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OCR for page 147
Index
Administrators, 4, 40, 70, 74, 75, 83, 85
Advanced-placement biology, 83-87, 101
Agriculture, 80
American Association for the Advancement
of Science (AAAS), 101
American College Testing Program (ACT),
46, 79
American Institute of Biological Sciences, 94
American Society of Zoologists, 101
Assessment Performance Unit in the United
Kingdom, 46
"Back to basics," 25, 26
Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, 91
Beginning Educator Support and Training, 68
Biochemistry, 58, 108
Biological Sciences Curriculum Study
(BSCS), 31, 33, 36, 70, 94-95, 101
Biotechnology, 80, 88
Board (Commission) on Science Education,
103
Bronx High School of Science, 91
Brooklyn Technical High School, 91
California Assessment Program (CAP), 16
California State Department of Education, 16
"Capstone" course, 88-90
Career decisions, 7
147
Carnegie Corporation, 62, 137-138
Carnegie Council on Adolescent
Development, 9, 17, 57
Carnegie-Stanford human life science
curriculum, 19
Carnegie Task Force on Teaching as a
Profession, 56, 57, 76
Cell and molecular biology, 10, 21, 22-23,
29, 30, 31, 58, 87, 108
Cell in Development and Inheritance, 31
Centers for science and technology, 93
Certification of Teachers, 16, 18, 53, 54, 56,
59-63, 83, 87, 109
Chemistry, 2, 81, 82, 87, 88
Chromosomes, 22, 23
Classes and classrooms, 37, 38, 49
departmentalized, 15
field training, 54
laboratory facilities, 40
open, 25
self-contained, 15
societal problems in, 50
Classification, 10, 24
College Entrance Examination Board, 83-84
Commission on Undergraduate Education in
the Biological Sciences, 94
Committee on Policy for Racial Justice, 78
Community colleges, 80
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148
Comparative anatomy, 10
Computers, see under Educational materials
Conceptual processes, 16, 28, 41, 82, 105
Congressional Research Service, 65
Connecticut Continuum, 62, 63
Conspiracy of Good Intentions, A, 30
Continuing education units, 64
Creationism, 11
Credit renewal units, 64
Criterion-referenced tests, 42, 43, 44
Curricula, 1, 2, 73, 76, 97, 108
advanced-placement, 83-87, 101
attitudes of students toward, 10-11
barriers to change, 20
"capstone," 88-90
Carnegie-Stanford human life-science, 19
cell and molecular biology, 22-23
college-preparatory, 90
course structure, 19-20
development and reproduction, 21-22
diversity, 91-92
ecology, 24-25
energy and metabolism, 22
examples of, 21-25
evaluation of, 3, 48, 107
evolution, 23-24
field studies, 37
fundamental concepts in, 10-11, 25-26
functional perspective, 23
for gifted students, 112
goals for, 3, 8, 9, 13-26
guides, 42
impediments to change, 27-52, 53-71
integration of biology and other sciences,
81-83
laboratory exercises, 30, 38
life-science, 7, 8, 9, 18, 19, 20
materials, 14
models, 19, 20, 89-90, 101
multidisciplinary approach, 81-83, 101
natural history, 14-15
for non-science students, 3 -
reform, 16, 93, 94-95, 103, 104, 105, 114
residential schools, 92-93
scope of change, 25-26
standards for, 100
teacher training, 53-59, 65
"teach to the test," 15-16
tests and testing, 44, 94
INDEX
see also Elementary school; Middle school;
Students; Teachers and teaching; Tests
and testing
Cytogenetics, 28
Data analysis, 87, 89
Demography, see Minority groups;
Population factors and studies; Sex
Issues
Department of Education Title II award, 69
Desegregation, see Minority groups
Developmental biology, 58
Development and reproduction, 21-22
DNA, 28, 29
Ecology, 5, 21, 24-25, 29, 58, 80, 87, 88,
108
Economic factors, 4, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,
40, 66, 90, 94-95, 96-98, 106, 110
advanced-placement courses, 83, 87
"capstone" courses, 89
cost-effectiveness, 49
federal funding, 96-97, 98
fellowships, 76, 77, 111-12
foundations, 78, 90, 97, 112
grants, 69, 73
magnet schools, 92
and the NRC, 99, 100
reform, 51, 114
salaries, 50, 52, 64, 65, 67, 70, 76, 79
sponsorship, 71
in tests and testing, 47
Ecosystems, see Ecology
Educational Development Center, Newton,
Massachusetts, 14
Educational disciplines, see Multidisciplinary
