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OCR for page 285
Index
A
Accidents and catastrophes
Chernobyl, 189-190, 195, 197, 206, 266
flooding, 83~4, 223, 227
nuclear accident insurance, 200
risk assessment, 224
Three Mile Island (TMI), 190, 192, 194,
195, 196, 197, 265
see also Flooding, greenhouse effect;
Safety
Acid rain, 64
chemistry of, 87~8, 89, 91, 94
Europe, 14, 98, 99, 10~101, 104, 176,
24~247, 25~252
global, 211, 212, 214
regional, transbounda~y, general, 106,
246, 250-252
Aerosols, 94
CFCs, 80, 94, 101, 102, 104, 218
Ager-Hanssen, Henrik, 15, 17~183
Agriculture, 65, 67
climate and, 77, 223, 227, 235
fertilizer, 67, 106
plant genetics, 235
Air conditioning, 65, 67-68
- 285
efficiency, 37
Aircraft, 235
Air quality and pollution, 95-98, 207
aerosols, 94
automobiles and, 98-99, 111-140
carbon monoxide, 109, 115, 120, 121, 123
CFCs, 80, 94, 101, 102, 104, 218
economic development and, 95, 97-98
electrification and, 63-64, 68
Europe, 14, 9~101, 102-105, 246-259
fossil fuels, 36, 63-64, 102, 184, 207, 211,
227, 247
historical perspectives, 100, 102, 104,
117-118, 214
international issues, 246-260
models, 100, 122, 126-135, 247
natural gas, 171-172
ozone, 117, 120, 121-123, 124
prediction methodology, 86 108
smog, 98, 99, 100, 104, 117-118, 122, 130
standards, autos, 113, 120-122, 123,
13~135, 139
standards, international, 253, 258,
259-260
transboundary, 14, 211, 24~260
transition metals, 94
OCR for page 286
286
urban areas, 95, 9~99, 109, 111-140,
184, 207
see also Acid rain; Carbon dioxide;
Emission controls; Greenhouse
effect; Nitrogen oxides; Sulfur
dioxide
Alaska, 14~149
Alcohol fuels, 15, 113-114, 122, 124-126,
129, 131-135, 137, 269
Algeria, 173, 174, 179
Alternative energy sources, 11, 23, 85, 231
alcohol fuels, 15, 113-114, 122, 124 126,
129, 131-135, 137, 269
automobiles, 67, 6~69, 11~114,
122-138, 161, 234
carbon monoxide, 65~6
cofiring plants, 17~171, 176
electrochemical cells, 65-66
hydrogen fuels, 14, 15, 17, 65-66, 233,
23~235
industrial boiler fuel switchability,
161-162
synfuel, 30, 32
wood fuel, 207
Ammonia, 67
Antarctic, 78, 83, 84
Atmospheric gases and trace constituents,
87-91, 99, 102
carbon monoxide, 109, 115, 120, 121, 123
CFCs, 80, 94, 101, 102, 104, 218
transition metals, 94
see also Carbon dioxide; Nitrogen
oxides; Ozone, depletion; Ozone,
formation; Sulfur dioxide
Atmospheric sciences
chemistry, 87-94
clouds, 82 83, 102
stratosphere, 94, see also Ozone,
depletion
synoptic, 8~95
troposphere, 102, 121, 255
see also Air quality and pollution;
Climatology; Greenhouse effect
Atomic Energy Act, 192
Atomic Energy Commission, 21, 22
Automobiles
air pollution and, 9~99, 111-140
alternative fuels, 67, 68 69, 112-114,
122-138, 161, 234
computer simulations, emissions, 126-135
diesel fuel, 114-115
INDEX
efficiency, corporate average fuel
economy standards, 11, 14, 32, 38,
48, 276
electric, 67, 6~69
emission controls, 117-119, 123, 136
energy efficiency, 37-38, 41
fuel costs and efficiency, 40
nitrogen oxide emissions, 117, 118, 121,
123, 125, 126, 129, 130, 134
ozone emissions, 117, 120, 121-123, 124,
125, 129-130, 134
standards, air quality, 113, 12~122, 123,
13~135, 139
see also Gasoline
Automotive Consumer Profile, 137
B
Balzhiser, Richard E., 5, 1~17, 184-201
Batteries, 65, 244
automobiles, electric, 67, 68-69
Beaufort Sea, 149
Behnke, Wallace B., 5, 12, 238-245
Belgium, 187, 189
Biotechnology, 235, 275
Blair, Peter D., 5, 9, 11, 12, 35-51
Bookout, John F., 4, 145-164
Brazil, 114, 122, 269
Building energy efficiency, 26, 47
C
California, 117-118, 120, 121, 130,
131-136, 139, 185
Calvert Cliffs nuclear plant, 19~191
Canada, 29, 168, 235, 246, 247, 251, 255
Cancer, 199
Capital investment
electrification, 5~55, 242, 273
emission controls, 256
energy efficiency and, 47, 51
gas- as coal-fueled electric generation,
171-172
nuclear power, 192, 198, 200
