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TABLE 3   Factors for Consideration in Formulation of Dog Foods From Natural Ingredientsa Nutrient Factors for Consideration Fat Degree of unsaturation, antioxidants, vitamin E Carbohydrate Fiber, lactose, reducing sugars, processing, stage-of-life cycle Protein Energy content, digestibility, amino acid balance, processing, antinutrients, antitryptic factors Amino acids Availability; heat treatment in presence of reducing sugars reduces availability, especially of lysine; requirement for individual amino acids increases with increased dietary nitrogen. Minerals Ratios, source, availability Calcium Phytates, ligands, vitamin D Phosphorus Phytates, calcium, plant-animal Sodium, potassium, chloride High availability Zinc Phytates, calcium, plant-animal, fiber Copper Phytates, zinc Iron Source, availability, plant-animal Vitamins Processing, lipid content, source A Oxidation, toxicity D Toxicity, calcium level E PUFA, selenium B1 Losses in processing and storage, product pH, storage time and temperature, thiaminases B2 UV light B6 (Pyridoxine) Protein level in diet Niacin Tryptophan, low availability of plant sources Folate Processing losses B12 Plant versus animal proteins Choline Methionine, folate, vitamin B12, availability, fat a See text discussion for details relative to individual nutrients.

TABLE   4 Calculated Metabolizable Protein and Metabolizable Energy Requirements of Dogs in Various Physiological Statesa Physiological State Protein Requirement (g metabolizable protein Wkg0.67 per day) Metabolizable Energy Requirement (kcal per Wkg0.67 per day) Weaning     Start (3 weeks) 8.1 400 Finish (6 weeks) 6.5 375 Early growth 6.0 353 Half grown 3.8 225 Adult (average) 1.5 132–159 Pregnancy, late 5.7 225 Lactation 12.4 560 a Adapted from Payne (1965). Calculated metabolizable protein equals food nitrogen minus fecal and urine N (retained N) × 6.25. Calculated metabolizable energy estimates were based on 4 kcal/g of dietary carbohydrate and protein and 9 kcal/g of dietary fat. These requirements are presumed to apply in a thermoneutral environment at moderate levels of activity.

TABLE 5 Recommended Energy Needs of Adult Dogs at Maintenance (kcal ME/day)a Body Weight (kg) NRC (1974) (132 Wkg0.75) Thonney (1983) (100 Wkg0.88)b Thonney (1983) (144 + 62.2 Wkg)b 1 132 100 207 3 301 262 331 5 441 412 455 10 742 758 766 20 1,248 1,396 1,388 30 1,692 1,995 2,010 40c 2,099 2,569 2,632 50c 2,482 3,127 3,254 60c 2,846 3,671 3,876 a Intended to apply in a thermoneutral environment at moderate activity. b The contributions by Professor M. L. Thonney, Cornell University, to the development of these data are gratefully acknowledged, as is the assistance of Dr. C. A. Banta, Allen Products; Dr. Hanson Lee, Quaker Oats; and Dr. Lloyd Miller, Carnation, for supplying data on individual dogs. c Data based on feeding records are needed for dogs in these weight categories.