approach
Educational leadership, 95, 102-103, 110,
113-114
Educational materials, 37, 93, 98, 101
animals, 14
booklets, 34, 47
for"capstone" courses, 89
computers and software, 34, 40, 47, 89
evaluation of, 99
laboratory, 35, 38, 39, 40, 48, 75
modular, 8, 14
video tapes, 34, 39, 47
for women and minority groups, 79-80
Educational objectives, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13-14,
38
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INDEX
academic excellence, 50
biology as experimental subject, 30
"capstone" courses, 88-90
curricula reform, 94-95
development and research, 39
development of positive attitudes, 6, 7
elementary school, 13-17
exploration and observation, 13-14, 15, 16
general goals, 72-73
integration of science and society, 88-89
magnet schools, 91-92, 93
quality of tests and testing, 45
recruitment of teachers, 72-80
residential schools, 92-93
role of the scientific community, 98-101
role of universities and university
scientists, 73-76
tests and testing, 45, 46, 47, 48, 107
for women and minority groups, 79-80
Educational Testing Service, 46, 60, 61
Education Commission of the States, 41
Education Development Center, 101
Electron micrographs, 32
Elementary school, biology education in,
5-7, 13-18
Energy and metabolism, 22
Engineers, 77
Environmental issues, 5, 88, 104; see also
Ecology
Enzymes, 22
Evolution, 21, 23-24, 28, 29, 58, 87, 108
Examinations, see Tests and testing
Experimental biology, 29
Faculties, science
in colleges and universities, 12, 73-76, 97,
99
teacher training, 58
Families Study Center, 19
Fellowships, 76, 77, 111-112
Field studies, 14-15, 18, 24,
Finance, see Economic factors
Ford Foundation, 139
Fossil fuels, 88
Foundations, 78, 90, 97
General Accounting Office, 65
Genetics, 10, 27, 28, 29, 58, 108
Goals, see Educational objectives
Grade-point average, 61
Grants, 69, 73, 90
149
Guidance counselors, 80
Holmes Group, 55, 56, 57, 67, 76
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 138-139
Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy,
92
Illustrations, 28-29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 106
Inservice education, see under Teachers and
teaching
Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, 39
Instructional materials, see Educational
materials
Instructional procedures
in advanced-placement courses, 83-87
laboratory, 38
Interdisciplinary approach, see
Multidisciplinary approach
International Association for the Evaluation
of Educational Achievement (IEA), 40
Krebs cycle, 22
Laboratories, classroom, 73, 74, 95, 104
for advanced placement courses, 83, 84, 85
effect on achievement, 44 45
facilities, 49
failures of instruction in, 36-37
field studies, 14, 18, 35, 40, 85, 95, 106
importance of, 34-36, 38-40
materials, 35, 38, 48
tests and testing, 44, 45, 46
use of animals, 14, 39
Laboratories, research, 90
Lawrence Hall of Science, Berkeley, Calif.,
14
Leadership, see Educational leadership
Learning processes, 6, 7
Litigation, 40
Longitudinal Study of American Youth,
10-11
Magnet schools, 91-93, 113
Mathematics, 14, 87, 90, 108
Meiosis, 22, 29
Mentors, 63~4, 66, 67-69, 71, 109,
142-143
Middle school, biology education, 3, 7-9,
18-20
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150
Minority groups, 3, 8, 56, 59, 76, 77, 78-80,
91, 92, 137-139
as science teachers, 59, 112, 114
Mitochondria, 22
Mitosis, 23
Models, 4, 39, 70, 75
advanced-placement courses, 85, 87
classroom, 15
continuing education of teachers, 67,
89-90, 100, 110
curricula, 19, 20, 101
instructional, 38
laboratory, 106-107
multidisciplinary approach, 101, 113
tests and testing, 46
Modules, 90
Molecular Biology of the Gene, 31
Morphological terms, 23
Multidisciplinary approach, 18, 81-83, 88,
89, 109, 114
elementary school, 13, 17
integrated science curricula, 101
Museum of Science and Industry Basic List
of Children's Science Books, The, 13
Nation at Risk, A, 94
National Academy of Sciences, 41
achieving national goals, 98-99, 103
and leadership, 113
National Assessment of Educational Progress
(NAEP), 10, 40-41, 77-78