oil industry, 153, 154-155, 160
see also Industrial plants and equipment
Carbon dioxide, 7, 106, 165, 213-236
atmospheric transport, 93, 94
auto emissions, 115, 117
conservation and, 33
electric power generation, 6~64, 271
OCR for page 287
INDEX
greenhouse effect and, 76-84 (passim),
93-95, 102, 184, 207, 213, 214-216
Carbon monoxide
as fuel, 65~6
pollution, 109, 115, 120, 121, 123
Catalytic converted, 118, 123, 258
Ceramics, 65
Chemistry
atmospheric, 87-94, 131; see also Acid
rain: chemistry of; Air quality and
pollution; Smog
Chernobyl, 189-190, 195, 197, 206, 266
China, 79~0
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 80, 94, 101,
102, 104, 218
Cities, see Urban areas
Clean Air Act, 113
Climatology, 216-218
drought, 223
electrical load patterns and, 65
manipulation of, 82-83
models, 9, 76-78, 82, 102, 21~222
population patterns, 65, 67 68
projections, 9, 75-78, 82, 218-224
regional, 219
see also Greenhouse effect
Clouds, 82~3, 102
Coal, 22, 64, 104, 165, 184, 207, 233, 246,
269
cofiring with natural gas, 17~171, 176
Europe, 176, 256
fluidized bed combustion, 185
gasification, 65, 185
gasoline, conversion to, 269
nuclear generation vs. costs, 188
shortages, 1~11
synfuel, 30, 32
Cofiring plants, 170-171, 176
Colorado, 123
Committee on Atmospheric Sciences,
81-83
Committee on Electricity in Economic
Growth, 53, 55
Committee on Nuclear and Alternative
Energy Systems, 23, 3~38, 41, 224
Commodity prices, 145-146
Communications, 68, 69
Computers
information sciences, 68, 244
supercomputers, 130-131
Computer simulations
287
automobile fuels, air quality, 126-135
chemical kinetics, 130
climatologic, 8, 9, 76-78, 102, 218-222
electrical systems engineering, 244
marine, 78
Conservation, 12, 25-26, 239
automobiles, 37-38, 6~69
federal government, 35
greenhouse effect and, 81
national policy, 22, 28, 33
social factom, 27
see also Efficiency
Consumers
automobile fuels, 136-138
oiVnatural gas, retail, 16~161
Consumption
automotive petroleum, 116
developing as developed countries, 266
electricity and GNP, 54, 55-63, 206 207
historical perspectives, 7
oil and gas, 163, 166, 17~177
pollution associated with, 255-256
see also Supply/demand
Continental shelves, see Onshore energy
sources
Convention on Long-Range ltansboundary
Air Pollution (LRTAP), 252, 256,
257-258, 25~260
Cool Water project, 185
Cooperative Program for Monitoring and
Evaluation of Long-Range
Transmission of Air Pollutants in
Europe, 246 247, 254, 259
Corporate average fuel economy standards
(CAFE), 11, 14, 32, 38, 48, 276
Council for Energy Awareness, 198
Council of Academies of Engineering and
-Technological Sciences, 275
Court decisions, see Litigation
Czechoslovakia, 187, 254
D
Darmstadter, J. L~, 9~100, 102, 104
Demand, see Supply/demand
Demography, see Population factors
Denmark, 176
Department of Energy, 32, 194-195
Deregulation, see Regulation/deregulation
Developing countries, 31, 207, 276
aid to, 77
electrification, 60 62
OCR for page 288
288
energy consumption, 266
Diesel fuel, 114-115
Disasters, see Accidents and catastrophes;
Flooding, greenhouse effect
District of Columbia, 118
Drought, 223
E
Economic factors, 2-3, 267
air quality and development, 95, 97-98
carbon dioxide pollution, 79, 115-116,
223-224
electrification, 68, 239-240, 241-242
futures trading, oil, 146-147
greenhouse effect, 223 224
international pollution policy, 258
natural gas, 153, 155, 16~171, 173-183
nuclear power, 186 188, 189, 190,
191-192, 195-197, 198, 199
oil industry, 145-163
privatization, 176, 269
projections, 276
see also Capital investment; Consumers;
Consumption; Efficiency; Foreign
trade; Gross National Product;
Industrial capacity and utilization;
Prices; Production and productivity;
Supply/demand
Efficiency, 265-276
automobile operating costs and, 40, 67,
6~69, 112, 115, 137; corporate
