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PAPERBACK list:$22.00 Web:$19.80 add to cart PDF BOOK your price: $17.00 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free Resources Display this book on your site! Related Titles Assessment of the Scientific Information for the Radiation Exposure Screening and Education Program A Review of the Dose Reconstruction Program of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency Other Related Titles Film Badge Dosimetry in Atmospheric Nuclear Tests (1989) Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (CETS) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 193   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More Page 193 Front Matter (R1-R8) Contents (R9-R16) Executive Summary (1-3) 1 Introduction (4-9) 2 Basic Principles of Film Badge Dosimetry (10-23) 3 Radiation Source Terms in Atmospheric Testing (24-34) 4 Use of Film Badges in Atmospheric Nuclear Testing (35-60) 5 Quantification of Personnel Film Badge Uncertainties (61-79) 6 Uncertainty Analysis By Individual Test Series (80-185) 7 Conclusions (186-190) 8 Recommendations (191-192) References (193-200) Appendix A: Organizational Abbreviations (201-202) Appendix B: Glossary (203-208) Appendix C: Biographical Sketches (209-216) Index (217-225)

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References Abney, A. E. Private communication with W. J. Brady. Lexington, KY: U.S. Army Lexington Blue Grass Depot; January 1989. Aebersold, P. July 16th nuclear explosion-safety and monitoring of personnel. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; Report LA-616; 1947. Aitchison, J.; Brown, J. S. C. Me lognormal distribution. Cambridge, England: The University Press; 1969. Allen, L E. Memorandum to JTG 8.4, Subject: Operation DOMINIC historical summary for the JTG 8.4 radiological safety activity. Washington, DC: U.S. Air Force; 12 July 1962. Allen, N. C. B.; Lafy, T. N. The sensitivity of photographic plates to x-rays. Nature 103:177; 1919. American Standards Association. American Standard method for evaluating films for monitoring x rays and gamma rays having energies up to 2 MeV. New York, NY: ASA; PH 2.10; 1956. American National Standards Institute. Criteria for testing personnel dosimet~y performance. New York, NY: ANSI; N13.11; 1983. Atomic Energy Commission. Memorandum, Subject: Film badge discrepancies TUMBLER-SNAP PER. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory; RG-326; undated. Atomic Energy Commission. Recommendations for standard personnel dosimetry for bomb tests. Washington, DC: USAEC Division of Biology and Medicine; 18 August 1952. Atomic Energy Commission. Report of the manager, Operation HARDTACK, Phase I. Washington, DC: USAEC; OTO 58-2; September 1958. Auxier, J. A. Personnel monitoring: past, present and future. In: Kathren, R. L.; Ziemer, P. L, eds. Health physics: a backward glance. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1980: 167-183. Baietti, A. L.; Smith, A.L. Radiological safety for Operation WIGWAM. San Francisco, CA: U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; WT-1001; January 1957. Becker, K. Photographic film dosimetry. London and New York: The Focal Press; 1966. Becker, K. Solid state dosimetry. Cleveland, OH: CRC Press; 1973. Berichouse, L.; Davis, S. E.; Gladeck, F. R.; Hallowell, J. H.; Jones, C. B.; Martin, E. J.; McMullan, F. W.; Osborne, M. J. Operation GREENHOUSE- 1951. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA-6034F; 1983a. 193 l

