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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Research Opportunities for Materials with Ultrafine Microstructures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1488.
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i Research Opportunities for Materials with Ultrafine Microstructures Report of the Committee on Materials with Submicron-Sized Microstructures NATIONAL MATERIALS ADVISORY BOARD Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council NMAB-454 National Academy Press 1989

ii NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose mem- bers are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee con- sisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineer- ing programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an advisor to the federal government and, upon its own initia- tive, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of sci- ence and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. This study by the National Materials Advisory Board was conducted under Contract No. MDA-903-89-K-0078 with the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 89-63756 International Standard Book Number 0-309-04183-X. This report is available from the Defense Technical Information Center, Cameron Station, Alexandria, VA 22304-6145. SO72 Printed in the United States of America. First Printing, December 1989 Second Printing, November 1990

ABSTRACT iii Abstract A state-of-the-art survey of research findings on materials with nanoscale structure (materials with a charac- teristic structure less than 100 nm in size) revealed that there is a large number of methods for producing such structures, that they possess a number of unique properties when compared to coarser-scaled structures, and that they have several possible applications with significant technological importance. Based on findings to date and prospects for commercialization, a number of recommendations for specific research and development activities are made. The principal conclusion is that a new and exciting field of research and possible application has been opened, but much work remains in characterizing the unique microstructures, with their correspondingly excep- tional properties. To utilize these materials, processes to yield much larger quantities must be developed; exam- ples of possible processes are described. Cover: Schematic representation of a nanophase material. Frontispiece: High-resolution electron micrograph of nanophase palladium.

ABSTRACT iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v Acknowledgments The assistance of Dr. Martin B. Sherwin of W. R. Grace and Company, for providing input on chemical vapor synthesis, and Professor R. E. Newnham, who described interesting work in progress at Pennsylvania State University, is noted with appreciation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii Committee on Materials With Submicron-Sized Microstructures Chairman BERNARD H. KEAR, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey Members L. ERIC CROSS, Pennsylvania State University, University Park JOHN E. KEEM, Ovonic Synthetic Materials Company, Troy, Michigan RICHARD W. SIEGEL, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois FRANS A. SPAEPEN, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts KATHLEEN C. TAYLOR, General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, Michigan EDWIN L. THOMAS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge KING-NING TU, IBM Corporation, Yorktown Heights, New York Liaison ANDREW CROWSON, Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina JOSEPH P. DARBY, Department of Energy, Germantown, Maryland PHILLIP PARRISH, BDM International, Arlington, Virginia JEROME PERSH, Department of Defense (DUSDR&E), Washington, D.C.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS viii DONALD E. POLK, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia ROBERT J. REYNIK, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. A. ROSENSTEIN, Office of Scientific Research, Bolling Air Force Base, Washington, D.C. J. TARNACKI, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio DONALD R. ULRICH, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Washington, D.C. NMAB Staff Joseph R. Lane, Program Officer Judith Amri, Senior Secretary Cathryn Summers, Senior Secretary

Contents Executive Summary CONTENTS ix

High-Surface-Area Materials CONTENTS x

Tables and Figures FIGURE 1 Schematic of the bacteriorhodopsin macromolecule 2 gels

FIGURE 13 Computer generated image of triply periodic surface of constant mean curvature. 2 (rutile) after sintering for one-half hour at 500°C 2 (rutile sample determined using TEM) 2 (rutile) measured at room temperature as a func- tion of 1/2-hour sintering at successively increased temperatures 2 (rutile) determined by TEM as a function of sintering temperature

FIGURE 28 Infrared transparent mullite from sol-gel TABLES AND FIGURES xiii

TABLES AND FIGURES xiv

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Materials with nanoscale structure (i.e. a structure of less than 100 nanometers in size) represent a new and exciting field of research. These materials can be produced in many ways, possess a number of unique properties compared with coarser-scaled structures, and have several possible applications with significant technological importance. Based on a state-of-the-art survey of research findings and commercial prospects, this new book concludes that much work remains to be done in characterizing these structures and their exceptional properties, and presents recommendations for the specific research and development activities needed to fill these gaps in our understanding.

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