average fuel economy standards, 11,
14, 32, 38, 48, 276
building energy efficiency, 26, 47
capital investment, 47, 51
cofiring plants, 170-171
electricity and, 3~38, 46-47, 49, 54, 64,
184, 239
greenhouse effect and, 231-232
history, 14-15, 35-43
household appliances, 3~38, 46-47, 49
natural gas end use, 169, 17~171, 176
oil industry, 49, 50, 149-151, 231
prices and, 14, 36-38, 50, 231
projections, 35-36, 43-51, 273-274
supply/demand, 50, 273-274
technology, 35, 39, 43
see also Conservation
Electric power, 5~70, 184, 23~247
air quality and, 63-64, 68
INDEX
automobiles, 67, 6~69
batteries, 65, 67, 6~69, 244
capital investment, 54-55, 242, 273
cofiring plants, 17~171, 176
deregulation, 241-243
developing countries, 6~62
electrochemistry, 65-66
environmental implications, 62-66, 68,
184, 273
Europe, 57
GNP and, 54, 55-63, 239; global, 59-63
historical perspectives, 23-30, 53-63
natural gas, 65 66, 17~171, 176, 271
plant cooling systems, 65
policy, national, 26, 70
population factors, 59, 60, 61, 65, 67~8,
69
prices, 242-243
projections, 52, 59 60, 61, 63-70,
206-207, 23~239
regulation, 28, 41, 50, 241-243
reliability, 240-241, 243-244
safety, 243
social factors, 60, 67-69, 70
Soviet Union, 58, 60
supply/demand, 23~240
technology, 54-55, 61, 66 69, 70, 239,
244 245
transmission, 65, 240-241, 242-244
see also Hydroelectricity; Nuclear power
Electric Power Research Institute, 55, 65,
66, 193, 194, 195
Emission controls
alternatives, 82~3, 94
automobiles, 117-119, 123, 136, 138 140
catalytic converters, 118, 123, 258
greenhouse gases, 79 80, 81
investment, 256
nitrogen oxides, cofirirLg plants, 17~171
see also Standards: air quality, autos
Energy for a Sustainable World, 267
Energy resewes
natural gas, 2~29, 62, 147-149, 166 168,
173, 174
oil, 147-149, 155, 156, 173
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
205, 20S, 227
air quality standards, 121, 135
ambient pollution data, 119-121, 122-123
corporate average fuel economy
standards, 11, 14, 32, 38, 48, 276
OCR for page 289
INDEX
Environment and pollution, 2, 3, 5,
75-140, 205-212
electrification, 6206, 68, 184, 273
energy efficiency and, 41
Europe, 14, 97, 9~101, 102-105,
24~259
fossil fuels, 36, 6~64, 102, 184, 207, 211
global, 8, 63 66, 75~4, 101-109, 198,
205-206, 21~211; see also
Greenhouse effect; Ozone, depletion;
Ozone, formation
historical perspectives, general, 7-10,
20~209
hydroelectricity, 62-63, 64
legislation, 113, 117, 184 185, 191
metal corrosion, 101, 103, 104
natural gas, 15, 171-172, 233
nuclear power, 6, 16, 32-33, 62-63, 64,
8~81, 189-197, 194, 199, 207, 233
regional forces, 85-109, 24~260
waste management, 64, 66, 194, 199, 231
see also Air quality and pollution;
Climatology; Water systems and
pollution
Ethanol, 113, 114, 122, 123, 269
Europe
acid rain, 14, 98, 99, 10~101, 104, 176,
246 247, 25~252
coal, 176, 256
electricity generation, 57
environmental issues, 14, 97, 9~101,
102-105, 246-260
natural gas, 173-183, 256
nuclear power, 176, 186 188, 195, 269
oil demand, 8
railroad, high-speed, 273
see also specific colmtries
European Communities, 176, 235, 250,
254-255
Exploration for oil, prices and incentive
for, 50, 149-153, 157
Exports and imports; see Foreign trade
F
Federal action, see Government role
Federal Energy Regulator Commission,
241
Fertilizer, 67, 106
Finland, 187
Flooding, greenhouse effect, 83 84, 223,
227
289
Food sciences, 67
Ford Foundation, 23
Ford Motor Company, 124
Forecasts, see Projections
Foreign countries, see Developing
countries; Europe; International
perspectives; Middle East; specific
countries
Foreign trade
climatically dependent crops, 235
natural gas trade by Western Europe,
17~183 (passim)
nuclear facilities, 198
oil imports, 11, 45, 49, 50, 15~159, 198,
269; see also Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countnes
Formaldehyde, 129-130, 135
Fossil fuels, 8, 14