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194 FILM BADGE DOSIMETRY TV ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TESTS Berkhouse, L.; Davis, S. E.; Gladeck, F. R.; Hallowell, J. H.; Jones, C. B.; Martin, E. J.; Miller, R. A.; McMullan, F. W.; Osboume, M. J. Operation DOMINIC I 1962. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA - 40F; 1 February 1983b. Bunkhouse, L.; Hallowell, J. H.; McMullan, F. W.; Davis, S. E.; Jones, C. B.; Osboume, M. J.; Gladeck, F. R.; Martin, E. J. Operation CROSSROADS-1946. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA 6032F; 1 May 1984. Bloch, O.; Renwick, F. F. The behaviour of photographic plates to x-rays. Transactions of the Faraday Society 15:40; 1920. Bouwers, A.; van der Tuuk, J. H. Strahlenschutz. Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen 41:767; 1930 (in German). Brady, W. J. Letter to W. Loeffler, USN, Subject: Re-evaluation of operation DOMINIC Phase I damaged dosimeter films. 23 August 1982. Brady, W. J.; Iverson, G. K. Combination personnel dosimeter and security credential holder. Las Vegas, NV: U.S. Atanic Energy Commission; NVO-162-27; 1968. Brady, W. J.; Nelson, A. G. Radiac instruments and film badges used at atmospheric nuclear tests. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; TR-84-338; 26 September 1985. Brodsky, A. Accuracy and sensitivity of film measurements of gamma radiation. IL Limits of sensitivity and precision. Health Physics 9:463; 1963. Brodsky, A.; Kathren, R. L. Accuracy and sensitivity of film measurements of gamma radiation. I. Comparison of multiple-film and single-quarterly-film measurements of gamma dose at several environmental conditions. Health Physics 9:453; 1963. Brodsky, A.; Spritzer, A. A.; Feagin, S. E.; Bradley, F. J.; Karches, G. J.; Mandelberg, H. I. Accuracy and sensitivity of fox measurements of gamma radiation. IV. Intrinsic and extrinsic errors. Health Physics 1 1:1071; 1965. Bruce-Henderson, S.; Gladeck, F. R.; Hallowell, J. H.; Martin, E. J.; McMullan, F. W.; Miller, R. H.; Rogers, W. E.; Rowland, R. H.; Shelton, C. F.; Sturman, P.; Berkhouse, L.; Davis, S.; DeSantis, H.; Dean, P.; Doyle, M. K.; Patterson, D. S. Operation REDWING 1956. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA-6037F; 1 August 1982. Buckland, C. Report on the exposure received during the TRINITY experiment of July 16. Personal canmunication to J. Hoffman on 15 October 1945. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; 1945. Buckland, C. Memo to Clark, J. C., Subject: Report and summary of red-safe operations covering Nevada tests of January and February, 1951. Los Alarnos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Labora- tory; 16 February 1951. Cheka, J. Recent developments in film monitoring of fast neutrons. Nucleonics 15(6):40; 1954. Collison, T. D. (LTC USA) Radiological Safety Operation. Albuquerque, NM: Field Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project; WT-702(REF); June 1953. Collison, T. D. Radiological safety. Albuquerque, NM: Field Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project; WT-1166; May 1955. Commander Task Group 7.3. Operation HARDTACK, Enewetak Proving Ground, March-August 1958. Final report, CJ1F-7.3; 1958. Cook, C. S. Gamma ray scintillator spectranetry. American Scientist 45:245-262; 1957. Cook, C. S. Residual gamma radiation in the vicinity of nuclear weapons. American Scientist 47:399- 409; 1959. Cook, C. S. The energy spectrum of gamma radiation from fallout. Health Physics 4:42-51; 1960. Cooney, J. P. Operation GREENHOUSE. Scientific director's report, annex 9.3. Radiological safety. Washington, DC: U.S. Atanic Energy Commission; 1951. Defense Nuclear Agency. Analysis of radiation exposure for naval personnel at Operation CASTLE. Washington, DC: DNA; TR-84-6; 28 February 1984.

