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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Feasibility of Using In-Vehicle Video Data to Explore How to Modify Driver Behavior That Causes Nonrecurring Congestion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14509.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Feasibility of Using In-Vehicle Video Data to Explore How to Modify Driver Behavior That Causes Nonrecurring Congestion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14509.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Feasibility of Using In-Vehicle Video Data to Explore How to Modify Driver Behavior That Causes Nonrecurring Congestion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14509.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Feasibility of Using In-Vehicle Video Data to Explore How to Modify Driver Behavior That Causes Nonrecurring Congestion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14509.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Feasibility of Using In-Vehicle Video Data to Explore How to Modify Driver Behavior That Causes Nonrecurring Congestion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14509.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Feasibility of Using In-Vehicle Video Data to Explore How to Modify Driver Behavior That Causes Nonrecurring Congestion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14509.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Feasibility of Using In-Vehicle Video Data to Explore How to Modify Driver Behavior That Causes Nonrecurring Congestion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14509.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Feasibility of Using In-Vehicle Video Data to Explore How to Modify Driver Behavior That Causes Nonrecurring Congestion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14509.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

T R A N S P O R T A T I O N R E S E A R C H B O A R D WASHINGTON, D.C. 2011 www.TRB.org The Second S T R A T E G I C H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M Report S2-L10-RR-01 Feasibility of Using In-Vehicle Video Data to Explore How to Modify Driver Behavior That Causes Nonrecurring Congestion H. RAKHA, J. DU, S. PARK, F. GUO, Z. DOERZAPH, AND D. VIITA Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Blacksburg, Virginia G. GOLEMBIEWSKI, B. KATZ, N. KEHOE, AND H. RIGDON Science Applications International Corporation McLean, Virginia

Subscriber Categories Data and Information Technology Highways Operations and Traffic Management Safety and Human Factors

The Second Strategic Highway Research Program America’s highway system is critical to meeting the mobility and economic needs of local communities, regions, and the nation. Developments in research and technology—such as advanced materials, communications technology, new data collection technologies, and human factors science—offer a new opportunity to improve the safety and reliability of this important national resource. Breakthrough resolution of sig- nificant transportation problems, however, requires concen- trated resources over a short time frame. Reflecting this need, the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) has an intense, large-scale focus, integrates multiple fields of re- search and technology, and is fundamentally different from the broad, mission-oriented, discipline-based research pro- grams that have been the mainstay of the highway research in- dustry for half a century. The need for SHRP 2 was identified in TRB Special Report 260: Strategic Highway Research: Saving Lives, Reducing Congestion, Improving Quality of Life, published in 2001 and based on a study sponsored by Congress through the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21). SHRP 2, modeled after the first Strategic Highway Research Program, is a focused, time- constrained, management-driven program designed to comple- ment existing highway research programs. SHRP 2 focuses on applied research in four areas: Safety, to prevent or reduce the severity of highway crashes by understanding driver behavior; Renewal, to address the aging infrastructure through rapid de- sign and construction methods that cause minimal disruptions and produce lasting facilities; Reliability, to reduce congestion through incident reduction, management, response, and mitiga- tion; and Capacity, to integrate mobility, economic, environ- mental, and community needs in the planning and designing of new transportation capacity. SHRP 2 was authorized in August 2005 as part of the Safe, Ac- countable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). The program is managed by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) on behalf of the National Research Council (NRC). SHRP 2 is conducted under a memo- randum of understanding among the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and the National Academy of Sciences, parent organization of TRB and NRC. The program provides for competitive, merit-based selection of research contractors; independent research project oversight; and dissemination of research results. SHRP 2 Report S2-L10-RR-1 ISBN: 978-0-309-12898-8 LOCCN: 2011932569 © 2011 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Copyright Information Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copy- right to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. The second Strategic Highway Research Program grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permis- sion is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, or FHWA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing material in this document for educational and not-for-profit purposes will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from SHRP 2. Note: SHRP 2 report numbers convey the program, focus area, project number, and publication format. Report numbers ending in “w” are published as web documents only. Notice The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the second Strategic Highway Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical committee and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the second Strategic Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. SHRP 2 Reports Available by subscription and through the TRB online bookstore: www.TRB.org/bookstore Contact the TRB Business Office: 202-334-3213 More information about SHRP 2: www.TRB.org/SHRP2

