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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Construction and Maintenance Practices for Permeable Friction Courses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14310.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Construction and Maintenance Practices for Permeable Friction Courses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14310.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Construction and Maintenance Practices for Permeable Friction Courses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14310.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Construction and Maintenance Practices for Permeable Friction Courses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14310.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Construction and Maintenance Practices for Permeable Friction Courses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14310.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Construction and Maintenance Practices for Permeable Friction Courses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14310.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Construction and Maintenance Practices for Permeable Friction Courses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14310.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Construction and Maintenance Practices for Permeable Friction Courses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14310.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2009 www.TRB.org N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP REPORT 640 Subject Areas Pavement Design, Management, and Performance • Materials and Construction • Maintenance Construction and Maintenance Practices for Permeable Friction Courses L. Allen Cooley, Jr. Jimmy W. Brumfield BURNS COOLEY DENNIS, INC. Ridgeland, MS Rajib B. Mallick WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE Worcester, MA Walaa S. Mogawer UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS North Dartmouth, MA Manfred Partl Lily Poulikakos EMPA Dübendorf, Switzerland Gary Hicks CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHICO Chico, CA Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs. Published reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at: http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America NCHRP REPORT 640 Project 09-41 ISSN 0077-5614 ISBN 978-0-309-11796-8 Library of Congress Control Number 2009934826 © 2009 Transportation Research Board COPYRIGHT PERMISSION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board’s judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council. The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report.

CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 640 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Edward T. Harrigan, Senior Program Officer Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Margaret B. Hagood, Editor NCHRP PROJECT 09-41 PANEL Field of Materials and Construction—Area of Bituminous Materials Dale Rand, Texas DOT, Austin, TX Brad W. Allen, New York State DOT, Albany, NY James Mahoney, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT Kevin K. McGhee, Virginia DOT, Charlottesville, VA Joseph F. Peterson, California DOT, Marysville, CA Ronald A. Sines, Oldcastle Materials, Leominster, MA Michael Arasteh, FHWA Liaison Nelson Gibson, FHWA Liaison Thomas Harman, FHWA Liaison Frederick Hejl, TRB Liaison AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 9-41 by Burns Cooley Dennis, Inc. of Ridgeland, Mississippi. Dr. Allen Cooley, Senior Materials/Pavements Engineer of Burns Cooley Den- nis, Inc. was the Principal Investigator. Co-Principal Investigators were Dr. Rajib Mallick of Worcester Polytechnic Institute and Dr. Walaa Mogawer of the University of Massachusetts. Other contributing authors were Mr. Jimmy Brumfield of Burns Cooley Dennis, Inc., Manfred Partl and Lily Poulikakos of EMPA, and Gary Hicks of MACTEC. C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S

This report recommends design, construction, and maintenance guidelines for perme- able friction courses (PFC). It presents recommended practices for (1) design and construc- tion of PFC and (2) PFC maintenance and rehabilitation. The report will be of immediate interest to public and private sector engineers with responsibility for the specification, con- struction, and maintenance of PFC. Permeable friction courses (PFC), which include new generation open-graded friction courses (OGFC), asphalt-rubber friction courses, and porous European mixes, have wide use throughout the southern and western United States. PFC reduces hydroplaning, splash and spray, and pavement noise, and improves ride quality and the visibility of pavement mark- ings in wet weather. Properly designed and constructed PFCs are durable and exhibit service lives of 10 to 14 years. Perhaps the only hindrance to their wider use in cold climates is a con- cern that, like the OGFC introduced in the 1970s, PFC might be susceptible to freeze-thaw damage and black ice formation and require more intensive winter maintenance practices. The objective of this research was to develop practical guidelines for PFC design, con- struction, and maintenance that maximize the advantages and minimize the disadvantages associated with PFC use. A comprehensive, critical review of the worldwide literature on PFC design, performance, construction, and maintenance was conducted, with attention to PFC use in cold climates, and worldwide agency practice, and specifications for PFC from the United States and the rest of the world were surveyed. Based on an analysis of the results of this review and survey, two key products were prepared: (1) a recommended practice for materials selection, design, and construction of PFC and (2) a recommended practice for PFC maintenance and rehabilitation. The research was performed by Burns Dennis Cooley, Inc. of Ridgeland, Mississippi. The report fully documents the review and analysis of the highway engineering literature and agency specifications leading to the recommended practices. The recommendations are under consideration for possible adoption by the AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Construction and Subcommittee on Maintenance. F O R E W O R D By Edward T. Harrigan Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