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REFERENCES 195 Department of Energy. Standard for the performance testing of personnel dosimetry systems. Wash- ington, DC: USDOE; DOE/EH~027; 1986. Department of Energy. Announced United States nuclear tests. July 1945 through December 1987. Las Vegas, NV: USDOE, Nevada Operations Office; NVO-209 (Rev. 8); April 1988. Dessauer, A. Lecture notes, dosimetry research project. Las Vegas, NV: Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company; circa August 1947. DeVries, T. W. Fallout radiation energy distribution as a function of altitude. Washington, DC: Office of Civil Defense; FZK-187; 1964. Dudley, R. A. Dosimetry with photographic emulsions. In: Attic, F. H.; Roesch, W. C., eds. Radiation dosimetry. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1966. Dunning, G. M. Memorandum to Dunham, D. L., Subject: Radiation exposures Operation HARD- TACK. Washington, DC: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission; 29 October 1958. Edwards, R.; Goetz, J.; Klemm, J. Analysis of radiation exposure for maneuver units. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; TR-84-303; 15 October 1985. Ehrlich, M. Photographic dosimetry of x and gamma rays. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Standards; Handbook 57; 1954. Ehrlich, M. Reciprocity law for x-rays. I. Validity for high-intensity exposures in the negative region. Joumal of the Optical Society of America 46:797; 1956. Ehrlich, M. The use of film badges for personnel monitoring. Vienna: Intemational Atomic Energy Agency; IAEA Manual STI-PUB-43; 1962. Ehrlich, M.; Fitch, S. H. Photographic x- and gamma-ray dosimetry. Nucleonics 9:5-17; 1951. Ehrlich, M.; McLaughlin, W. L" Photographic response to successive exposures of different types of radiation. Joumal of the Optical Society of America; 51:1 172-1181; 1961. Fackler, P. H. Technical Air Operations, Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER. Kirtland Air Force Base, NM: Alllled Forces Special Weapons Project; WT-568(EX) 1953. Ferguson, J. M.; Thompson, W. E.; Tommovec, F. M. Gamma-ray fallout spectra for Operation PLUMBBOB. San Francisco, CA: U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; TR-286; 1958. (Secret) Fitch, B. M. Report of test exercises Desert Rock ~ and m. u.s. 6th Army; 15 December 1951. Franke, H. Uber die Bestimmung der Toleranzdosis auf photographischen Wege. Portschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen 38:22; 1928 (in German). French, R. L. Gamma ray energy and angular distributions above fallout. Health Physics 11:369-383; 1965. Friedrich, W.; Koch, P. P. Dber Methoden zur photographischen Spektralphotometrie der Rontgen- strahlung. Annalen der Physik 45:399; 1914 (in Gentian). General Accounting Office. Operation CROSSROAI)S~rsonnel radiation exposure estimates should be unproved. Washington, DC; GAO; GAO/RCED-85-15; November 1985. General Accounting Of lice. Nuclear health and safety-radiation exposures for some cloud-sampling personnel need to be examined. Washington, DC: GAO; GAO/RCED-87-134; September 1987. Gladeck, J. A.; Hallowell, J. H.; Marion, E. J.; McMullan, F. W.; Pozega, R.; Rogers, W. E.; Rowland, R. H.; Shelton, C. F.; Berkhouse, L.; Davis, S.; Doyle, M. K.; Jones, C. B. Operation IVY 1952. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA-6036F; 1982. Glasstone, S.; Dolan, P. J. The effects of nuclear weapons. lbird edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense and U.S. Department of Energy; 1977. Clocker, R.; Traub, W. Das photographische Schwarzungsgesetz. Physikalische Zeitschrift 23:345; 1921 (in German). Goetz, J.; Klemm, J.; O'tlieb, E. Analysis of radiation exposure for observers and maneuver troops, Exercise Desert Rock IV, Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; TR-85-277; 1985.

