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OCR for page 47
NATIONAL STATUS AND TRENDS PROGRAM FOR
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Aspects Dealing With Contamination in Sediments
Andrew Robertson and Thomas P. O'Connor
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
ABSTRACT
Since 1984, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis-
tration has conducted the National Status and Trends Pro-
gram, which makes systematic measurements of chemical and
biological indicators of coastal marine environmental condi-
tions to determine the current status and developing trends
in environmental quality of U.S. coastal waters. As part of
this program, levels of chemical contaminants in sediments
have been measured at least once, and in most cases several
times, at 213 locations around the U.S. coast. The program
measures concentrations of DDT and its metabolites, 9 other
chlorinated pesticides, 8 polychorinated biphenyl congener
groupings aggregated by chlorination number, 18 polyaromatic
hydrocarbons, 12 trace elements, 4 major elements, total
organic carbon, coprostanol, and Clostridium perfringens
spores, as well as grain-size distribution in sediments from
each site. All sampling sites are given showing, for each
site, how many and which contaminant concentrations ranked
in the top 20 concentrations of the 176 sites with fine-
grained sediments. Relatively few sites, all in the vicin-
ity of major coastal cities, were found to have most of the
contaminant concentrations in the upper 20.
INTRODUCTION
In order to make well-founded and balanced decisions that provide
for allocation and utilization of the nation's coastal and estuarine
resources, while assuring continued availability of these resources for
future generations, it is necessary to have reliable information con-
cerning the status and trends of environmental quality around our
coasts. The Ocean Assessments Division of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Office of Oceanography and Marine
Assessment initiated the National Status and Trends Program (NS & T)
for Marine Environmental Quality in 1984 to provide such information.
The purpose of this program is to make systematic observations on
suite of meaningful indicators of coastal marine environmental condi-
tions in order to determine the current status of and detect any
47
r
OCR for page 48
48
substantial changes occurring in environmental quality of U.S. coastal
waters. Because of the level of concern with regard to anthropogenic
additions of toxic substances into coastal waters, it was decided to
focus this program initially on these substances and their effects.
A three-tiered approach (Figure 1) is used in the NS & T Program to
evaluate the status and trends of chemical contaminants and their
effects in estuarine and coastal waters. The first tier involves a
monitoring program that measures the concentrations of toxic chemicals
and certain associated biological effects in biota and sediments from
numerous locations around the coasts of this country. This tier of the
program is directed at determining existing levels of toxic chemicals
and bioeffects at various sites. These data provide a baseline against
which future measurements at the same sites may be compared to deter-
mine whether or not substantial changes have occurred. This tier also
provides data that can be used to evaluate which of the sites have the
highest levels of contamination and bioeffects. This tier is intended
to provide warnings as to which locations are of greatest concern
regarding potential for degradation in environmental quality.
The second tier involves a closer examination of the conditions at
the locations that were identified of greatest concern in the first
tier. Before initiating detailed field studies as part of tier 3, the
available literature information and data relating to the substances
and effects of concern in such areas are obtained and synthesized in
order to make a more detailed evaluation of existing knowledge concern-
ing the spatial and temporal extent of degradation in environmental
quality in these areas. These tier 2 analyses result in hypotheses as
to the levels of ecological degradation and other undesirable effects
that have occurred, or are in process of occurring, in the various
areas of greatest concern.
These hypotheses are then tested in the third tier for those areas
where substantial levels of degradation are hypothesized. Measure-
ments, such as detailed examinations of indigenous organisms and bio-
assays of sediment and water, are made to determine the extent and
I scantily areas with greatest likelihood of degradation by
monitonog chemical and biological indicator of
environmental quad
~ .
WARNING LEVEL
_
~ J
. ~ ~
_
PRESUMPTIVE LEVEL
Develop hypotheses conceding current status of
quality in areas from Level 1 using ah available
intonnation and data
~ ,
CONFIR MTION LEVEL
Test hypotheses from Level 2
using bioassay and other
p~dums
FIGURE 1 Schematic representation
of the three-tiered structure of
the NS & T Program.
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49
degree of degradation caused by chemical contamination. Those areas
where substantial degradation is confirmed are identified as areas
where management actions may be needed if the degradation is to be
reversed.
The present paper provides a preliminary description of the data
being obtained by the NS & T Program, primarily through the first tier
monitoring, concerning the distribution of levels of contamination in
sediments in U.S. coastal waters and a summary of the procedures used
to obtain these data. Examples of program results related to contam-
inated sediments are also included.
NATIONAL STATUS AND TRENDS MONITORING OF SEDIMENT PROPERTIES
Collection and analysis of contaminant concentrations in sediments
is included in the NS & T Program to provide a long-term integrated
measure of the comparative levels of the various contaminants at the
individual sites. The program also measures the concentrations of con-
taminants in bivalves and fish for this purpose. Measurements of con-
taminants in both biota and sediments are included as complimentary
measures of comparative levels in the environment. Although the values
in biota are of more direct interest and concern, they are more diffi-
cult to compare among sites. This is because no single species that is
appropriate for such measurements is found all around the coasts of the
United States, so several species must be used to obtain national cover-
age. The two measures complement each other because concentrations in
biota, in general, respond more rapidly to changes in contaminant
inputs, so they provide integration of the levels of such inputs over
shorter time periods than do the levels in the sediments.
