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OCR for page R1
SALINE
AGRICULTURE
Salt-Tolerant Plants for Developing
Countries
Report of a Panel of the
Board on Science and Technology
for International Development
Office of International Affairs
National Research Council
National Academy Press
Washington, DC 1990
OCR for page R2
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the
Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the
councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering,
and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report
were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to
procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute
of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society
of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon
the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has
a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical
matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers.
It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with
the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at
meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy
of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of
Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the
examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts
under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional
charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to
identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president
of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences
in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council
operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the
authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a
private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public,
and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both
Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the
Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences.
The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of
the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in
which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the
complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of
bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and publishes
special studies of technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to
developing countries.
This report has been prepared by a panel of the Board on Science and Technology
for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council.
Staff support was funded by the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International
Development, under Grant No. DAN 5538-G-SS-1023-00.
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 89-64265
ISBN 0-309-04189-9
S088
Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R3
Preface
Populations in developing countries are growing so quickly that
the land and water are unable to sustain them. In most developing
countries, prime farmland and fresh water are already fully utilized.
Although irrigation can be employed to bring land in arid areas into
production, it often leads to salinization. In some countries, the
amount of newly irrigated land is equalled by salinized irrigated land
going out of production. Moreover, irrigation water is often drawn
from river basins or aquifers shared by several countries, and friction
· .
Over its use Is common.
Salt-tolerant plants, therefore, may provide a sensible alterna-
tive for many developing countries. In some cases, salinized farm-
land can be used without costly remedial measures, and successful
rehabilitation of degraded land is usually preferable, in terms of re-
source conservation, to opening new land. Groundwater too saline
for irrigating conventional crops can be used to grow salt-tolerant
plants. Even the thousands of kilometers of coastal deserts in devel-
oping countries may serve as new agricultural land, with the use of
seawater for irrigation of salt-tolerant plants. These plants can be
grown using land and water unsuitable for conventional crops and
can provide food, fuel, fodder, fiber, resins, essential oils, and phar-
maceutical feedstocks.
This report will cover some of the experiences and opportunities
in the agricultural use of saline land and water. The purpose of this
· ·-
111
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report is to create greater awareness of salt-tolerant plants their
current and potential uses, and the special needs they may fill in
developing countries on the part of developing country scientists,
planners, and administrators, and their counterparts in technical
· ~ ~
assistance agencies.
Introducing new crops is always risky. Each species has its own
peculiarities of germination, growth, harvest, and processing. When
unfamiliar plants are launched where land, water, and climate are
hostile, difficulties are compounded. Salt-tolerant plants will require
special care to help meet the needs of developing countries, but, given
their promise, this attention seems increasingly justifiable.
Preparation of this report was coordinated by the Board on Sci-
ence and Technology for International Development in response to
a request from the U. S. Agency for International Development.
would like to acknowledge the contributions of the Panel, the many
scientists who reviewed and revised the manuscript, and, in partic-
ular, to thank James Aronson and Olive Malcolm for their generous
assistance.
Griffin Shay
Staff Study Director
1V
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PANEL ON SALINE AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
3. R. GOODIN, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, Chairman.
EMANUEL EPSTEIN, University of California, Davis, California,
USA
CYRUS M. MCKELL, Weber State College, Ogden, Utah, USA
JAMES W . O 'WEARY, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Tucson, Arizona, USA
Special Contributors
RAFIQ AHMAD, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
JAMES ARONsoN, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
AKISSA BAHRI, Centre de Recherches du Genie Rural, Ariana,
Tunisia
ROLF CARLSSON, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
JOHN :1:. GALLAGHER, University of Delaware, Lewes, Delaware
USA
H. N. LE Hol;JERou, CEPE/Louis Emberger, Montpellier, France
E. R. R. TYENGAR, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research
Institute, Bhavnagar, India
C. V. MALCOLM, Western Australia Department of Agriculture,
South Perth, Australia
K. A. MALIK, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology,
Faisalabad, Pakistan
J. F. MORTON, Morton Collectanea, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
DAVID N. SEN, University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
N. YENSEN, NyPa, Inc., Tucson, Arizona, USA
M. A. ZAHRAN, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
National Research Council Staff
GRIFFIN SHAY, Senior Program Officer, Staff Study Director
NoEL VIETMEYER, Senior Program Officer
F. R. RUSKIN, Editor
ELIZABETH MouzoN, Administrative Secretary
J OHN HURLEY, Director, Board on Science and Technology for
International Development
MICHAEL MCD. Dow, Associate Director, Studies
v
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Contents
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW
............ 1
........................................................ 11
Introduction, 17
Grains and OiTseeds, 18
Tubers and Foliage, 26
Leaf Protein, 28
Fruits, 32
Traditional Crops, 33
References and Selected Readings, 39
Research Contacts, 45
17
FUEL` 50
Introduction, 50
FueTwood Trees and Shrubs, 52
Liquid Fuels, 65
Gaseous Fuels, 67
References and Selected Readings, 67
Research Contacts, 72
FODDER
Introduction, 74
· ~
V11
74
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Grasses, 75
Shrubs, 81
lYees, 92
References and Selected Readings, 95
Research Contacts, 100
FIBER AND OTHER PRODUCTS .......
Introduction, 103
Essential OiTs, 103
Gums, OiTs, and Resins, 105
PuIp and Fiber, 109
Bioactive Derivatives, 116
Landscape and Ornamental Use, 120
References and Selected Readings, 122
Research Contacts, 127
- 103
INDEX. e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 131
Board on Science and Technology for International
Development (BOSTID)
BOSTID Publications
e ee
v~n
34
35