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196 FILM BADGE DOSIMETRY IN ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TESTS Golden, R.; Tochilin, E. Characteristic curves for different ionizing radiations and their significance in photographic dosimetry. Health Physics 2:199-206; 1959. Gumey, R. W.; Mott, N. F. The theory of photolysis of silver bromide and the photographic latent unage. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Senes A 164:151; 1938. Gwynn, P. S. Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, radiological safety. Report to the test director. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project; December 1952. Hamann, A. Praktische Erfahn~ngen in der Radiumdosierung. Strahlentherapie 43:552; 1932 (in German). Hashizwne, T.; Maroyame, T.; Kumamoto, Y; Kato, Y; Kawamura, S. Estimation of gamma-ray dose from neutron-induced radioactivity in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Health Physics 17:761-771; 1969. Hawthorne, H. A. Compilation of local fallout data from test detonations 1945-1962 extracted from DASA 1251. Vol. 1. Continental U.S. tests. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA- 1251-1-EX; 1 May 1979. Heard, M. J.; Cook, J. E.; Holt, P. D. Photographic emulsion dosimetry and the AERE film dosimeter. Harwell, England: Atomic Energy Research Establishment; Report AERE-R 3300; 1960. Herz, R. H. The photographic action of ionizing radiation. New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience; 1969. Hine, G. J.; Brownell, G. L Radiation dosimetry. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1956:484, 486. Holthausen, H.; Hamann, A. Radiumdosimetne auf photometnschen Wege. Strahlentherapie 43:667; 1932 (in Gem~an). Intemational Atomic Energy Agency. Personnel dosimetry systems for extemal radiation exposure. Vienna: IAEA; Technical Reports Senes 109; 1970. Intemational Atomic Energy Agency. Handbook on calibration of radiation protection monitoring instruments. Vienna: IAEA; Technical Reports Series 133; 1971. Intemational Car~mission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Measurement of absorbed dose in a phantom irradiated by a single beam of x or ga~nma rays. Bethesda, MD: ICRU; Report 23; 1973. Intemational Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Radiation quantities and units. Bethesda, MD: ICRU; Report 33; 1980. Intemational Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Determination of dose equivalents resulting from extemal radiation sources. Bethesda, MD: ICRU; Report 39; 1985. Intemational Commission on Radiological Protection. Recanrnendations of the ICRP. Oxford: Pergamon Press; ICRP Publication 26; 1977. Intemational Commission on Radiological Protection. Data for use in protection against extemal radiation. Oxford: Pergamon Press; ICRP Publication 51; 1987. Intemational Standards Organization. X and gamma reference radiations for calibrating dosemeters and dose ratemeters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy. ISO-4037- 1979/A1-1983(E); 1983. Jacks, G. L. Operation REDWING-Radiological safety. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; WT-1366; 1957. Jacks, G. L. Memorandum to distribution, Subject: Task Group 7.1 radiological safety regulaiions for Operation HARDTACK. Headquarters, Task Group 7.1; 11 March 1958a. Jacks, G. L. Memorandum to individual concemed, Subject: Film badge issue. Headquarters, Task Group 7.1; 2 April 1958b. Jacks, G. L. et al. Report to the scientific director, radiological safety. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; 15 November 1958. Johnson, A. A.; Goetz, J. L.; McRaney, W. K. For the recor~a history of the nuclear test personnel review program, 1978-1986. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA-604 1 F; 1 August 1986. Johnson, N. L;-Kotz, S. Continuous univanate distnbutions. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company; 1970:1 12-136.