Measurements on contamination in sediments are obtained primarily
in the first tier of the NS & T Program in which the concentrations of
toxic chemicals in biota and associated sediments are measured at numer-
ous locations around the coasts of this country. Such measurements are
included in two major components of the first tier of the program. In
one, the benthic surveillance component, measurements are made of the
concentrations of a wide variety of toxic substances in the livers of
benthic fish and in sediments collected in association with them. In
the second one, the mussel watch component, concentrations of the same
substances in the tissues of sessile molluscs (i.e., mussels and
oysters) and associated sediments are measured.
Samples have been collected annually since 1984 at about 50 benthic
surveillance sites and since 1986 at about lS0 mussel watch locations.
Although most locations included in these efforts have been sampled
more than once, some sites have been added and omitted each year.
SITE LOCATIONS
Benthic surveillance and mussel watch sampling sites were selected
to be, as much as possible with present knowledge, representative of
the general conditions within the areas in which they are located.
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50
Efforts were made to avoid locating sampling sites near point sources
of contamination, such as outfalls from industrial or sewage treatment
plants, because such "hot spot" locations are not considered to be
representative. Maps showing the specific sites sampled are included
in a report summarizing the NS & T data concerning contamination
concentrations in biota (NOAA, 1987~.
Surficial sediment samples were collected at three stations at each
sampling site, with the stations being spaced over an area within 500 m
of the center of the site. At mussel watch sites, if only sediments
composed predominantly of sand or larger grain sizes could be found in
the area, an attempt was made to find stations with fine-grained sedi-
ments up to 2 km from the site center. If still no stations with fines
"rained sediments could be found, sand samples from near the site cen-
ter were used. In the benthic surveillance sampling, no effort was
made to find fine-grained sediments if these were not detected within
500 m of the site center. An exception to the general procedure for
selecting sediment stations was followed by the benthic surveillance
program for the 18 sites along the northeast coast (i.e., from Maine
through Virginia). For these sites the stations were generally much
farther apart than at the other sites, up to about 5 km.
FIELI) AND ANALYTICAL METHODS
In the Benthic Surveillance Project, sediment samples were obtained
with a specially constructed box corer or a standard Smith-MacIntyre
bottom grab. In the Mussel Watch Project, the samples were obtained
with the box corer or with a Kynar-coated Van Veen grab sampler. Three
samples were obtained at each of the three stations at a site, result-
ing in a total of nine samples at each site.
In the Benthic Surveillance Project, a surface skim was taken from
the top 3 cm of each sediment sample for analysis for organic sub-
stances. The resulting three skim subsamples were composited in the
laboratory, so only one analysis for organics was carried out for each
station. A small corer was used on deck to get a subsample from the
top 3 cm of each box core or grab sample for analysis for trace metals
and other elements, and as with the organics, the three subsamples from
each station were composited in the laboratory. Two other core sub-
samples were obtained from each sample, one for analysis of sediment
texture and one for storage.
In the Mussel Watch Project, two samples were obtained at each sta-
tion--one for analysis of organics and the other for analysis of trace
metals and other elements--by taking two surface skims from the top 1
cm of each box corer or grab sample and compositing, in the field, the
two sets of three subsamples from each station.
Samples for analyses of organic components were stored in Teflon
jars or glass jars with lids lined with aluminum foil. Those to be
used for analyses of major and trace elements were stored in Teflon
jars or ziplock bags. A more detailed presentation of the sampling pro-
tocols is included in Shigenaka and Lauenstein (1988~.
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51
The sedimentary properties measured in the NS & T Program are
listed in Table 1. The methods used for the analysis of organic chem-
icals in sediments collected in the Benthic Surveillance Project are
described in a technical report prepared by NOAA's National Analytical
Facility (MacLeod et al., 1985~; those for major and trace metals will
be described in a report currently in preparation. The methods used
for chemical analyses of sediments in the Mussel Watch Project are des-
cribed in reports to NOAA prepared by Battelle Ocean Sciences (1987)
and the Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M Univer-
sity (1988~. In addition to undergoing analyses for certain organic
compounds and major and trace elements, the sediments were analyzed for
two biological properties, Clostrium perfringens spores (only in
the Benthic Surveillance Project) and coprostanol, that can serve as
indicators of the level of contamination with sewage as well as for
total organic carbon and grain-size distribution. The measurements for
these latter two properties as well as those for the major elements
(i.e., aluminum, iron, manganese, and silicon) were included primarily
to be used as normalizing factors to help explain the observed distri-
butions of the toxic organics and trace metals.