electrification and, 62-64
environmental issues, 36, 63~4, 102,
184, 207, 211, 227, 247
GNP and consumption, 24, 163
greenhouse effect, 63, 75-84 (passim),
184, 211, 266
see also Coal
France, 27, 28, 186, 187, 246, 269, 273
Friseh, J. R., 59~2
Futures trading, oil prices, 146-147
G
Gas, see Natural gas
Gasoline, 11~114
alternative fuels, 67, 68-69, 112-114,
122-138, 161, 234
coal/natural gas, conversion to, 269
corporate average fuel economy
standards, 11, 14, 32, 38, 48, 276
economies, as natural gas, 169
retail sector, 16~161, 169-170
unleaded, 118
Gas Research Institute, 2~29, 169
Gas turbines, 65, 171, 234
General Public Utilities, 190
Genetic engineering, 235
Geology
glaeiology, 78, 83 84
oil/natural gas, 149, 156-157
Geopolitics, 8, 70
air pollution, transbounda~y, 14, 98, 99,
10~101, 104, 106, 176, 211, 246-260
see also Europe
OCR for page 290
290
Germany, Federal Republic, 79, 235, 245,
247, 254
Gibbons, John H., 5, 9, 11, 12, 35-51
Glaciology, 78, 83-84
Global systems and effects
acid rain, 211, 212, 214
efficiency and, 26~267
electrification, 59 66, 68
environmental, 8, 63 66, 75-84, 101-109,
198, 205-206, 210-211
ozone depletion, 80, 101
ultraviolet absorption, 101
see also Climatology; Greenhouse effect;
Ozone, depletion
Government role, 2, 14-15, 32
energy efficiency, 35
litigation, 190 191, 246, 260
oil/natural gas lease sales, 153
state-level action, 117-118, 123, 136,
171-172
see also Legislation; Policy issues;
Regulation/deregulation; Standards
Graedel, Thomas E., 4-5, 8, 85-110
Graz Seminar on the Control of Sulfur
and Nitrogen Oxides from Stationary
Sources, 256
Greenhouse effect, 9-10, 75~4, 101-102
carbon dioxide and, 76-84 (passim), 94,
95, 102, 184, 207, 213, 214-216
fossil fuels, 63, 75~4 (passim), 184, 211,
266
international agreements, 79 80, 83, 211,
235
methane, 15, 231, 233
models, 7~
nitrogen oxides, 218
risk assessment, 224, 233
Gross National Product
electrification and, 54, 55~3, 239;
global, 59-63
energy and, 23-26, 39, 41, 45, 54, 55, 275
oil and gas consumption and, 163
Gulf of Mexico, 149, 159
H
Haagen-Smit, Arie J., 117
Hayek, Fredrick, 32
Health Effects Institute, 135
Heat, see Thermal conditions and effects
Heat pumps, 65, 68
Helm, John L., 1-17, 213-237
INDEX
Historical perspectives, 2-3, 1~11, 21-33
air quality, 100, 102, 104, 117-118, 214
auto fuels, 112-115
climate change, effects, 76, 217-218
electrical power, 23-30, 53-63
energy efficiency, 14-15, 35-43
environmental issues, general, 7-10,
2(~209
GNP and energy, 23-26, 39, 41, 45, 54,
55, 275
liquid fuels, 114-115
nuclear power, 19~191, see also
Chernobyl; Three Mile Island
oil/natural gas industry, 145-160
(passim), 174-175
ozone levels, Europe, 100
prices, 14
see also Projections
The Horseless Age, 112
Household appliances, 4~47, 49
air conditioners, 37, 65, 67 68
heat pumps, 65, 68
refrigerators, 3~37, 38, 67, 94
Hugo, Victor, 86
Human factom, 193-194, 267
see also Management; Social factors
Hungary, 187
Hurricanes, 82, 83
Hydrocarbons, 218
auto emission, 115, 117, 118, 123-126
(passim), 129, 130, 131, 134, 135
see also Natural gas; Petroleum and
petroleum products
Hydroelectricity, 24, 62
environmental factors, 62 63, 64
hydrogen fuel production, 235
Norway, 176
Hydrogen fuels, 14, 15, 17, 233, 234-235
electrochemical cells, 65 66
Imports and exports, see Foreign trade
Incrementalism, 2~30, 32-33
Independent power producers, 241-242
Industrial capacity and utilization
electric power, 240, 243
nuclear, 186 188, 207
oil refineries, 147-149, 159-160
Industrial plants and equipment
boiler fuel switchability, 162, 170
Calvert Cliffs nuclear plant, 19~191
OCR for page 291
INDEX
Chernobyl nuclear plant, 189-190, 195,
197, 206, 266
electrical transmission, 65, 240-241,
242-244
electrification and, 53-55, 67
electrochemical, 65~6
energy efficiency, 47
gas turbines, 65, 171, 234
