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Science and Technology in the Academic Enterprise: Status, Trends, and Issues (1989)
Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable (GUIRR)

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ACADEMIC R&D EXPENDITURES 2-21

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Academic R&D: Character of Research Academic R&D expenditures increased steeply through the 1960s, from $2 billion (1988 dollars) in 1958 to $7 billion by 1968; they remained roughly level for a decade, then increased rapidly to $13 billion in 1988. The nature of academic research has shifted sharply since the early 1950s: Basic research increased from 45 percent of total academic R&D expenditures in 1953 to almost 80 percent in 1964; since the mid-1970s, however, it has fluctuated near 70 percent. Figure 2-23: Academic R&D Expenditures by Type of R&D 14~ 12t 10t at at 2 S1988 Billions /:12 r rT'r1 ~ row J arm Fiji' rim ~ ·e~!n ~^ Or marl ~ V I Berm T ATE I truth I ~ · 54 PI I 11'~ . ~ ~ ~/~ . ~ T ~ 8 ~4 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 =3 Basic Research ~3 Applied Research EN Development 14 10~ Flours 2-24: Dtstrlb~nlon of Academic R&D Expenditures by Type of R&D Percent 60% 40Z: 20X 100% 80 ~60 ~ 40x ~ 20% :~'^~f~r'~r'~'r~r' ~ l 0X 07. 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1~3 Basic Research ~ Applied Research ~ Development NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Academic R&D expenditures include current fund expenditures within higher education institutions for all research and development activities that are separately budgeted and accounted for. This includes both sponsored research activities (sponsored by federal and non-federal agencies and organizations) and university research separateq budgeted under an internal application of institutional funds; but excludes training, public service, demonstration projects, departmental research not separately budgeted and FFRDCs. Basic Research is a systematic study where the primary aim of the investigator is directed toward fuller knowledge or understanding of the subject under study, rather than a practical or commercial application thereof. Applied Research is the systematic study where the primary aim of the investigator is directed toward gaining knowledge or understanding necessary for determining the means by which a recognized and specific need or commercial objective may be met. Development is the systematic use of the knowledge or understanding gained from research, directed toward the production of useful materials, devices, systems, or methods, including design and development of prototypes and processes. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges. 2-22

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Academic R&D: Science and Engineering FieIds As a share of total academic R&D expenditures, the life sciences have increased from just over 40 percent in the late l950s to about 55 percent by the mid-1970s. They have remained at 1970s levels throughout the 1980s. Conversely, the share of the physical sciences has declined from 20 percent in the l950s to just above 10 percent by the mid-1970s, where it has remained. The ana olnerC&~5It~s~Eill~eg~ ~d~V]~l'c~f~fi~tni~f~u~o7 n~rr~nt in thP la t~ ' c~n~ t~hare o~ ~ne the 1960s; during the 1980s, it returned to below 10 percent of the total. 14 percent durin ~ademic R&D Expenditures and Engineering Field $1 988 Billions . 168 1 973 1978 1983 1988 Figure 2-26: Distrib~nion of Academic R&D Expenditures by Sclence and Engineerlng Fleld 80~: 607 4 O IlllIllllIlIlllIlIllIlellIlIleel I I I I I I I I I I I, Irl I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ I I I I Ir I I I T T ITT I I TTT] T I ~ I I)TTTtt~TTTTI T IT r I I I I I I I I ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ I I I I ~ I I I ~. ~7~ ~1 ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 1 '~ ~ 40% 20% 0% 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 3 Physlcol ~ Engin~ring [=l Llfe E~ ~hraicol 1= Er~gin~ring e 64ath/Comp @: Soelal/Other O Environment ~ ~oth/Comp ~ Social/Ot~er ; 100% J80% t111111111111111111~1~ 60% ~- ~ ~ ~TTT1T) rT~ . r I I r~ I ~ ~ ~ ~; ]40% ~/A 20 _ ~/X 0x 1 988 :hin the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. F~nancial data are expressed in 1988 ect real long-term grc~wth trends. MS: Academic R&D expenditures include current-fund expenditures within higher education institutions :velopment activities that are separate~ budgeted and accounted for. This includes both sponsored nsored by federal and non-federal agencies and organizations) and university research separately ernal application of institutional funds; but excludes training, public service, demonstration projects, not separately budgeted, and PEKDCs. Life sciences include agricultural, biological, medical, and other ~I sciences include astronomy, chemistry, and physics. En~pneenng includes aeronautical and astronautical, ~1, and mechanical engineering. Environment includes oceanography, atmospheric, and earth sciences. science includes all fields of mathematics and computer-related sciences. Social/Other include economics, ~logy, and sociology. :ience Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data e estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. {ational Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Su~vey of Scientific and Engineering rsitids and Colleges. 2-23 Fl~ure 2-25: A by Sclenc. ,4~ 12t ~O _ 8 _ 6 _ ~ _ o 1958 1 963 ~ ut. O Environment NOTE: Data series constant dollars to rel DEFINITION OF TEF for all research and d research activities (sp' budgeted under an in departmental research health sciences. Physic chemical, civil, electric Mathematics/Compute~ political science, p~ch SOURCE: National S within this database a Primary data source: Expenditures at Univ~