Quality assurance (QA) protocols were included as an integral part
of the NS & T Program. The QA efforts were designed to produce nation-
ally uniform analytical results of known and accepted quality, thereby
ensuring comparability among data sets. Attainment of this goal
involved five major activities:
1. developing and using standardized field sampling procedures and
analytical protocols;
2. conducting interlaboratory comparisons of analytical methods;
3. conducting periodic QA workshops;
4. developing Standard Reference Materials and Interim Reference
Materials for marine sediments and tissues; and
5. developing and using a standardized data base for QA data and
information.
RESULTS
The chemical measurements on the benthic surveillance sediment
samples collected in 1984 and 1985 have been completed, as have the
measurements on the mussel watch sediment samples from 1986 and 1987.
A complete listing of the data resulting from these measurements and an
analysis of these data and their significance is being prepared for pub-
lication. The preliminary results discussed in the present report are
based on these data, but with results from different years at a site
combined. Year-to-year differences are not considered in this prelim-
inary look at the results in order to focus on geographical distribu-
tion of contamination levels in sediments.
The concentrations of contaminants in sediments are influenced by a
number of factors besides inputs. As mos t important contaminants are
strongly associated with particle surfaces, the particle-size distribu-
tion at a site is an especially important factor in determining
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52
TABLE 1 Chemicals measured in Sediments as Part of the NS & T Program
DDT and its metabolitesa
Polychlorinated
biphenylsC
Dichlorobiphenyls
Trichlorobiphenyls
Tetrachlorobiphenyls
Pentachlorobiphenyls
Hexachlorobiphenyls
Heptachlorobiphenyls
Octachlorobiphenyls
Nonachlorobiphenyls
Polvaromatic hYdrocarbonsd
Major elements
o,p'-DDD Acenaphthene A1 Aluminum
p,p'-DDD Anthracene Fe Iron
o,p'-DDE BenataJanthracene Mn Manganese
p,p'-DDE Benzota~pyrene Si Silicon
o,p'-DDT Benzote~pyrene
p,p'-DDT Biphenyl ~
Chrysene Trace elements
Dibenzanthracene
Chlorinated pesticides 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene Sb Antimony
other than DDT~ Fluoranthene As Arsenic
Fluorene ' Cd Cadmium
Aldrin 1-Methyluaphthalene Cr Chromium
Alpha-chlordane 2-Methylnaphthalene Cu Copper
Trans-nonachlor 1-Methylnaphthalene Pb Lead
Dieldrin Naphthalene Hg Mercury
Heptachlor Perylene Ni Nickel
Heptachlor epoxide Phenanthrene Se Selenium
Hexachlorobenzene Pyrene Ag Silver
Lindane (gamma-BHC) Sn Tin
Mirex Zn Zinc
Other parameters
Clostridium perfringens spores
Coprostanol
Grain size
Total organic carbon
NOTES:
aCombined and reported in this paper as total DDT (tDDT).
bCombined and reported in this paper as total chlorinated pesticides
other than DDT (tChlP)>
CCombined and reported in this paper as total polychlorinated biphenyls
itPCB).
Combined and reported in this paper as total polyaromatic hydrocarbons
(tPAH).
OCR for page 53
53
sedimentary contaminant levels, with fine sediments tending to
concentrate the contaminants. To compensate for this influence, the
sediment data collected by the NS & ~ Program are normalized by
dividing the raw contaminant concentrations by the fraction by weight
of the sediment particles in the sample that are less than 64 ~ in
diameter (i.e., the fine- Brained or silt and clay fraction). This
method of normalizing can yield misleading results for sediments that
are composed primarily of sand or larger particles, however. When such
sediments contain detectable levels of contaminants, these levels will
often appear very high when the values are normalized based on the
small amounts of fine sediments present. To avoid such distortions,
contaminant data based on analyses from sediments with less than 20
percent fine-grained sediments are omitted from further consideration.
There are 213 sites around the coasts of the United States from
which sediments were collected and analyzed by the NS & T Program. For
176 of these sites, there are contaminant data for at least one sample
composed of 20 percent or more fine-grained sediments. In fact most of
these sites were occupied in two different years and yielded three sam-
ples with sediments with 20 percent or more of fines both times they
were visited.
For each contaminant the concentrations at the individual sites
have been plotted on a bar graph in descending order of concentration,
and examples are presented in Figure 2 for mercury and Figure 3 for
total PCBs. These plots have shown that the ranges in concentrations
vary quite greatly among the various contaminants, as is summarized in
Table 2. These ranges can provide an indication of the amount of influ-
ence human activities are having on the presence of the contaminant in
the environment, with contaminants that exist naturally in the marine
coastal environment only at very low levels or not at all tending to be
most subject to and indicative of human activity. Table 2 lists, in
descending order, the magnitude of the concentration ranges for the
various contaminants. As expected, the substances that do not occur
naturally have wide ranges (i.e., the synthetic organic compounds,
total PCB, total DDT, and total chlorinated pesticides other than
DDT). Wide ranges (factors greater than 50) are also indicated for
total PAN, mercury, silver, and tin. While natural scales of variabil-
ities in concentrations of these substances are not known, these are
the naturally occurring substances that seem the most affected by human
activities. On the other hand, the ranges for arsenic, zinc, total
organic carbon (TOC), selenium, nickel, lead, and chromium vary by less
than a factor of 20 over the national grid and therefore seem not so
greatly affected by, nor indicative of, human perturbations.