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REFERENCES 197 Joint Task Force Seven. Commander's report, Task Group 7.1 (deleted version). Washington, DC: J1'F-7; 1958a. loins Task Force Seven. Report to the Scientific Director. Report of the Commander, Task Group 7.1 (deleted version). Washington, DC: J1'F-7; WT-1682(EX); 1 August 1958b. Jones, C. B.; Doyle, M. K.; Berkhouse, L H.; Calhoun, F. S.; Martin, E. J. Operation ARGUS 1958. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA-6039F; 20 April 1982. Kathren, R. L Thermal fogging of personnel monitoring film. Health Physics 12:61~3; 1966. Kathren, R. L. E'ctemal beta-photon dosimetry for radiation protection. In: Kase, K. R.; Bjamgard, B.; Attic, F. H., eds. The dosimetry of ionizing radiation, Vol. 2. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1987:321-370. Kathren, R. L; Prevo, C. T.; Block, S. Angular dependence of Eastman Type A (NTA) personnel monitoring firm. HealthPhysicsll:1065;1965. Kathren, R. L.; Zurakowski, P. R.; Covell, M. Effect of humidity and dose on latent image stability. American Industrial Hygiene Association Joumal 27:388-395; 1966. Kean, W. B. Exercise Desert Rock I. Fort MacArthur, CA: Headquarters, m Corps; 1951. Knipp, A. L., Jr. Radiological safety (Operation DOMINIC). Washington, DC: Headquarters, Joint Task Force Eight; 1 April 1963. Kocher, D. C. Radioactive decay data tables. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy; DOEJ TIC-1 1026; 1981. Kocher, L. F.; Bramson, P. E.; Unruh, C. M. The new Hanford film badge dosimeter. Washington, DC: U.S. Atanic Energy Commission; Report HW-76944; 1963. Kronke, H. fiber die Messung der Intensitat und Harte der Rontgenstrahlen. Annalen der Physik 43:687; 1914 (in German). Landauer, R. S. The use of dental films in the determination of stray radiation. Radiology 8:512; 1927. Lee, Y. T.; Salem, S. L. Probability intervals for the reliability of complex systems using Monte Carlo simulation. Los Angeles, CA: University of California at Los Angeles; Report UCLA-ENGG- 7758; 1977. Lehman, R. L. Energy response and physical properties of NTA personnel dosimeter nuclear track film. UCRL-9513; 1951. Littlejohn, G. J. Memorandum to L. Hemplemann, 19 September 1946, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Dosimetry Research Project. Las Vegas, NV: Reynolds Electncal and Engineering Company. Littlejohn, G. J. Observation of Enewetak film badge procedure. Personal communication to T. N. Unite, Group Leader, H-1 section, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 1951. Dosimetry Research Project. Las Vegas, NV: Reynolds Electncal and Engineering Company. Littlejohn, G. J. Photo-dosimet~y procedures at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. LASL; 1952. Dosimetry Research Project. Las Vegas, NV: Reynolds Electrical and Engineenng Company. Littlejohn, G. J. Personal communication with 1951 Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory dosimetry supervisor. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory; November-December 1988a. Littlejohn, G. J. Personal communication with Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory dosimetry supervi- sor for RANGER period. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory; November- December 1988b. Littlejohn, G. J. Personal communication with 1962 Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory dosimetry supervisor. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory; November-December 1988c. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. LA Notebook 1144; 1945. Dosimetry Research Project. Las Vegas, NV: Reynolds Electrical and Engineenng Company. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Office of the Test Director. Annex R to operation order 1-51 (BUSTER-JANGLE), Radiological safety and health. Los Alamos, NM: LASL; 31 August 1951.