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Academic R&D: Source of Funding The federal government's share of support for academic R&D increased from 55 percent in 1958 to more than 70 percent during the 1960s; from there it has gradually declined to its present level of 60 percent. The share contributed directly by the academic institutions themselves has increased from a little over 5 percent in the late 1950s to just under 20 percent in the late l980s. Figure 2-27: Academic R&D Expenditures by Source . 12 _ . _ 10 _ ~7 4 2 14 2 In i._ ~8 ~4 ~2 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 ~ Federal ~ Sta1~/Local ~ Ir~dustry E=l Own Funds l~ Other Flqure 2~28: Dlstrlbutlon of Academic R&D Expenditures by Source Ron 6070: 40~: 20~: 0% . ~ 958 1 963 ~ 00 and 60% ~40X By And. :~ on 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 E=l Federol Al St - /Local ~ Ir~du~ry E=1 Own Funds ~9 O - r NOTE: Data series within the figures are not Overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-te'~ growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Academic R&D expenditures include current-fund expenditures within higher education institutions for all research and development activities that are separated budgeted and accounted for. This includes both sponsored research activities (sponsored by federal and non-federal agencies and organizations) and university research separated budgeted under an internal application of institutional funds; but excludes training, public service, demonstration projects, departmental research not separated budgeted, and tiKDCS. Federal funds include grants and contracts for academic R&D (including direct and reimbursed indirect costs) by agencies of the federal government. State/Local funds include funds for academic R&D from state, county, municipal, or other local governments and their agencies, including funds for R&D at agricultural and other experiment stations. Indusoy funds includes all grants and contracts for academic R&D from profit- making organizations, whether engaged in production, distribution, research, service, or other activities. Ohm Functs include institutional funds for separated budgeted research and development, cost-sharing, and under-recove~y of indirect costs; they are derived from (1) general purpose state or local government appropriations, (2) general purpose grants from industry, foundations, and other outside sources, (3) tuition and fees, and (4) endowment income. Other sources include grants for academic R&D from non-profit foundations and voluntary health agencies, as well as individual gifts that are restricted by the donor to research. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Sunrey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges. 2-24

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Academic R&D: Type of Institutions For the past two decades, doctoral institutions have maintained a 90-percent share of all academic R&D expenditures. In 198S, doctoral institution R&D expenditures totalled $11.5 billion. Figure 2-29: Academic R&D Expenditures by InstRutlon Type S1 988 Billions 14 12 _ 10 _ 8 _ 6 _ _ 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1~3 Doctoral ~ Others At 12 ~ _. ~ 10 4 2 _ 1983 1 988 14100% 80 ant no-) 20%) O0%. 1 958 Figure 2-30: Dtstrlb~nlon of Academic R&D Expenditures by Institutlon Type · ~ ~v' ~ ~ ~ Do% 80 ~60% |40x /~ 20% 0% 1963 1968 1973 19781983 1988 1~3 Doctoral ~1 Others NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Academic R&D expenditures include current-fund expenditures within higher education institutions for all research and development activities that are separately budgeted and accounted for. This includes both sponsored research activities (sponsored by federal and non-federal agencies and organizations) and university research separately budgeted under an internal application of institutional funds; but excludes training, public service, demonstration projects, departmental research not separately budgeted, and [PRDCs. Doctoral institutions are higher education institutions that have granted an average of 10 or more Ph.D. degrees per year in the natural sciences or engineering over the past two decades; they include 116 public and 69 private institutions. Other includes comprehensive institutions that grant at least half of their degrees for courses of study that normally require 4 or more years to complete, and 2-year institutions that award primarily 2- year associate or technician degrees. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges. 2-25