nuclear, 186-188, 190, 192, 194, 195-196,
198
oil/gas industry, 149-151, 159-161,
166 167, 168, 178-179
pipelines, 178-180
power/fuel plants, 29-30, 192
Three Mile Island (TMI) nuclear plant,
190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 265
Information sciences, 68, 244
Infrastructure, see Industrial plants and
equipment
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineem, 243
Institute of Nuclear Power Operations,
193, 194, 195
Insurance, nuclear accident victims, 200
International Atomic Energy Agency,
18~189
International perspectives, 3031
agreements, policy criteria, 257-260
air pollution, transboundary, 14, 98, 99,
10~101, 104, 106, 176, 211, 246 260
greenhouse effect agreements, 79-80, 83,
211, 235
hydrogen fuel, Canada-Europe
agreement R&D, 235
nuclear power, 186-188, 195, 198
oil, foreign dependence, 6, 8-9, 55
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development, 23, 60, 79, 80,
250, 267, 269
ozone, agreements, 80, 101; Europe, 100,
101, 104
volatile organic compounds, agreements,
255
see also Developing countries; Europe;
Foreign trade; Global systems and
effects; Middle East; Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries;
specific counties
Investment, see Capital investment
Irrigation, 65
Israel, 8
291
J
Jacobi, HenIy, 276
Japan, 8, 28, 3~31, 186, 195, 209
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 33
K
Kellogg, William, 231
Keynes, Maynard, 32
Kieschnick, William F., 1-17
Korea, Republic of, 187, 195, 209
L
Labor unions, coal strike, 11
Lasem, 66-67
Law, see Legislation; Litigation;
Regulation/deregulation; Standards
Lead, 118, 120
Legislation
Atomic Energy Act, 192
Clean Air Act, 113
environmental, general, 117, 20~209
National Environmental Policy Act, 191
nuclear waste, 194
Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act
of 1978, 50
Price-Anderson Act, 200
Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act of
1978, 28, 241
see also Regulation/deregulation;
Standards
Liquefied natural gas, 15, 123, 178, 180,
182
Liquefied petroleum gas, 122
Liquid fuels, 41, 234
automobiles, 112-114, 122-136
see also Alcohol fuels; Diesel fuel;
Ethanol; Gasoline; Methanol
Litigation, 190-191, 246, 260
Lovelock, James, 86
Lovins, Amory, 23
M
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 276
Malone, Thomas F., 81~3
Malpas, Robert, 6, 8, 12, 16, 265-277
Management
gasoline, retail, 160
nuclear power, 193
OCR for page 292
292
Manufacturing, see Industrial plants and
equipment
Marine environments
Beaufort Sea, 149
greenhouse effect, 77, 78, 83~4, 211,
227
Gulf of Mexico, 149, 159
North Sea, 179
Norwegian Continental Shelf, 174, 176,
17~180
offshore energy sources, 148, 156, 174,
176, 17~180
Prudhoe Bay, 148, 156
Mathematical models
dimatologic, 82, 21~222
global electrification and GNP, 61, 62
oil/gas economics, 153-158
see also Computer simulations
McCormick, William T., Jr., 12, 15,
165-172
Mead, Margaret, 231
Metals, corrosion, 101, 103, 104
Methane, 102, 231, 234
as greenhouse gas, 15, 231, 233
see also Natural gas
Methanol, 15, 113, 123, 124-126, 129-130,
131-135, 137
Methyl tertiary butyl ether, 123
Metropolitan areas, see Urban areas
Mexico, 246
Middle East, 8, 50
see also Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries
Models, 13-14, 100
air pollution, 100, 122, 126-135, 247
greenhouse effect, 7~
systems theory, oil industry, 161-163
see also Computer simulations;
Mathematical models
Montreal Protocol on Substances That
Deplete the Ozone Layer, 80, 101
Motor vehicles, see Automobiles
N
National Academy of Engineering, 275
National Environmental Policy Act, 191
National Petroleum Council, 153, 157-158
National Research Council
Committee on Atmospheric Sciences,
81~3
INDEX
Committee on Electricity in Economic
Growth, 53, 55
Committee on Nuclear and Alternative
Energy Systems, 23, 36 38, 41, 224