Table 3 presents an overall summary of the levels of contamination
at the NS & T national network of sites. It includes a listing of the
locations at which sediments have been gathered and analyzed by the pro-
gram. For each site the number of contaminants for which the concentra-
tion is in the upper 20 of the 176 concentrations found at NS & T sites
is listed, as are the specific contaminants that were present at this
level. It can be noted that relatively few sites have most of the con-
taminant concentrations that are in the upper 20, and that most sites
have few if any contaminants in the upper 20. Further, the sites where
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54
the upper 20 contaminant values are concentrated tend to 1 ie close to
one another along the coast in the vicinity of major coastal cities,
- New York, San Died, and Los Anzeles. These observations
e.g., Boston, ~ ~ ~
provide verification for the generally held assumption that contami-
nated coastal sediments are most likely to be found near major metro
politan centers.
HudJRar. Est. NY
Hud./Rar. Est. NJ
Raritan Bay NJ
N.Y. Bight Nil
HudJRar. Est. NY
HudlRar. Est NY
San Pedro Cyn. CA
Boston Hrb. MA
Salem Hrb. MA
San Diego Hrb. CA
Long Is. Snd. NY
San Diego Bay CA
Sinclair Inlet WA
Elliott Bay WA
Boston Hrb. MA
Boston Hrb. MA
San Pablo Bay CA
Boston Hrb. MA
Narr. Bay Rl
Seal Beach CA
Columbia R. OR
Palos Verdes CA
Long Is. Snd. NY
Dana Pt. CA
Long Is. Snd. CT
Matagorda Bay TX
Matagorda Bay TX
Breton Snd. LA
Heron Bay MS
Galveston Bay TX
Corpus Chnsti TX
Mesquite Bay TX
San Antonio Bay TX
Espiritu Santo TX
Frenchmans Bay ME
Upper Bay
Raritan Bay
Sandy Hook
Lower Bay
Jamaica Bay
Throgs Neck
Harbor Is.
Waterman Pt.
Dorchester Bay
Deer Is
Hingtiam Bay
Mount Hope Bay
Royal Parry Park
He'Tpstead Hrb.
Sheffield Is.
Tres Pus Bay
East Matagorda
Sable Is.
IngIeside Cove
Ayres PL
Panther Pt. Reef
South Pass Reef
. . ~ .
2.8
2.8
t.7
1.7
1.7
4.3- 1
137 sites In the Concentration in range of 0.025 to 0.59 Agog
4 sites with concentration below detection
0.025
0.024
0.024
0.023
0.02
0.018
0.017
0.017
0.016
° °°? , . . . . . .
0 1 2 3 4
FIGURE 2 Concentrations of mercury in sediments from NS & T sites
around the coast of the United States (pg/g dry weight normalized
for % fines).
-
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55
Buzzards Bay MA
St. Andrew Bay FL
Boston Hrb. MA
Palos Verdes CA
Elliott Bay WA
Boston Hrb. MA
San Diego Hrb. CA
Raritan Bay NJ
Hud./Rar. Est NY
Tampa Bay FL
San Pedro Cyn. CA
N.Y. Bight No)
Hud./Rar. Est. NY
Salem Hrb. MA
Hud./Rar. Est. Nd
Long Is. Snd. NY
St. Johns R. FL
Delaware Bay DE
Buzzards Bay MA
Boston Hrb. MA
San Diego Bay CA
Boston Hrb. MA
Long Beach CA
Narr. Bay Rl
Choctawhat. Bay FL
#
Angelica Rock
Watson Bayou
Benthic Sun'. Site
Royal Palms Park
Benthic Surv. Site
Dorchester Bay
Benthic Surv. Site
Benthic Surv. Site
Jamaica Bay
Papys Bayou
Benthic Surv. Site
Sandy Hook
Lower Bay
Benthic Surv. Site
Rantan Bay
Throgs Neck
Benthic Surv. Site
Round Hill
Benthic Surv. Site
Deer Is.
Harbor Is.
Hingham Bay
Benthic Surv. She
Benthic Surv. Site
Shirk Pt.
290
2000
124 sites in the concentration in range of 4.6 to 290 ng/g
11 sites with concentration below detection
Aransas Bay TX Long Reef 4.6
Unakwit Inlet AK Siwash Bay 4.5
Sab~ne Lake LA Blue Buck Pt. 4.S
San Antonio Bay T)t Mosquito Pt. 3.9
Espiritu Santo TX South Pass Reef 3.7
Port Valdez AK Mineral Creek Flats 3.
L. Laguna Madre TX South Bay 3.1
Mesquite Bay TX Ayres Pt. 3.1
Charleston Hrb. SC Shutes Folly Is.