C O N T E N T S 1 Summary 3 Chapter 1 Introduction and Research Approach 3 Objective 3 Research Approach 4 Task 1 – Conduct a Comprehensive Review of Worldwide Literature on PFC 4 Task 2 – Survey Highway Agencies in the United States and Worldwide on PFC 4 Task 3 – State of Practice for Permeable Friction Courses 4 Task 4 – Develop Guidelines on the Design, Construction, and Maintenance of PFC 5 Task 5 – Prepare Final Report 5 Report Organization 6 Chapter 2 Results of Agency Survey 6 General Use and Structural Design 6 General Use 7 Structural Design 8 Mix Design 8 Aggregates 10 Asphalt Binder 12 Stabilizing Additives 13 Mix Design 14 Construction 14 Production 16 Transportation 17 Laydown/Compaction 17 Quality Control/Quality Assurance 18 General Construction Issues 19 Maintenance and Rehabilitation 19 General Maintenance (Non-Winter Related) 19 Winter Maintenance 19 Rehabilitation 20 Performance 21 Survey Summary 24 Chapter 3 Overview of Permeable Friction Courses 25 U.S. Experiences with PFCs 25 European Experiences with PFCs

26 Chapter 4 Benefits of Permeable Friction Courses 26 Safety Related Benefits 28 Driver Comfort Related Benefits 29 Environmental Benefits 31 Summary 32 Chapter 5 Materials and Mix Design 32 Materials Selection 32 Aggregate Characteristics 33 Asphalt Binders 34 Stabilizing Additives 35 Fillers/Adhesion Agents 36 Selection of Design Gradation 38 Selection of Optimum Binder Content 42 Performance Testing 43 Chapter 6 Inclusion in Structural Design 45 Rational Method of Selecting PFC Lift Thickness 45 Methodology 50 Sensitivity Analysis 53 Discussion of Proposed Methodology 55 Chapter 7 Construction of Permeable Friction Courses 55 Plant Production 55 Aggregates 55 Liquid Asphalt 56 Stabilizing Additives 58 Mixture Production 58 Plant Calibration 58 Plant Production 58 Mixing Time 58 Mixture Storage 58 Transportation 59 Hauling 59 Haul Time 59 Placement 59 Weather Limitations 59 Pavement Surface Preparation 61 Paver Operation 61 Lift Thickness 61 Placement and Finishing 61 Compaction 62 Rolling 62 Density Requirements 62 Quality Control/Quality Assurance 63 Pavement Markings 65 Chapter 8 Maintenance of Permeable Friction Courses 65 General Maintenance 65 Cleaning of Clogged PFC 65 Preventive Surface Maintenance 66 Corrective Surface Maintenance 66 Winter Maintenance

71 Chapter 9 Rehabilitation of Permeable Friction Courses 73 Chapter 10 Performance of Permeable Friction Courses 73 Typical Distresses with PFC 75 Performance of PFC 75 Service Life 77 Performance Life 78 Performance Measures 79 Chapter 11 Limitations on the Use of Permeable Friction Courses 81 Chapter 12 Future Research Needs 83 Chapter 13 Conclusions 85 References 88 Appendix A Questionnaire on PFC, Conventional OGFC, and Similar Materials G-i Guidelines on the Use of Permeable Friction Courses

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 640: Construction and Maintenance Practices for Permeable Friction Courses explores recommended practices for the design and construction of permeable friction courses (PFC) and examines PFC maintenance and rehabilitation. NCHRP Web-Only Document 138: Annotated Literature Review for NCHRP Report 640 includes summaries of various items that were found in the literature review associated with the production of NCHRP Report 640.

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