Energy Engineering Board, 53
Natural gas
cofiring with coal, 17~}171, 176
compressed, 123, 124
economics, 153, 155, 16~171, 173-183
efficiency of end use, 169, 17~171, 176
electric generation technology, 65-66,
17~171, 176, 271
environmental factors, 15, 171-172, 233
Europe, 173-183, 256
gasoline, conversion to, 269
gas turbines, 65, 171, 234
liquefied, 15, 122, 123, 178, 180, 182
nitrogen oxides, 170-171
prices, 153, 166, 169-170, 184, 188
production, 147-149, 153, 155, 167-169
projected role, 28-29, 153, 165-172,
174-176
regulation, 171-172
reserves, 28-29, 62, 147-149, 16~168,
173, 174
safety, 171-172
Soviet Union, 173, 174, 176, 179
sulfur dioxide, 171
technological advances, 156-157
transportation, 168, 178-182, 183
The Netherlands, 122, 173, 195
New York, 122
New Zealand, 269
Nitrogen oxides, 272
auto emissions, 117, 118, 121, 123, 125,
126, 129, 130, 134
greenhouse effect, 218
natural gas and, 170-171
regional environment, 99, 100, 102, 246,
249, 251, 255, 256, 259-260
Nixon administration, 22
North American Electric Reliability
Council, 239, 243
North Sea, 179
Norway, 17~174, 176, 178-180, 247
Nuclear power, 16-17, 30, 62, 165
accidents, 189-190, 192, 194, 195, 197,
206, 256, 265
Calvert Clitts nuclear plant, 190-191
capacity, 18~188, 207
OCR for page 293
INDEX
Chernobyl nuclear plant, 189-190, 195,
197, 206, 266
economics and policy development, 14,
21, 22, 23, 27, 18~200
environmental issues, 6, 16, 32-33,
62~3, 64, 80 81, 189-197, 199, 207,
233
Europe, 176, 180188, 195, 269
exports of facilities, 198
history, 190 191
plant cooling systems, 65
regulation, 191, 192~195, 196-197
safety, 16, 32-33, 63, 81, 189-197, 199,
207, 276
social factors, 190, 192, 197-198, 199
Soviet Union, 62-63, 187, 189-190, 195,
197, 206, 266
technological innovation, 193, 194,
195-196, 197, 198, 245
Three Mile Island (TMI) nuclear plant,
190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 265
waste management, 194, 199
Nuclear reactom
advanced light water reactors, 195-196
liquid metal reactors, 196
modular high-temperature gas-cooled
reactors, 196
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 192,
193-195
Nuclear Utility Management and Human
Resources Council, 193
o
Oceans, see Marine environments
Offshore energy sources
Gulf of Mexico, 149, 159
North Sea, 179-180
Norwegian Continental Shelf, 174, 176,
178-180
Prudhoe Bay, 148, 156
Oil, see Petroleum and petroleum products
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development, 23, 60, 79, 80,
250, 267, 269
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries, 6, ~10, 11, 44, 188, 198
Our Common Future, 206
Ozone, depletion, 214
Europe, 100, 101, 104
Montreal Protocol, 80, 101
stratosphere, 94
2793
Ozone, formation
automobiles and, 117, 120, 121-123, 124,
125, 129-130, 134
urban areas, 99, 120
volatile organic compounds, 255
p
Paley Commission, 22
Pennsylvania
Three Mile Island (TMI) nuclear plant,
190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 265
urban air pollution, Philadelphia, 130
Pesticides, 66
Petroleum and petroleum products
automotive use, 116, see also Gasoline
economics, 145-163
exploration, 50, 149-153, 157
foreign trade, 11, 45, 49, 50, 15~159,
198, 269; see also Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries
investments, 153, 154-155, 160
liquefied petroleum gas, 122
prices, 2, 4, 8-11, 50, 145-147, 148-153,
155, 156-158, 160, 184, 188, 231
production, 147-153, 155, 15~160
projections, 153-156, 157
reserves, 49, 50, 147-149, 155, 156, 173
retail trade, 160
revenues, 151-153, 157
strategic petroleum reserve, 49, 50
sulfur, refineries, 159
synfuel, 30, 32
systems theory of, 161-163
Photovoltaics, see Solar energy
Pipelines, 17~181, 235
Planning, ~7, 13-14
incrementalism, 2~30, 32-33
national energy system, 1-17
see also Projections
Plasma chemistry and physics, 66 67