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198 FILM BADGE DOSIMEIRY TV ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TESTS Maag, C.; Rohrer, S. Project ~aTY 1945-1946. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA-6028F; 1982:1, 2, 50, 51. Martin, EJ.; Rowland, R.H. CASTLE SERIES-1954, Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA-6033F; 1 April 1982. Maynard, R. H.; Servis, I. D. Report to the scientific director, radiological safety. Los Alamos, MM: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; WT-614; 1952:30, 68-69, 79-82. Mees, C. E. K. The theory of the photographic process. New York, NY: Macmillan; 1967. Minldnnen, C. et al. Task Group 7.5 radiological safety support, Operation HARDTACK, Phase I, OTO-58-3. Holmes & Narver, Inc.; April 1959. Morgan, K. Z. Health physics and its control of radiation exposures at Clinton Laboratories. Washington, DC: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission; Report MDDC-937; 1947. Mudgett, C. F. Enclosure N to the report by Commander, Joint Task Force Eight on the 1962 Pacific Nuclear Tests (Operation DOMINIC). RadSafe, Joint Task Force Eight; 4 June 1964. Muslin, L. M. Operation ARGUS, Report of the Commander, Task Force 88. Washington, DC: Defense Atomic Support Agency; WT-1665(EX); 29 December 1959. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Monality of nuclear weapons test participants. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1985a. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Review of the methods used to assign radiation doses to service personnel at nuclear weapons tests. Washington, DC: National Acad- emy Press; 1985b. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Review of the U.S. Arrny ionizing radiation dosimet~y system. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1986. National Bureau of Standards. Permissable dose from external sources of ionizing radiation. Recom- mendations of the National Commission on Radiological Protection. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce; Handbook 59; 24 September 1954. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement. The control of exposure of the public to ionizing radiation in the event of accident or aback. Proceedings of a symposium held 27-29 April 1981,Bethesda,MD; 1982. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement. Radiological assessment: predicting the transport, bioaccumulation and uptake by man of radionuclides released to the environment. Washington, DC: NCRP; Report No.76; 1984. National Institutes of Health. Report of the NIH ad hoc working group to develop radioopidemiologi- cal tables. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; NIH Publication No. 85-2738; 1985. Nelms, A. T.; Cooper, J. W. U-235 fission product decay spectra at various times after fission. Health Physics 1:427-441; 1959. Pardue, ~ A.; Goldstein, N.; Wollan, E. O. Photographic film as a pocket radiation dosimeter. Washington, DC: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission; USAEC Report MDDC-1065 (CH-1153); 1944. Parlcer, H. M. Health physics, instrumentation, and radiation protection (repent of U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Report MDDC-783, circa 1943). Health Physics 38:957; 1980. Perkins, W. W. History of Pacific proving ground dosirnet~y. San Diego, CA: U.S. Naval Ocean Systems Center, TR-725; 1 April 1981. Pfahler, G. E. Protection in radiology. American Joumal of Roentgenology and Radium Therapy 9:467; 1922. Ponton, J.; Maag, C. Shots Able, Baker, Charlie, and Dog. First tests of the TUMBLER-SNAPPER senes, 1 April 1 May 1952. Washingta,, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA-6020F; 15 June 1982a.

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REFERENCES 199 Proton, J.; Maag, C. Shots Easy, Fox, George, and How. The final tests of the TUbIBLER- SNAPPER series, 7 May 5 June 1952. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA- 6021F; 16 June 1982b. Photon, J.; Maag, C.; Barrett, M. F.; Shepanek, R. Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER-1952. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA 6019F; 14 June 1982a. Ponton, J.; Massie, J.; Maeg, C.; Shepanek, R.; Rohrer, S. Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 1953. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA-6014F; 11 January 1982b. Ponton, J.; Rohrer, S.; Maag, C: Shepanek, R.; Gravitis, I. Operation HARD TACK II 1958. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA-6026F; 1982c: 12,60-65,77-81. Ponton, J.; Shepanek, R.; Rohrer, S.; Massie, J.; Maag, C. Operation BUSTER-JANGLE 1951. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA 6023 F; 21 June 1982d. Ponton, J.; Maag, C.; Rohrer, S.; Shepanek, R. Operation DOMINIC It, shots Little Feller if, Johnnie Boy, Small Boy, Little FellerI. