2009 and is based at the UB Technology Incubator. He
has worked in the electronics, ceramics, nanotechnology, and “clean tech” industries for more than 25
years in the United Kingdom and the United States, managing global businesses and technology
development at a startup, operating company, and corporate level. Dr. Rae is active in electronics-industry
associations and standards work. He is director of research for iNEMI and is also active with SMTA,
IMAPS, IPC, and JISSO. He holds director and vice president positions with four new companies and
consults for two Fortune 100 companies in alternative energy. He is technical editor of Global Solar
Technology, a leading alternative-energy publication; an entrepreneur in residence with NYSERDA; and
a member of the Directed Assistance Committee for NYSERDA’s Directed Energy Program. His
expertise includes nanotechnology, research management, technology insertion, manufacturing processes
and management, and economics.
ELSA REICHMANIS (NAE) is a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at the Georgia
Institute of Technology. Before joining Georgia Tech, she was director of materials research at Bell Labs,
Alcatel-Lucent. She is noted for the discovery, development, and engineering leadership of new families
of lithographic materials and processes that enable very-large-scale integration manufacturing. Her
research interests include the design and development of polymeric and hybrid organic and inorganic
materials for electronic and photonic applications. A particular focus relates to organic and polymer
semiconducting materials and processes for plastic electronics and photovoltaics. She is the recipient of
several awards, was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1995, and has participated in
several National Research Council activities. She is a member of the NSF Mathematical and Physical
Sciences Advisory Committee, recently served as co-chair of the National Research Council Board on
Chemical Sciences and Technology, and was a member of the Visiting Committee on Advanced
Technology of NIST. She is an elected member of the Bureau of the International Union for Pure and
Applied Chemistry. She has been active in ACS throughout her career, having served as 2003 president of
the society. In other technical activities, she served as a member of the Air Force Scientific Advisory
Board, and she is an associate editor of the ACS journal Chemistry of Materials. Her expertise includes
materials science and engineering, technology development, technology insertion, manufacturing
processes, and management.
JUDITH STEIN obtained her B.A. in chemistry from Douglass College and her Ph.D. in inorganic
chemistry from Case Western Reserve University. After an IBM-sponsored postdoctoral fellowship at the
University of California, Berkeley, she joined General Electric (GE) in 1982. She has more than 29 years
of experience in silicone chemistry materials science, surface science, catalysis, and nanoscience and has
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contributed to a variety of commercialized GE products, including Silicone II construction sealant, LIM
8040 liquid silicone rubber, and UV 9305 and SL 6000 release coatings. Dr. Stein has served as the
principal investigator on numerous government contracts, including a Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency contract in which a team composed of industry, government, and university partners
developed foul release coatings technology that was commercialized by Fuji Hunt Smart Surfaces. In
2001, she became one of the founding members of the Nanotechnology AT program, in which she
benchmarked nanotechnology efforts worldwide. Previous research subjects include superhydrophobic
coatings, ice-phobic coatings, magnetic cell separations, and contrast-agent-mediated therapy. She is the
associate director of the Energy Frontier Research Center for Electrocatalysis, Transport Phenomena, and
Innovative Materials for Energy Storage, and she serves as the technical regulations and standards
advocacy leader at GE Global Research. She served two terms on the Technical Advisory Group of the
President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. She also serves on the board of the
Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences and on the editorial board of
Biofouling. She was a coauthor of Research Directions II: Long-Term Research and Development
Opportunities in Nanotechnology, the report of the National Nanotechnology Initiative 2004 Workshop,
and of Chemical Industry R&D Roadmap for Nanomaterials by Design: From Fundamentals to Function.
Dr. Stein has chaired numerous conferences, including the NSF Inorganic Chemistry Workshop, and she
has served as vice chair of the Organic Coatings and Films Gordon Research Conference. She has been
elected a U.S. nanotechnology expert for the International Organization for Standardization and leads the
Strategy Task Group for Nanotechnology Terminology and Nomenclature. She has also served as an ad
hoc member of the NIH Nanotechnology Study Group. Dr. Stein holds 48 U.S. patents and received a GE
125 Publications Award in 2007.
CHARLES F. ZUKOSKI (NAE) is the Elio Eliakim Tarika Chaired Professor of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, and a Senior A*STAR Fellow of the Agency of
Science, Technology and Research, Singapore. Dr. Zukoski is a chemical and biomolecular engineer
whose professional work focuses on leading, enabling, and supporting research initiatives, technology
transfer, and economic development. His research interests lie in nanocomposites, nanoparticle formation,
and suspension rheology. He was vice chancellor for research at the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign from 2002 to 2008. From 2005 to 2012, he served as chair of the Science and Engineering
Research Council of the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, where he worked with seven
A*STAR research institutes in charting new directions and strategies that will sustain economic growth in
Singapore. He is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering. His expertise includes research
management, technology development, and technology insertion.
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