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Sources of R&D Funding: Private Doctoral Institutions Private doctoral institution R&D expenditures increased from $750 thousand (1988 dollars) in 1958 to $2.5 billion in 1968. After remaining roughly level during the 1970s they climbed to nearly $4 billion by 1988. The federal share of support increased from 66 percent in 1958 to over 80 percent during the 1960s; since then it has gradually declined to its 1988 level of 73 percent. The share contributed directly by the institutions has increased from 3 percent in the late 1950s to nearly 10 percent in the late 1980s. Figure 2~31: Private Doctoral Institution R&D Expenditures by Source of Funds 3 2 1958 1963 1968 19731978 1983 1988 Federal ~ Stote/Locolit Industry Own Funds ~ Other Figure 2-32: Distrlb~nlon of Private Doctoral Institution R&D Expenditures by Source of Funds 607.: 40% 20% 0 ~T ~, , , _._ 958 ~ 963 ~ 968 ~ 973 ~ 978 ~ 983 ~ 988 ~ Federal i 51ate/Local E8l Industry =1 Own Funds 1= O'er 80' :605: 20X g0% NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Private doctoral institutions are institutions that have granted an average of 10 or more Ph.D. degrees per year in the natural sciences or engineering over the past two decades, and are under the control of--or affiliated with-non-profit, independent organizations with or without religious affiliation; they include 69 institutions. R&D expenditures include current-fund expenditures within doctoral institutions for all research and development activities that are separated budgeted and accounted for; excluding departmental research not separately budgeted and FFRDCs. Federal funds include grants and contracts for R&D (including direct and reimbursed indirect costs) by agencies of the federal government, excluding funds for FFRDCs. StaJe/Local funds include funds for R&D from state, county, municipal, or other local governments and their agencies, including funds for R&D at agricultural and other experiment stations. Industry funds include all grants and contracts for R&D from profit-making organizations, whether engaged in production, distribution, research, service, or other activities. Own Funds include institutional funds for separately budgeted research and development, cost-sharing, and under- recovery of indirect costs. They are derived from (1) general purpose state or local government appropriations, (2) general purpose grants from industry, foundations, or other outside sources, (3) tuition and fees, and (4) endowment income. Other sources include grants for R&D from non-profit foundations and voluntary health agencies, as well as individual gifts that are restricted by the donor to research. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges. 2-26

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Sources of R&D Funding: Public Doctoral Institutions Public doctoral institution R&D expenditures increased through the 1960s from over S1 billion (1988 dollars) in 1958 to $4 billion in 1968. After remaining roughly level during the 1970s, they have climbed to more than $7.5 billion by 1988. The federal government's share of support increased from 48 percent in 1958 to 68 percent in 1968, then gradually declined to its 1988 level of 53 percent. The share contributed directly by the institutions has increased from 10 percent in the late 1950s to over 20 percent in the late 1980s. Figure 2-33: Public Doctoral Institution R&D Expenditures by Source of Funds S1988 Billions 6 ~ u 1958 1963 1968 t 9731978 1983 1988 lo Federal O State/LocalEEII Industry Al own Funds EN Other Figure 2-34: Dlstrlbutlon of Pubilc Doctoral Instit~dlon R&D Expenditures by Source of Funds So% 60% _ And .. 20% 0z 1958 1 963 1 one t ~ C C ~ C try _ 60 fd0% ~ 20% ,<- 0% 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 EN Federal O S1ate/Local E[31 Industry Al Own Funds EN Other NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Public doctoral institutions are institutions that have granted an average of 10 or more Ph.D. degrees per year in the natural sciences or engineering over the past two decades, and are under the control offer affiliated with--federal, state, local, state and local, or state-related agencies; they include 116 institutions. R&D Expenditures include current-fund expenditures within doctoral institutions for all research and development activities that are separately budgeted and accounted for; excluding departmental research not separately budgeted and [rKDCs. Federal funds include grants and contracts for R&D (including direct and reimbursed indirect costs) by agencies of the federal government, excluding funds for tiKDCs. State/Local funds include funds for R&D from state, county, municipal, or other local governments and their agencies, including funds for R&D at agricultural and other experiment stations. IndlLsoy funds include all grants and contracts for R&D from profit-making organizations, whether engaged in production, distribution, research, service, or other activities. Own Funds include institutional funds for separately budgeted research and development, cost-sharing, and under-recovery of indirect costs. They are derived from (1) general purpose state or local government appropriations, (2) general purpose grants from industry, foundations, or other outside sources, (3) tuition and fees, and (4) endowment income. Other sources include grants for R&D from non-profit foundations and voluntary health agencies, as well as individual gifts that are restricted by the donor to research. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Polipy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Sunrey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges. 2-27