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency; DNA 6027F; 1983. Quimby, E. H. A method for the study of scattered and secondary radiation in c-ray and radium laboratories. Radiology 7:211; 1926. Remelt, A. Memorandum to d. Hoffman, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory,10July 1946. Dosimetry Research Project. Las Vegas, NV: Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company. Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company, Inc. Photographic dosimetry, third supplemental evaluation. Las Vegas, NV: REECo; RR5-57.4; 1957:2. Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company, Inc. On-site red-safe support report Las Vegas, NV: REECo; OTO 58-5; 1958:8,9. Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company, Inc. Dosimetry matrix report, 1946 Pacific records. Las Vegas, NV: REECo; 7 September 1982. Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company, Inc. Microfilms of nuclear testing dosimetry source document collection, Dosimetry Research Branch. Las Vegas, NV: REECo; 1988. Richie, F. G. TWX to Commander, Task Group 7.1, Subject: All personnel required to wear film badge commencing 0600 04121/58. Enewetak, Marshall Islands: Joint Task Force Seven; 18 April 1958. Rollins, W. Non-radiable cases for c-light tubes. Electrical Review 40:795; 1902. Rueter, F. G. Memorandum to H & N et al., Subject: Rollup of photodosimetIy section. Headquarters, JTF-8, Rad Safe; U.S. Public Health Service; 24 October 1962. Sandmeier, H. A.; Battat, M. E. Radiation to personnel from activities induced in tank armor for enhanced-radiation and fission nuclear weapons. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Labora- tory; LA-9592-MS; 1982. Semis, J. D. Radiological Safety, (CASTLE). Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; August 1954. Shipman, T. L. In: Operation RANGER, Volume 5, Program reports-operational. Final report, Operation RANGER, red-safe group. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; WT- 204; 17 April 1952. Shipman, T. L. Radiological safety, Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; WT~25(EX); July 1953. Shipman, T. L et al. Log of MA operations, red-safe group, Operatim RANGER, site m~nitonng, 23 January to 11 February 1951. Las Vegas, NV: Nellis Air Force Base; 1951. .~hinm~n T T. at ~1 ~ l~v~cion nrns~r~c renort 20 June to 20 July, 1951. Los Alam. as. NM: Los -lLL~111~11~ A. ~ -~ I. AA-OVA TV · Alamos Scientific Laboratory; 1951. Sandhaus, C. A.; Bond, V. P. Physical factors and dosimetry in the Marshall Island radiation exposures, Operation CASTLE. San Francisco, CA: U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Labora- tory; WT-939; 1955.

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200 FILM BADGE DOSIMETRY RV ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TESTS Starbird, A. D. et al. Annex to ops plan 2-62, radiological safety operations (change #3, 23 February 1962, to headquarters JTF-8 ops plan 2~2). Washington, DC: Joint Task Force Eight; 1962. Stamer, M. L. Memoranda to Shipman, T. L., Subject: Exposures of personnel film badges fran Nevada tests. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; 1 and 6 March 1951. Stem, S. Method for measuring the quantity of x-ray. J. Cut. Dis. incl. Syphilis 21 :S68; 1903. Storm, E. Memorandum to W. G. Kratz, 12 July 1951, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Dosimetry Research Project. Las Vegas, NV: Reynolds Electrical and Engineenng Company. Storm, E.; Bemis, E. A. Method for monitoring ~ rays using Eastman type K film. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; LA-1107; 1950. Storm, E.; Shlaer, S. Development of energy independent film badges with multi-element filters. Health Physics 11:1127; 1965. Thompson, W. E. Spectrometric analysis of gamma radiation from fallout from Operation RED- WING. San Francisco, CA: U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; TR-146; 1957. (ConS- dential) Tyler, C. L. Administrative summary report, Operation RANGER, Vol. 6. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; WT-205; July 1951. U.S. Senate. Hearing before the Committee on Veterans' Affairs: Veterans' claims for disabilities from nuclear weapons testing. Washington, DC: U.S. Ninety-Sixth Congress; 20 June 1979. Weary, S. E.; Ozeroff, W. J.; Sperling, J. L.; Collins, B.; Lowery, C. W.; Oberrniller, S. K. Operation WIGWAM. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agen cy; DNA 6000F; 1981. Webb, L. A. et al. Analysis of gamma radiation from fallout from Operation TEAPOT. San Francisco, CA: U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; TR-106; 1956. (Ca~dential) Wilcox, F. W.; Goeke, R. H.; Weaver, C. L. Operation PLUMBBOB on-site radiological safety support report. Las Vegas, NV: Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company; OTO-57-2; 1957.

Representative terms from entire chapter:

defense nuclear