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve- ments of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisci- plinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transporta- tion, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

SHRP 2 STAFF Neil F. Hawks, Director Ann M. Brach, Deputy Director Kizzy Anderson, Senior Program Assistant, Implementation Stephen Andrle, Chief Program Officer, Capacity James Bryant, Senior Program Officer, Renewal Mark Bush, Senior Program Officer, Renewal Kenneth Campbell, Chief Program Officer, Safety JoAnn Coleman, Senior Program Assistant, Capacity Eduardo Cusicanqui, Finance Officer Walter Diewald, Senior Program Officer, Safety Jerry DiMaggio, Implementation Coordinator Charles Fay, Senior Program Officer, Safety Carol Ford, Senior Program Assistant, Safety Elizabeth Forney, Assistant Editor Jo Allen Gause, Senior Program Officer, Capacity Abdelmename Hedhli, Visiting Professional Ralph Hessian, Visiting Professional Andy Horosko, Special Consultant, Safety Field Data Collection William Hyman, Senior Program Officer, Reliability Linda Mason, Communications Officer Michael Miller, Senior Program Assistant, Reliability Gummada Murthy, Senior Program Officer, Reliability David Plazak, Senior Program Officer, Capacity and Reliability Monica Starnes, Senior Program Officer, Renewal Noreen Stevenson-Fenwick, Senior Program Assistant, Renewal Charles Taylor, Special Consultant, Renewal Dean Trackman, Managing Editor Hans van Saan, Visiting Professional Pat Williams, Administrative Assistant Connie Woldu, Administrative Coordinator Patrick Zelinski, Communications Specialist ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the American Associ- ation of State Highway and Transportation Officials. It was conducted in the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. The project was managed by Ralph Hessian, Visiting Professional for SHRP 2 Reliability. Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) is the primary contractor for this study and is supported by subcontracts through Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). Dr. Hesham A. Rakha, Direc- tor of the Center for Sustainable Mobility (CSM) at VTTI, is the Principal Investigator for this study. The other authors of this report are Dr. Jianhe Du, Senior Research Associate, CSM; Dr. Sangjun Park, Research Associ- ate, CSM; Dr. Feng Guo, Assistant Professor, Statistics Department, Virginia Tech; Dr. Zachary Doerzaph, Senior Research Associate, Center for Vehicle-Infrastructure Safety (CVIS) at VTTI; Derek Viita, Research Associate, CVIS; and Ahmed Amer, Hao Chen, and Ismail Zohdy, graduate student assistants at VTTI. Authors from SAIC are Gary Golembiewski, Research Psychologist; Dr. Bryan Katz, Senior Transportation Engineer; Nicholas Kehoe, Research Engineer; and Heather Rigdon, Research Psychologist.

F O R E W O R D William Hyman, SHRP 2 Senior Program Officer, Reliability This research report—a product of the Reliability focus area of the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2)—presents findings on the feasibility of using existing in-vehicle data sets, collected in naturalistic driving settings, to make inferences about the relationship between observed driver behavior and nonrecurring congestion. General guidance is provided on the protocols and procedures for conducting video data reduction analysis. In addition, the report includes technical guidance on the features, technologies, and complementary data sets that researchers should consider when designing future instrumented in-vehicle data collec- tion studies. Finally, a new modeling approach is advanced for travel time reliability perfor- mance measurement across a variety of traffic congestion conditions. Traffic congestion continues to grow on the nation’s highways, increasing the concerns of transportation agencies, the business community, and the general public. Congestion includes recurring and nonrecurring components. Recurring congestion reflects routine day-to-day delays during specific time periods where traffic demand exceeds available roadway capacity. Road users come to expect these daily traffic patterns, and they adjust their travel plans accord- ingly to achieve timely arrivals. Nonrecurring congestion results from random incidents, such as crashes, weather, and work zones, that cause unexpected extra delays. Road users are frus- trated by these unexpected delays, which can make for unreliable arrival times at their desti- nations. The SHRP 2 Reliability research objective focuses on reducing nonrecurring congestion through incident reduction, management, response, and mitigation. Achieving this objective will improve travel time reliability for both people and freight. Human factors contribute to traffic operating conditions and safety performance on pub- lic roads. This research seeks to better understand how driver behavior influences the primary causes of nonrecurring congestion and to identify countermeasures to modify these behaviors. The research team identified domestic and international candidate studies on driver behavior conducted in recent years that captured video driver behavior data sets and other supplemen- tary data. Evaluation criteria were established to determine the key dimensions of feasibility for selecting the best candidate studies to investigate in detail. The research results provide the foundation for recommendations on the feasibility of using existing data sets for this research purpose; general guidance on the proper protocols, procedures, and facilities to conduct video data reduction; and technical guidance on fea- tures, technologies, and complementary data—all of which should be considered in design- ing future in-vehicle video data collection studies to explicitly examine driver behavior and the impacts on nonrecurring congestion.