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Academic S&E Facilities: Research and Instruction Annual expenditures for academic research facilities increased from an estimated $0.3 billion (1988 dollars) in 1958 to about $1 billion in 1968, declined through the 1970s, then increased to more than $1 billion in the late 1980s. The share of academic science and engineering facilities expenditures for research purposes is estimated to have risen to 60 percent by the late 1980s. Figure 2~35: Academic Expenditures for Sclence and Engineerlng Facilltles by Purpose 3 ~ 2 O ~ 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 ~3 Research ~ Instruction Flgure 2~36: Dletrib~dlon of Academic Expenditures for Sclence and Engineerlng Facilltles by Purpose $1988 Blilions 10070 807. 40% 20Z; 0~: 1 00% 8070 Ant 407. 20% 1958 1963 1968 ~- 0% 1973 1978 19831988 ~3 Research ~ Instructlon NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Academic science and engineering facilities expenditures include estimated capital expenditures for research and instructional facilities including Fred or built-in equipment; some movable equipment and movable furnishings, such as desks; and facilities constructed to house scientific apparatus. Expenditure shares attributed to Research and Instruction purposes are estimates based on undergraduate and graduate enrollment data, as well as data on faculty positions assigned to teaching and research. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges; U.S. Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Survey (HEGIS): Fall Enrollment in Institution of Higher Education. 2-28

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Academic S&E Facilities: Source of- Funding Annual capital expenditures for academic science and engineering facilities (for both research and instruction) increased-sharply from $1.3 billion (1988 dollars) in 1958 to $3.5 billion in 1968, declined sharply to $1 billion in 1979, then rose to $2 billion in 1988. The federal share of these funds increased from 27 percent in 1958 to 32 percent in the 1960s, then declined to its present level of 1 1 percent. Figure 2~37: Expenditures for Academic Sclence and EngIneerlng Facilities by Source of Funds S 1 988 9111i ~ _ 2 _ O ~ one 4 1 007. 80701 60~; 40% 20X ~ 0% 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 ~3 Federal ~ Other Figure 2-38: Distrlbutlon of Expenditures for Academic Sclence and Engineerlng Facilities by Source of Funds Percent ~ 00z 807 i60% 540X 202: ~ _ Irk ~r'`~- crew `` r`~`r~ ~ ox 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1~3 Federal 1~3 Other NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Fmancial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Academic science and engineering facilities expenditures include capital expenditures for research and instructional facilities, including fused or built-in equipment, some movable equipment and movable furnishings such as desks, and facilities constructed to house scientific apparatus. Federal funds include expenditures for academic science and engineering facilities with moneys from federal agency contracts in grants. Other sources include state and local governments, the institutions themselves, industry, and other non-profit organizations. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges. 2-29