Policy issues, 1-17, 276
automobile emissions, 136
carbon dioxide pollution, 224, 227,
231-236
conservation, 22, 2S, 33
electrification, national, 26, 70
energy demand and, 39
greenhouse effect, 224, 227, 231-236
incrementalism, 20-30, 32-33
international agreements, 257-260
OCR for page 294
294
natural gas, Europe, 176
nuclear power, 22, 184 200
Politics
carbon dioxide pollution, 223-224
greenhouse effect, 223, 234-235
nuclear power, 190, 192, 197-198, 199
see also Geopolitics
Pollution, see Environment and pollution
Population factors, 6, 21, 4506
air quality and, 98
climate and, 65, 67 68, 76, 79-80
electrification, 59, 60, 61, 65, 67-68, 69
see also Urban areas
Poro v. Lorraine Basm Coaknmes, 246
Potential Gas Committee, 166
Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act
of 1978, 50
Price-Anderson Act, 200
Prices, 2-3, 6
efficiency and, 14, 3~38, 50, 231, 268
elasticity, 3 - , 39
electricity, 242~243
energy demand, 39
exploration incentive and, 50
GNP and, 41
hydrogen fuel, 234
natural gas, 153, 166, 169-170, 184, 188
oil, 2, 4, 8-11, 50, 145-147, 148-153,
155, 15~158, 160, 184, 188, 231
Privatization, 176, 269
Production and productivity
agricultural, 77
electricity and, 23-26, 53, 239
natural gas, 147-149, 153, 155, 167-169
oil and gas, 147-149, 153, 155, 270
see also Industrial capacity and
utilization; Supply/demand
Project Independence, 26
Projections, ~3, 26, 2~30, 32
air pollution, methodology, 86-108
climate, 9, 75-78, 82, 218-224
economic evaluations, 276
electric power, 52, 59-60, 61, 6~70,
206 207, 23~239
energy efficiency, 35-36, 43-51, 27~274
environment and development, 205-207
Japan growth, 34}31
natural gas, 28-29, 153, 165-172,
17~176
oil industry economics, 15~156, 157
supply/demand, 8, 21-23, 30 31
INDEX
see also Planning
Prudhoe Bay, 148, 156
Public health, see Safety
Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act of
1978, 28, 241
Putnam, P., 21-22
Q
Qualified generating facilities, 242
R
Railroads, 10? 68, 233-234, 273
Ray, Dixie Lee, 22
Refractory materials, 65
Refrigerators, 36 37, 38, 67, 92
Regional approaches
acid rain, 106, 246, 250-252
air pollution, transbounda~y, 14, 99,
100-101, 104, 106, 176, 211, 246-260
climatic response, 219
electrification, 60, 65
environmental, 85-109, 109, 246-260
greenhouse gases, 81
nitrogen oxides, 99, 100, 102, 246, 249,
251, 255, 256, 259-260
sulfur dioxide, 99, 101, 106, 260
Regulation/deregulation, 2
electric power, 241-243
emission controls, 117-119
natural gas, 50, 166, 171-172
nuclear industry, 191, 192-195, 196-197
public utilities, 28, 50
see also Environmental Protection
Agency; Standards
Research and development, see
Technological innovation
Retail trade
gasoline, 160 161
natural gas as gasoline, 169-170
Risk assessment
carbon dioxide pollution, 224, 233
energy generation, 224, 225-226, 22~230
Ruckelshaus, William D., 5, 8, 11-12,
205-212
S
Safety
electric transmission, 243
natural gas, 171-172
OCR for page 295
INDEX
nuclear power, 16, 32-33, 63, 81,
189-197, 199, 207, 276
see also Accidents and catastrophes
Sand, Peter H., 5, 246-264
Scandinavia, 176, 18~181
see also Denmark; Finland; Norway;
Sweden
Schelling, Thomas C., 4, 9, 75~4
Schneider, Stephen H., 213-237
Seismic imaging, 149
Shell Oil Company, 14~147
Shiller, John W., 5, 111-142
Ships and shipping, liquefied natural gas,
180, 182
Smog, 98, 99, 100, 104, 117-118, 122, 130
Social factors, 5-6, 9, 268 269, 275
carbon dioxide pollution, 223-224
climate change, 65, 67-68, 219, 223-224
demand, 7-8, 27
electrification, 60, 67-69, 70
labor unions, 11
natural gas, 171-172
nuclear power, 190, 192, 197-198, 199
see also Consumers; Politics; Population
factors; Safety
Soil sciences, 106 107
Solar energy, 30, 64, 185, 245
South Africa, 269
South African Coal, Oil, and Gas
Corporation, 30
Southern California Edison, 185