Charleston Hrb. SC Fort Johnson . O.51 . . .
O ~ ~
FIGURE 3 Concentrations of total PCB in sediments from NS & T sites
around the coast of the United States (~/g dry weight normalized
for ~ normalized fines).
3m
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56
TABLE 2 Ranges Defined by Ratios of High to Low Concentrations of
Contaminants in Sediments
Number of sites Range (ratio of
with detectable 15th highest to
Chemical concentrationsa 5th lowest
Range ~ 1000
tDDT 164 1500
100 < Range < 1000
tPAH 162 290
tPCB 159 280
tCHlP 161 150
Mercury 171 110
50 < Range < 100
Silver 175 93
Tin 156 60
20 < Range < 50
Cadmium 175 32
Antimony 138 26
Copper 175 22
10 < Range < 20
Lead 174 18
TOC 176 16
Chromium 168 16
Selenium 146 13
Nickel 175 13
Zinc 172 10
Range < 10
Arsenic 175 7.5
NOTES:
aOnly the 176 sites with at least one sample displaying a detectable
concentration and > 20 percent fine-grained material have been
considered. In some cases the fact that the number in this column is
less than 176 is due to the chemical not having been measured rather
than its not having been detected.
bRanges calculated on the basis of fifth highest and fifth lowest
concentrations to avoid possible distortions from extremely high or low
concentrations
.
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57
TABLE 3 Locations of All NS & T Sites with Mean Percent Fines (% f) in Samples
with > 20 Percent Fine-grained Sediments, Total Number (T) of Contaminant
Concentrations (Normalized to Fines) Ranking in the Top 20, and the Specific
Contaminants with These Ranks
SllE LOCATION ~ I
Machias Bay ME
Frenchmans Bay ME
Penobscot Bay ME
Penobscot Bay ME
Penobscot Bay ME
Casco Bay ME
blemmack R. MA
Salem Harbor MA
Cape Ann MA
Boston Harbor MA
Boston Harbor MA
Boston Harbor MA
Boston Harbor MA
Boston Harbor MA
Buzzards Bay MA
Buzzards Bay MA
Buzzards Bay MA
Buzzards Bay MA
Narragansett Bay Rl
Narragansett Bay Rl
Narragansett Bay Rl
Narragansett Bay Rl
Bridals. Rl
E. Long Is. Sound CT
Long Is. Sound CT
Long Is. Sound CT
Long Is. Sound CT
Long Is. Sound CT
W. Long Is. Sound NY
Long Is. Sound NY
Long Is. Sound NY
Long Is. Sound NY
Long Is. Sound NY
Long Is. Sound NY
BenthicSun~eillance Site 68 0
Benthic Surveillance Site 93 0
Benthic Surveillance Site 97 0
Sears Is. 90 0
Pickering Is. 54 2
Benthic Surveillance Site 73 0
Benthic Surveillance Site nfgs a 0
Benthic Surveillance Site 69 12
Straightsmouth Is. 27 3
Deer is. 78 11
Dorchester Bay
Hingham Bay
Brewster Is. nfgs
Benthic Surveillance Site 63
Round Hill
Angelica Rock
Goosebury Nec c
Benthic Surveillance Site
Mount Hope Bay
Conanicut Is.
Dyer Is.
Benthic Surveillance Site
Bbck Is.
Benthic Surveillance Site nfgs
Connecticut R. 50
New Haven nfgs
Housaton~c R. nfgs
Sheffield Is. 63
Benthic Surveillance Site 80
Huntington Harbor nfgs
Port Jefferson nfgs
Marnaroneck 74
Hempstead Harbor 90
Thm~sN~*
HudsordRantan Estuary NY Jarna ca Bay
NOTE
anfgs = No Fine-grained Sediments
CONTAMINANTS IN TOP 20 (RANK)
tPAH(1 9),TOC(9)
85 13
8
o
14
65 1
29 4
37 0
73 0
91 2
60 0
38 3
69 1
71 1
o
o
o
o
2
2
o
o
4
7
74 11
64 16
Ag(1 7),Cd(2),Cr(1 ),Hg(9),Pb(2), Sb(15),