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Academic Research Equipment: Source of Funds Expenditures for academic research equipment have increased from less than $200 million (1988 dollars) in 1958 to $600 million in the mid-1960s; they fell during the 1970s, but have increased substantially in the 1980s to nearly $900 million. The federal share of academic research equipment funds has declined from roughly 75 percent in 1958 to about 60 percent in the late 1980s. Figure 2~39: Expenditures for Academic Research Equipment by Source of Funds 1 000 BOO GOD Ann 200 S 1988 Billions O N~% 1958 1 963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 Federal Age Other 1000 10070 800 80% 600 6070 400 40X 200 20 07. Figure 2~40: Distrlbidlon of Expenditures for Academic Research Equipment by Source of Funds Percenl ~ Inn% ie;~~ ;60% :407. ~1 20 0% 1 958 1 963 1 968 1 973 1 978 1 983 1 988 ~ F - eral 1= ether NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Research equipment expenditures include (1) reported expenditures of separated budgeted current- funds for the purchase of research equipment, and (2) estimated capital expenditures for fixed or built-in research equipment and furniture. Federal funds include expenditures for academic research equipment with monies from grants and contracts for academic R&D (including direct and reimbursed indirect costs) by agencies of the federal government; excludes expenditures for FFRDC facilities. Other sources include state and local governments, the institution themselves, industry, and other non- profit organizations. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges. 2-30

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Academic R&D Expenditures per Investigator: Equipment and Facilities Estimated expenditures for academic R&D equipment per investigator more than doubled during the 1960s, accounting for inflation, from $5,500 (1988 dollars) in 1958 to $13,500 in 1966, falling to $6,400 by 1974, then rising rapidly to nearly $13,000 by 1988. Similarly, estimated expenditures for academic R&D facilities per investigator doubled during the 1960s, from $11,600 in 1958 to $21,400 in 1968, then plummeted to $7,600 in 1974, rising rapidly again during the 1980s to $ 17,600 by 1988. Figure 2~1: Academic Expenditures for R&D Equipment per FTE Investigator S 1 9El8 Thousan ~ 20: ~ ~ _ 1 ~ _ _ 15 : : : : : : . . . . knot * : : 1 0 O ! . 1958 1 963 s l O 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 3 RlcD Equipment Figure 2~42: Academic Expenditures for R&D Facilities per FTE Investigator $1 988 Thousan~- ds 20 25 l ~n _ _ 15 _ 10 ~ ; it 1958 1 963 u, 2S 20 15 ~0 1 968 1 973 1 978 1 983 1 988 1~3 R&D Facilities NOTE: Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: R&D Equipment expenditures include (1) reported expenditures of separately budgeted current- funds for the purchase of research equipment, and (2) estimated capital expenditures for fixed or built-in research equipment. R&D Facilities expenditures include estimated capital expenditures for research facilities. Facilities expenditures are estimated shares of reported expenditures for academic science and engineering facilities; based on undergraduate and graduate enrollment data, as well as faculty positions assigned to research and teaching. P~1E (full-time equivalent) investigators include scientists and engineers conducting funded (separately budgeted) academic R&D; the full-time equivalent is an estimate derived from the fraction of faculty time spent in those research activities, non-faculty scientists and engineers employed to conduct research in campus facilities (except tERDCs), and post-doctoral researchers working in academic institutions. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: National Science^Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Personnel Employed at Universities and Colleges. 2-31

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Total Academic R&D: Estimated Cost Components For the past three decades, personnel costs have accounted for about 45 percent of total costs related to the conduct of academic research, with 40 percent supporting senior personnel and 5 percent supporting graduate students. Other direct costs have fluctuated between IS percent and 20 percent. The indirect-cost share doubled from IS percent in the 1950s to nearly 30 percent in 1980, where it has steadied. The combined share for equipment and facilities declined from over 20 percent through the 1960s to 10 percent in the 1970s; it has since increased to IS percent. Figure 2~3: Estimated Cost Components of U.S. Academic R&D Budget 16 r - 14 12 _ SO _ A o 1958 1963 1 4 12 10 2 , O 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 ~ Sr Sc;.ntists 0 Grad Students 3 Other Dlrec' E=1 Indirect =3 Equipment mid Facill~les Figure 2 44: Distribution of Estimated Cost Components of U.S. Academic R&D Budgets $ 1988 BTlilons 1 6 8070 6 40% 202; 0% 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 FEZ] or Scbntlsh O Grad Students E3~ Other Direct Indirect 3 Equipment ~ FacilUbe 1 00% 807. 602; 40% ]2n~ J--- 07. 1 988 NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Estimated personnel costs for Senior Scienizsts and Graduate Students include salaries and fringe benefits, such as insurance and retirement contributions. Other Direct costs include such budget items as materials and supplies, travel, subcontractors, computer services, publications, consultants, and participant support costs. Indirect costs include general administration, department administration, building operation and maintenance, depreciation and use, sponsored-research projects administration, libraries, and student-services administration. Equipment costs include (1) reported expenditures of separately budgeted current-funds for the purchase of research equipment, and (2) estimated capital expenditures for Fred or built-in research equipment. Facilities costs include estimated capital expenditures for research facilities, including facilities constructed to house scientific apparatus. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data sources: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies; Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges: National Institutes of Health; American Association of University Professors; National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges. 2-32