C O N T E N T S 1 Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Findings 3 Conclusions 3 Limitations of Existing Data Sets 4 Recommendations 6 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 7 Reference 8 CHAPTER 2 Existing Studies Using In-Vehicle Video Cameras 8 Project 1: Sleeper Berth 8 Project 2: Automotive Collision Avoidance System Field Operational Test 9 Project 3: Quality of Behavioral and Environmental Indicators Used to Infer the Intention to Change Lanes 10 Project 4: Lane Change Field Operational Study 10 Project 5: Road Departure Crash Warning System Field Operational Test 10 Project 6: The 100-Car Study 10 Project 7: Drowsy Driver Warning System Field Operational Test 11 Project 8: Naturalistic Truck Driving Study 11 Project 9: Naturalistic Driving Performance During Secondary Tasks 11 Project 10: Effect of In-Vehicle Video and Performance Feedback on Teen Driving Behavior 12 Project 11: Naturalistic Teen Driving Study 12 Project 12: Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System for Violations Infrastructure 12 Project 13: Pilot Study to Test Multiple Medication Usage and Driving Functioning 12 Project 14: Older Driver Field Operational Test 13 Project 15: Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System for Violations Pilot Field Operational Test 13 Project 16: Volvo Driving Behavior Field Operational Test 13 Concluding Remarks 13 References 15 CHAPTER 3 Dimensions of Data Feasibility 15 Quality of Vehicle Data 17 Quality of External Data 20 Evaluation of Candidate Data Sets

26 CHAPTER 4 Develop a Methodology for Analyzing Data 26 Data Storage and Computation Requirements 28 Data Reduction and Crash and Near-Crash Detection 41 References 42 CHAPTER 5 General Guidelines for Video Data Analysis 43 General Guidelines for Video Data Reduction 45 References 46 CHAPTER 6 Measuring Travel Time Reliability 46 Literature Review 49 Proposed Modeling Methodology 54 Conclusions and Discussion 54 References 56 CHAPTER 7 Potential Problems and Issues in Data Reduction 56 Overall Data Collection 57 Kinematic Data 59 Video Data 60 Reduced Data 62 Other Data Sources 63 References 64 CHAPTER 8 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Data Collection Efforts 64 Contributing Factors and Correctable Driver Behaviors 67 Countermeasures 74 Conclusions 74 Recommendations and Discussion 78 References 79 Appendix A. Project 2 Data Dictionary 87 Appendix B. Project 5 Data Dictionary 94 Appendix C. Project 7 and Project 8 Event Data Dictionary 123 Appendix D. Project 7 and Project 8 Environmental Data Dictionary Color versions of the figures and tables in this report are available online: www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/165281.aspx.

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TRB’s second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-L10-RR-1: Feasibility of Using In-Vehicle Video Data to Explore How to Modify Driver Behavior That Causes Nonrecurring Congestion presents findings on the feasibility of using existing in-vehicle data sets, collected in naturalistic driving settings, to make inferences about the relationship between observed driver behavior and nonrecurring congestion.

The report, a product of the SHRP 2 Reliability focus area, includes guidance on the protocols and procedures for conducting video data reduction analysis.

In addition, the report includes technical guidance on the features, technologies, and complementary data sets that researchers can consider when designing future instrumented in-vehicle data collection studies.

The report also highlights a new modeling approach for travel time reliability performance measurement across a variety of traffic congestion conditions.

An e-book version of this report is available for purchase at Google, Amazon, and iTunes.

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