Se(9), Sn(8),Zn(12),tChlP(10), tPCB(14),
tPAH(4)
Pb(20), Sb(9), Sn(20)
Ag( 1 3),Cr( 1 2),Cu( 1 4) ,Hg( 1 6) , Pb( 13) ,
SB(4),Sn(5),tChlP(1 9),tPCB(20)
tPAH(20),TOC(1 2)
Ag(1 5),Cd(1 9),Cr( 1 4),Cu(1 2),Hg( 1 4),
Pb(1 2),Sb(5),Sn(6),TChlP(8) ,tDDT(1 7),
tPCB(6),TPAH(1 1 ),TOC(13)
Ag(9),Cr(1 6) ,Hg( 1 8), Pb( 1 4) ,Sb( 1 ),
Sn(1 0),tChlP(1 6)TOC(18)
Ag(1 ),Cd(5),Cr(9),Cu(2),Hg(8),Pb(8),
Sb(3),Se(1 8),Sn( 1 ),Zn(6),TChlP(4),
tDDT(6),tPCB(3) ,tPAH( 1 )
tPCB(1 9)
Ag(1 8),tChip(14),tPCB(1 ),tPAH(9)
Hg(1 9),Sn(1 8)
Sb(1 6),Sn(1 9),tPAH(16)
Sn(1 7)
TOC(1 5)
Cu(1 5),tPAH(8)
Cu(1 6),SN(1 5)
Cd( 1 6),Cu( 19), Pb( 1 9),tChlP(20)
Ag(8),Cd(1 3),Cu(1 0),Pb(1 5),Zn(18),
tChlP(9),TOC(6)
Ag(10),Cd(18),Cu(9),Hg(1 1),Pb(10),
In(20),tChlP(1 2),tD DT( 1 4) ,tPCB(1 6),
tPAH((7),TOC(3),
Ag(7),As( 1 8),Cd( 1 4),Cr( 1 9),Cu( 1 1 ),
Hg(6),Pb(7),Sb(8),Se(1 3),Sn(3),Zn(1 7),
tChlP(2),tDDT(1 1 ),tPCB(9),tPAH(18),
TOC(8)
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
surveillance site
58
TABLE 3 (Cont. )
HudsordRantan Estuary NY Upper Bay
HudsordRaritan Estuary NY Lower Bay
Hudsor˘Ra~an Estuary NJ Rantan Bay
77 8
66 16
70 14
Raritan Bay NJ Benthic Surveillance Site 77 15
N.Y. Bight Nd
N.Y. Bight Nd
N.Y. Bight Nd
Monches Bay NY
Great Bay NJ
Cape Fear NC
Charleston Harbor SC
Charleston Harbor SC
Charleston Harbor SC
Savannah R. Estuary GA
Sapelo Sound GA
Sapeb Is. GA
St. Johns R. Q
St. Johns R. FL
Matanzas R. FL
Biscayne Bay FL
Everglades FL
Rookery Bay FL
Naples Bay FL
CharbBe Harbor FL
Charlotte Harbor FL
Tampa Bay FL
Tampa Bay FL
Tarrpa Bay FL
Ta'Tpa Bay FL
Tanpa Bay FL
Cedar Key FL
Sandy Hook
65 16
nfgs O
nfgs O
57 1
Benthic Surveillance Site 71 0
stemware Bay DE Benthic Surveillance Site 46 2
Delaware Bay DE False Egg Is. Pt. 41 1
Delaware Bay DE Ben Davis Pt. Shoal 56 0
Delaware Bay DE Amours Pt. Shoal 75 0
Delaware Bay DE Kelly Is. 58 0
Upper Ches. Bay MD Benthic Surveillance Site 73 2
Chesapeake Bay MD Mountain Pt. Bar 98 2
Chesapeake Bay MD Hackett Pt. Bar 98 0
Chesapeake Bay M1) Hog Pt. nfgs O
Mid. Chesapeake Bay VA Benthic Surveillance Site 48 0
Chesapeal
59
TABLE 3 (Cont. )
Apa~chicola Bay FL
Apabchicola Bay FL
Apa~chicola Bay FL
St. Andrew Bay FL
Choctawhatchee Bay FL
Choctawhatchee Bay FL
Pensacola Bay FL
Pensacola Bay FL
Mobile Bay AL
Mobile Bay AL
Round Is. MS
Heron Bay MS
Miss. Sound MS
Miss. Sound MS
Miss. Sound MS
Miss. Delta LA
Lake Borgne LA
Breton Sound LA
Breton Sound LA
Baratana Bay LA
Baratana Bay L A
Baratana Bay LA
Terrebonne Bay LA
Terrebonne Bay LA
Cailbu Lalce LA
Atchatalaya Bay lad
Vermiltion Bay LA
J. Harbor Bayou LA
Cakasieu La" LA
Satire Lake LA
E. Cote Blanche LA
Galveston Bay TX
Galveston Bay AX
Galveston Bay TX
Galveston Bay TX
Galveston Bay TX
Matago~a Bay TX
MataSprda Bay TX
Mata~a Bay TX
Matago~a Bay TX
Esp ritu Santo TX
Espiritu Santo TX
San Antorio Bay Ad
San Antonio Bay TX
San Arno~o Bay TX
Mesquite Bay TX
Copano Bay TX
Aransas Bay Ax
Corpus Chnsb Ax
Corpus Christ TX
Corpus Chrisb Bay Ax
Lower Laguna Madre TX
Lower Laguna Madre 1 X
Ir~erial Beach CA
San Diego Bay CA
San Diego Bay CA
San Diego Harbor CA
Pt. Loma CA
Mission Bay CA
La Jose CA
Oceanside CA
