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144 Barrett, S. C. H., and B. J. Richardson. 1986. Genetic attributer of invading species. Pp. 21-23 in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, eds. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Barry, G. F. 1986. Permanent insertion of foreign genes into the chromosomes of soil bacteria. Bio/Technology 4:446-449. Bazzaz, F. A. 1986. Life history of colonizing plants: Some demographic, genetic, and physiological features. Pp. 96-110 in Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii, H. A. Mooney and J. A. Drake, eds. Ecological Studies: Vol 58. New York: Springer-Verlag. Beachy, R. N., Z. L. Chen, R. B. Horsch, S. G. Rogers, N. J. Hoffmann, and R. T. Fraley. 1985. Accumulation and assembly of soybean-conglycinin in seeds of transformed petunia plants. EMBO J. 4:3047-3053. Berg, P., D. Baltimore, and H. W. Boyer. 1974a. NAS ban on plasmid en- gineering. Nature 250:175. Berg, P., D. Baltimore, and H. W. Boyer. 1974b. Potential biohazards of re- combinant DNA molecules. Science 185:303. Berg, P., D. Baltimore, and S. Brenner. 1975a. Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA molecules. Science 188:991-994. Berg, P., D. Baltimore, and S. Brenner. 1975b. Summary statement of the Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72:1981-1984. Bevan, M. 1984. Agrobacterium vectors for plant transformation. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:8711-8718. Bishop, D. H. L. 1986. UK release of genetically marked virus. Nature 323:496. Bishop' D. H. L. 1988. The relea~e into the environment of genetically engineered viruses, vaccines and ~riral pesticides. Pp. 12-15 in Planned Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms (fiends in Biotechnology/Trends in Ecology and Evolution Special Issue), J. Hodgson and A. M. Sugden, eds. Cambridge, England: Elsevier. Bishop, D. H. L., P. F. Entwistle, I. R. Cameron, C. J. Allen, and R. D. Possee. 1988. Field trials of genetically engineered baculovirus insecticides. Pp. 143-179 in The Release of Genetically-Engineered Micro-Organisms, M. Sussman, G. H. Collins, F. A. Skinner, and D. E. Stewart-Tall, eds. London, England: Academic Press. Bohlool, B. B., and E. L. Schmidt. 1980. The immuno~uoresence approach in microbial ecology. Ad~r. Microbial Ecol. 4:203-241. Bopp, L. H. 1986. Degradation of highly chlorinated PCB's by P`cudomonas strain LB400. J. Ind. Microbiol. 1:23-29. Borenstein, S., and E. Ephrati-Elizur. 1969. Spontaneous release of DNA in sequential genetic order by Bacillue aubtilw. J. Mol. Biol. 45:137-152. Bouma, J. E., and R. E. Lenski. 1988. Evolution of a bacteria/plasmid association. Nature 335:351-352. Bonwer, E. J., B. E. Rittman, and P. L. McCarty. 1981. Anaerobic degradation of halogenated 1- and 2-carbon organic compounds. En~riron. Sci. Technol. 15 :596-599. Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research. 1987. Regulatory Considera- tions: Genetically Engineered Plants. San Francisco: Center for Science Information. 106 pp.

145 Boynton, J. E., N. W. Gillham, E. H. Harris, J. P. Hosler, A. M. Johnson, A. R. Jones, B. L. Randolph-Anderson, D. Robertson, T. M. Klein, K. B. Shark, and J. C. Sanford. 1988. Chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas with high-velocity microprojectiles. Science 240:1534-1538. Braun, V., and K. Hantke. 1977. Bacterial receptors {or phages and colicin~ as constituents of specific transport systems. Pp. 99-137 in Microbial Interactions, J. L. R~issig, ed. London: Chapman & Hall. Brill, W. J. 1985. Safety concerns and genetic engineering in agriculture. Science 227:381-384. Brisson, N., J. Paszkowski, J. R. Penswick, B. Gronenborn, I. Potrykus, and T. Hohn. 1984. Expression of a bacterial gene in plants by using a viral vector. Nature 310:511-514. Brisson-Noel, A., M. Arthur, and P. Courvalin. 1988. Evidence for natural gene transfer from gram-positive cocci to Eechencha coli. J. Bacterial. 170:1739-1745. Brown, M. P., R. E. Wagner, and D. L. Bernard. 1988. PCB dechlorination in Hudson River sediment. Science 240:1675-1676. Brubaker, R. R. 1985. Mechanisms of bacterial virulence. Annul Rev. Microbial. 39:2 1-50. Burdon, J. J., R. H. Groves, and J. M. Cullen. 1981. The impact of bio- logical control on the distribution and abundance of Chondrilla juneca in southeastern Australia. J. Appl. Ecol. 18:957-966. Cairns, J., Jr., M. Alexander, K. W. Cummins; W. T. Edmondson, R. Goldman, J. Harte, A. R. Insensee, R. Levin, J. F. McCormick, T. J. Peterle, and J. H. Zar. 1981. Testing for Effects of Chemicals on Ecosystems. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Chase, S. S. 1969. Monoploids and monoploid derivatives of maize (Zca maw L.~. Bot. Rev. 35:117-167. Choo, T. M., E. Reinbergs, and K. J. Kasha. 1985. Use of haploids in breeding barley. Plant Breeding Rev. 3:219-252. Close, T., and R. L. Rodriguez. 1982. Construction and characterization of the chloramphenicol resistance gene cartridge: A new approach to the transcriptional mapping of extrachromosomal elements. Gene 20:305-316. Collmer, A. S., and N. T. Keen. 1986. The role of pectic enzymes in plant pathogenesis. Annul Rev. Phytopathol. 24:383-409. Colwell, R. K., E. A. Norse, D. Pimentel, F. E. Sharples, and D. Simber~o£ 1985. Genetic engineering in agriculture. Science 229:111-112. Colwell, R. R., P. R. Brayton, D. J. Grimes, D. B. Rossak, S. A. Huq, and L. M. Palmer. 1985. Viable but non-culturable Yibno cholera and related pathogens in the environment: Implications for the release of genetically engineered microorganisms. Bio/Technology 3:817-820. Colwell, R. R., C. Somerville, I. Knight, and W. Straube. 1988. Detection and monitoring of genetically engineered micro-organisms. Pp. 47-60 in The Release of Genetically Engineered Micro-Organisms, M. Sussman, G. H. Collins, F. A. Skinner, and D. E. Stewart-Tall, eds. London: Academic Press. Costerton, J. W., R. T. Irvin, and K. J. Chang. 1981. The bacterial glycocalyx in nature and disease. Annul Rev. Microbial. 35:299-324. Cripe, C. R., and P. H. Pritchard. In preparation. Microcosms as Test Systems for Fate and Transport of Microorganisms.

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Field Testing Genetically Modified Organisms: Framework for Decisions Get This Book
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Potential benefits from the use of genetically modified organisms—such as bacteria that biodegrade environmental pollutants—are enormous. To minimize the risks of releasing such organisms into the environment, regulators are working to develop rational safeguards.

This volume provides a comprehensive examination of the issues surrounding testing these organisms in the laboratory or the field and a practical framework for making decisions about organism release.

Beginning with a discussion of classical versus molecular techniques for genetic alteration, the volume is divided into major sections for plants and microorganisms and covers the characteristics of altered organisms, past experience with releases, and such specific issues as whether plant introductions could promote weediness. The executive summary presents major conclusions and outlines the recommended decision-making framework.

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