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Total Academic R&D: Estimated Expenditures Per Investigator Annual expenditures--including operating, equipment, and capital spending--per academic investigator (FTE) are estimated to have increased from $85,000 (1988 dollars) in 1958 to about $170,000 by the late 1960s, where they leveled off for a decade; in the 1980s, they increased again to $225,000. Figure 2~5: Academic R&D Expenditures per FTE Investigator by Type of Expenditure S 1988 Thousands 200 150 100 50 200 'I 150 100 50 o ~ ~ ~y ~ ~v - 1~1 ' ~O 1958 1963 1968 19731978 19831988 1~3 ()peroting Funds EN Rho Focilit;~s EN Equipment 1 0070 80% 605: 40% 205: 0 Figure 2~6: Distrlbutlon of Academic R&D Expenditures per FTE Investigator by Type of Expenditure Percent ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\~\~ 100 :\\\\\N ~ NN\~\\\\\\~: : : ~ : : _ ~ ~ ~ ~ i 11 1 ~ 1 1 NSNN~ ~ ~ ~ ~N x~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ _ 1 · ~ ~ <~ _ T ~ z~ it ~ /~ _ ~ ~ _ ~ r ~ . _ I ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 1 : $ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ ~ //////// ///~ A//// , ~ ~ ~ :'J: 07 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 80% 605: 407. 207. Operating Funds Elf] Equipment E=l R&D FocilitIcs NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Operating Funds include current-fund expenditures for academic research and development activities that are separately budgeted and accounted for; includes expenditures for senior scientist and graduate student compensation, other direct costs, and indirect costs associated with conduct of academic research. Equipment includes (1) reported expenditures of separately budgeted current-funds for the purchase of academic research equipment, and (2) estimated capital expenditures for fixed or built-in research equipment. R&D Facilities include estimated capital expenditures for academic research facilities. FTE Investigators include those scientists and engineers conducting funded (separately budgeted) academic R&D; the full-time equivalent is an estimate, derived from the fraction of faculty time spent in those research activities, non- faculty scientists and engineers employed to conduct research in campus facilities (except F~KDCS), and postdoctoral researchers working in academic institutions. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Personnel Employed at Universities and Colleges. 2-33

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Personnel Expenditures: Natural Sciences and Engineering After a decade of slow decline, accounting for inflation, the average total compensation for academic Ph.D.s in the natural sciences and engineering increased during the 1980s, from $59,000 ($1988 dollars) in 1981 to more than $70,000 in 1988. Figure 2~7: Average Salary and Benefits Paid Academic Ph.D.s In Natural Sclence$ and Engineerlag loo Do 60 40 20 Jo 1958 1963 1968 1973 $1 988 Thousands - o 1 988 100 80 60 1978 1983 NOTE: Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. 40 20 DEFINITION OF TERMS: Academic Ph.D s in the natural sciences and engineering include academic employees who have been awarded the Ph.D. degree within the following fields: life sciences, including agricultural, biological, medical, and other health sciences; physical sciences, including astronomy, chemistry, and physics; engineering, including aeronautical and astronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering; environmental sciences, including oceanography, atmospheric and earth sciences; mathematics and computer science, including all fields of mathematics and computer-related sciences. Compensation includes salaries and fringe benefits, including insurance and retirement contributions. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data sources: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Personnel Employed at Universities and Colleges; American Council on Education; National Association of State Universities and Grant Colleges. 2-34

Representative terms from entire chapter:

research equipment