Cat Pt. Bar 59 0
Dry Bar 50 0
BenthicSun~eillance Site 76 0
Watson Bayou 46 4
Shirk Pt. 52 5
Off Santa Rosa 66 2
Benthic Surveillance Site 81 1
Indian Bayou 34 0
Cedar Pt. Reef 74 0
BenthicSunJeillance Site 93 0
Benthic Surveillance Site 57 0
Benthic Surveillance Site 58 0
Pascagoula Bay 60 0
Bib~Bay 74 1
Pass Chnsdan 76 0
BenthicSun~eillance Site 77 0
Malheureux Pt. 77 0
Sable Is. 88 0
Bay Garderre 28 0
Bayou St. Deris 83 0
Middle Bank 42 1
Benthic Surveillance She 49 0
Lake Fealty 77 0
Lake Bares 86 0
CaiBou Lake 67 0
Oyster Bayou 83 0
Southwest Pass 82 0
Joseph Harbor Bay 70 0
St. Johns Is. 84 0
Blue Buck Pt. 57 0
South Pt. nfgs 0
Hanna R—f 80 0
Yacht Club 62 1
Todd s Dump 67 0
Confederate Reef 53 0
Ben~ic Surveillance Sits 56 0
En - Matago~a 52 0
Tres Salvos Bay 60 0
GalBripper Pt 74 0
Lavaca R. Mouth 63 0
South Pass Reef 87 0
Bill Days Reef 24 0
Mosquito Pt. 48 0
Panther Pt. Reef 46 0
BenthicSun,eillance Site 58 0
Ayres Pt. 91 0
Copano Reef 96 0
Long Reef 45 0
Ingleside Cove 47 0
Neuces Bay 56 0
BenthicSurveillanceSite 74 0
South Bay 56 0
BenthicSurveillar~e Site 33 0
Imperial Beach nfgs 0
Benthic Surveillance Site 34 2
Her Is. 29 5
Benthic Surveillance Site 66 7
Lighthouse
Ventura Bndge
At. LLa Jotla
Beach Jetty
.
tChlP(1 8),tDDTt 1 0),tPCB(2) ~tPAH(3)
Pb(6),Se(7) ItChl p( 1 ) ~tD DT(3) SPAN (6) l
As(4),tDDT(7)
Se(1 1 )
tPAH( 1 5)
Se(1 0)
Se(16)
o
o
1
As(20),Cd(9)
As(1 ),Cu(13),Hg(1 2),Pb(1 8),Zn(8)
Cu(1),Hg(t 0),Pb(1 6),Sn(t 2),Zn(3),
tPCB(7),tPAH( 1 4)
As(1 7 ~
tDDT(1 9)
r
60
TABLE 3 (Cont. ~
Dana Pt. CA Benthic Surveillance Site 33 1 As(14)
Newport Beach CA Balboa Channel Jetty 51 ~ tDDT(20)
Anaheim Bay CA West Jetty 58 0
Seal Beach CA Benthic Surveillance Site 56 2 Ag(19),Hg(20)
Long Beach CA Benthic Surveillance Site 63 5 Cd(15),Pb(9),Zn(16),tChlP(17),
tDDTt9)
San Pedro Bay CA Benthic Surveillance Site 91 0
San Pedro Canyon CA Benthic Surveillance Site 26 11 Ag(11),Cd(3),Cr(7),Cu(17),Hg(7),Ni(19),
Se{1 ),sn(9~'zn(4~'tDDT(2)'tpcB(11 )
San Pedro Harbor CA Fishing Pier 92 4 Cd(11),Cut7),tDDT(4),TOC(20)
Paps Verdes CA Royal Pam State Paris 59 9 Ag(12),Cd(1),Cr~t3),Cu(20),Sn{16),
Zn(1 5),tChlP(1 3),tDDT(1 ),tPCB(4)
Sarta Catalina Is. CA Bird Rock nfgs 0
Santa Monica Bay CA Benthk Surveillance Site nfgs 0
Manna De Ray CA South Jetty 40 3
Pt. DumaCA Pt. Durne 36 2
Santa Cnuz Is. CA Fraser Pt. nfgs 0
Pt. Santa Barbara CA Pt. Santa Barbara 40 3
Pt. Conception CA Pt. Conception nfgs 0
San Luis Obispo Bay CA Pt. San Luis nfgs 0
San sirMone Pt. CA San Simeone Pt. ntgs 0
Paaf~cG~veCA Lovers Pt. nfgs 0
Monterey Bay CA Pt. Santa Cruz 28 0
Monterey Bay CA Benthic Surveillance Site nfgs 0
S. San Franasoo Bay CA Benthic Surveillance Site nfgs 0
SouthamptonShoal CA BenthicSunreillance Site ntgs 0
Castro Bay CA Benthic Surveillanoe Site ntgs 0
OaktandEsmaryCA Berm~kSurvoillance Site 91 1
Hunters Pt. CA Ben~icSun~eillance Site 74 . 2
San Francisoo Bay CA Durbarton Bridge 91 1
San Francisoo Bay CA San Mateo Bridge 90 1
San Francisoo Bay CA Emeryville 93 2
San p~hh Bay CA Benthic Surveillance Site 35 4
San Pablo Bay CA Semple Pt. 68 3
San Pablo Bay CA Pt. St. Pedro 90 1