Soviet Union
air pollution, transboundaIy, 247
Chernobyl, 189-190, 195, 197, 206, 266
electrification, 58, 60,
greenhouse gas control, 79
hydroelectric power, 62-63
natural gas, 173, 174, 176, 179
nuclear power, 62-63, 187, 195
Standards
air pollution, international, 253, 258,
259-260
air quality, autos, 113, 12~122, 123,
134-135, 139
building energy efficiency, 26
corporate average fuel economy
295
European emission data, 247
Statutes, see Legislation
Strategic petroleum reserve (SPR), 49, 50
Stratospheric ozone, 94
see also Ozone, depletion
State-level action
auto emissions, 117-118, 123, 136
natural gas regulation, 171-172
see also specific states
State of Georgia v. Tennessee Cooper
Company and Ducktown SulpAtlr;
Copper and Iran Company, Lt~, 260
Sulfur dioxide, 165, 189, 218, 272
coal, 165
desulfur~ation, oil refineries, 159
Europe, transboundaIy pollution, 246,
247, 248, 254, 255-257, 259
natural gas, 171
regional pollution, 99, 101, 106, 260
see also Acid rain
Supercomputers, 130 131
Supp~/demand, 2-7, 11-12, 2~27
efficiency and, 50, 273-274
electricity, 238 240
GNP and, 23-26, 39, 41, 45, 61
investment and, 6
natural gas, Europe, 173-183
oil, Europe, 8
projections, 8, 21-23, 30 31
technology and, 11
see also Conservation; Consumption;
Efficiency; Energy reserves;
Production and productivity
Sweden, 176, 254
Switzerland, 247
Synergism, 17
Synfuel, 30, 32
Systems theory
oil industry, 161-163
see also Global systems and effects;
Planning
T
standards, 11, 14, 32, 38, 48, 276
nuclear power, 193, 195-196
Starr, Chauncey, 7, 12, 52-71, 238
Statistical programs and activities
EPA air pollution data, 119-121, 122-123
Taiwan, 187, 195, 209
Tankers, liquefied natural gas, 180, 182
lynxes
greenhouse erect, 235
oil industry windfalls, 151, 163
prices and, 14
OCR for page 296
296
Technological innovation, 3, 7-8, 12-13,
17, 33, 267-269
biotechnology and plant genetics, 235,
275
catalytic converters, 118, 123, 258
climate manipulation, 82~3
cofiring generating plants, 17~171, 176
efficiency, 35, 39, 43
electric power, 5~55, 61, 66 69, 70, 239,
24~245
fluidized bed combustion, 185
gasoline, retail sector, 160
gas turbines, 65, 171, 234
greenhouse gases, 81
information sciences, 68, 244
natural gas, 156-157
nuclear power, 193, 194, 195-196, 197,
198, 245
oil and natural gas, 149, 156-157, 158,
168, 169, 170, 180, 182
solar energy, 30, 64, 185, 245
supply/demand and, 11
tankers, 180, 182
see also Alternative energy sources
Television, 69
Texas, 121-122
Thermal conditions and effects, water
pollution, 65
see also Greenhouse erect
Three Mile Island (TMI), 190, 192, 194,
195, 196, 197, 265
Trail Smelter; 246
Transition metals, 94
Transportation
aircraft, 235
greenhouse effect and infrastructure,
233-234
hydrogen fuel for public transportation,
235
natural gas, 169, 17~182, 183
pipelines, 17~181, 235
railroads, 10, 68, 233-234, 273
tankers, liquefied natural gas, 180, 182
see also Automobiles
1~11 Field, 179
Tropospheric ozone, 102, 121, 255
U
United Kingdom, 176, 180, 254, 273
United Nations, 60, 251, 253, 258, 259
Urban areas, 68, 69, 118
INDEX
air pollution, 95, 9~99, 109, 111-140,
184, 207
greenhouse erects, 76, 81, 233, 234
transportation, 234-235
U.S.S.R., see Soviet Union
V
Volatile organic compounds, 255
W
War
Arab-Israeli War of 1967, 8
World War I, 10, 11
World War II, 32
Waste management, 66
coal ashr 64
landfill methane releases, 231
nuclear, 194, 199
Water systems and pollution
electric plant cooling, 65
greenhouse effect, 223
see also Acid rain; Hydroelectricity;
Marine environments
Weinberg, Alvin M., 3 - , 21-34
White, Robert M., 69
Wood fuel, 207
World Association of Nuclear Operators,
195
World Bank, 60
World Commission on Environment and
Development, 205-207, 209, 211-212
World Energy Conference, 31, 59~2
Representative terms from entire chapter:
greenhouse effect