Tomales Bay CA Spangers Restaurant 97 1
Bodega Bay CA Vodka Bay Entrance nfgs 0
Bodega Bay CA Benthic Surveillance Site nfgs 0
Pt. Arena CA Pt. Arena nfgs 0
Pt. Delgada CA SheRer Cove nfgs 0
Hurnbo dt Bay CA Jetty nfgs 0
Humboldt Bay CA Benthic Surveillance Site 31 4
Pt. St.GeorgeOR Pt. St. George nfgs 0
Coos Bay OR Tenths Surveillance Site 46 2
Coos Bay OR Coos Head 23 4
Coos Bay OR Russell Pt. 33 2
Yaquina Bay OR Oneata Pt. 51 1
Yaq~ina Head OR Yaquina Head 34 1
Til~rnook Bay OR Hobson~rille Pt. 30 4
Columbia R. OR You rigs Bay 31 2
Columbia R. OR Benthic Surveillance Site 27 4
Grays Harbor WA Westport Jetty ntgs 0
Strait Juan de Fuca WA Neah Bay 49 3
South Puget Sound WA Budd Inlet 98 1
NisquaUy Reach WA BerehicSunreillance Site nfgs 0
Comrnenoernent Bay WA Benthic Surveillance Site 81 1
Commencement Bay WA Tahlequah Pt. 87 1
Elliott Bay WA FourMile Rock nfgs 0
Elliott Bay WA Ber~ic Surveillance Site 46 8
r
Ag(20)'As(1 0)'tDDT(8)
AS(1 6)'tDDT(5)
As(2)1Cd(1 7)'tDDT(13)
Ni(1 2)
Cr(4)'Ni(6)
Ni(14)
Ni(1 o)
Ni(1 1)'Se(15)
Cr(3)'Hg(1 n'Ni(1 ),Zn(13)
As(5)'Cr(1 0)'Ni(3)
Ni(9)
Ni(4)
As(3)'Cr(2)lNi(2)'Sb(1 2)
AS(1 1 ),Cd(20)
As(6)lC˘6)'Ni(~'Se(1
Cr(1 1 )'Ni(15)
TOC(1 6)
CKS)
AS(1 5),Cr(8),Ni(8),TOC(1 4)
Sb(13),Zn(1 9)
Ag(6),Cd(6),Se(20),Zn(1 1)
Cr(20),Sb(20),TOC( 1 9)
Sb(1 7)
Ag(1 6)
Sb(1 4)
Cd(1 0),Cu(3),Hg(1 5),Ni(1 6),Sb(19),
Zn(7),tPCB(5),tPAH(1 0)
61
TABLE 3 (Cont. )
Afar Ida
Winy Is.
lOngham
R. Roams
Only
Nat Bay
Unto Inlay
~dV~~
Oli~ok R. ^K
P~dhoe Bay
8a-rs R. HI
fir HI
e~.
Preston R.
-~=m ~~- Jag
if. Roams
63
95
He
79
Be~hlc alla me 89
8e-1c SU~G'II~ She nigs
-~- 82
~~ Cat ~ 1 00
8e-~ Su~ellla~ She nigs
Su~elIla~ me 34
Ba-rs R. ~m Awn 48
KeeN fin 47
3 Hot 1 3),Ni(20),Sb(2)
o
1 Ni(5)
o
o
o
o
o
o
1 N1(18)
1 Ni(1 3)
o
62
REFERENCES
Battelle Ocean Sciences. 1987. Phase 2, Work/Quality Assurance Project
Plan for Contract No. 50-DGNC-5-0263, Collection of Bivalve
Molluscs and Surficial Sediments and Performance of Analyses for
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Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Duxbury, Mass.: Battelle
Ocean Sciences. 111 pp. + Appendices A-O.
MacLeod, W. D., Jr., D. W. Brown, A. S. Friedman, D. G. Burrows, O.
Maynes, R. Pearce, C. A. Wigren, and R. G. Bogar. 1985. Standard
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Tech. Memo. NMFS F/NWC-92. Rockville, Md.: NOAA. 121 pp.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ocean Assessments
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Environmental Quality: Progress Report--A Summary of Selected Data
on Chemical Contaminants in Tissues Collected During 1984, 1985,
and 1986. NOAA Tech. Memo. NOS OMA 38. Rockville, Md.: NOAA. 23 pp.
+ Appendices A-E.
Shigenaka, G. and G. G. Lauenstein. 1988. National Status and Trends
Program for Marine Environmental Quality: Benthic Surveillance and
Mussel Watch Projects Overview. NOAA Tech. Memo. NOS OMA 40.
Rockville, Md.: NOAA. 12 pp.
Texas A&M University, Geochemical and Environmental Research Group.
1988. Second Annual Report, Analyses of Bivalves and Sediments for
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