National Association for Research in Science
Teaching, 65
National Association of Biology Teachers
(NABT) 38, 44, 47, 54, 60, 75
National Board for Professional Teaching
Standards, 56, 57, 62, 67, 68
National Center for Research on Teacher
Education (NCRTE), 53, 56
National Commission on Excellence in
Education, 1, 91
National Consortium for Specialized
Secondary Schools of Mathematics,
Science and Technology, 92
National Council for Accreditation of
Teacher Education (NCATE), 60
National Governors' Association, 59, 97
National Institutes of Health, 73
National Research Council (NRC), 1, 43, 44
achieving national goals, 98-101, 103
and leadership, 113
INDEX
National Science Foundation (NSF), 8, 9, 64,
65, 69, 70, 73, 94, 95, 96, 139
Curriculum Improvement Program, 9
Directorate for Science and Engineering
Education, 66, 139
National Sciences Resource Center (NSRC),
14, 38
National Science Teachers Association
(NSTA), 19, 38, 47, 54, 60, 62, 68,
101
Scope, Sequence and Coordination project,
82-83
National Teacher Examination, 60, 61, 63, 76
Nation at Risk, A, 1, 91, 94
Nature of the Chemical Bond, The, 31
New Jersey State Department of Education,
61-62
Norm-referenced tests, 42, 44, 48
North Carolina School for Science and
Mathematics, 92-93
Nuclear energy, 88
Numeracy, 5
Parents, 49, 80, 85, 91, 96, 97, 101, 112,
114
Pedagogy, 3, 11, 51, 54, 56, 57, 58, 61, 65,
69, 100, 114
new techniques in, 108
processes, 78
skills, 71
techniques, 70
Philadelphia Central High School, 91
Photosynthesis, 22, 37
Physicians, recruitment of, 72-80, 111-112
Physics, 2, 81, 82, 87, 88
Physiology, 87
Piaget, 35
Pilot programs, 90, 100
Pollution, 88, 104; see also Ecology
Preservice education, see under Teachers and
teaching
Principals, 38, 56
Provisional Teacher Program, 61, 62, 63
Publishers, 4, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 47, 94,
95, 100, 106
Reform, educational, 3, 6, 16, 25, 93,
94-101, 103, 104, 105, 114
administrative practices, 51
advanced-placement biology, 86-87
attracting women and minorities, 78-80
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INDEX
conceptual changes, 37
continuing education and certification of
teachers, 83, 110, 111-112
curricula, 16, 19, 20, 81-83, 93, 114
inservice programs, 66-67
laboratory activity, 37
obstacles to, 95, 102, 107-108
teacher training, 31, 55-59, 64-66, 70
tests and testing, 32, 43-49, 107
textbook writing, 31, 95, 106
Religious influences
on teacher training, 59
on textbooks, 27
Research, 73, 75, 80, 87
Residential schools, 90-91
Respiration, 37
RNA synthesis, 23
Sabbaticals, 77
Salaries, see under Economic factors
School districts, 38, 39, 40, 45, 50, 71
School reorganization, 7
Schools, specialized, 90-93
Science as a Way of Knowing, 101
Science Curriculum Framework and Criteria
Committee, 16
Science for Children, 14
Science Framework and Addendum, 16
Science schools and centers, 90-93, 113
Science-Technology-Society (STS), 19, 54,
88
Scientific American, 31
Scientific literacy, 2, 5, 6, 82
Scientific reasoning, 10, 87
Scientists, recruitment of, 72-80, 111-112
Scope, Sequence and Coordination project,
19, 101
Segregation, see Minority groups
Sex issues, 28, 78-80
Social factors, 8, 27, 88, 101, 104
Standardized tests, see Tests and testing
Stanford's Program in Human Biology, 19
Stanford University, 19, 62, 63, 101
State-level actions, 17-18, 32, 48
Students, 26
academic achievement, 29, 45, 51, 65
advanced-placement courses, 83-87
attitudes, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10-11, 12, 16, 17,
27-28, 41, 45, 46, 72, 73, 77
behavior, 37
"capstone" courses, 89
151
college bound, 95
diversity among, 3, 91-92, 114
ecological perspective, 24-25
and evolution theory, 23, 24
field and laboratory activities, 14, 15,
24-25, 34 40
gifted, 76, 90, 91, 112
incentives, 84
intellectual development, 35
magnet schools, 113
and mentors, 93
minority groups, 78-80, 101, 111
motivation, 18
need to explore, 15
performance, 40-41, 48, 107
perspectives on life-science courses, 9
population studies, 77, 78
science careers, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76
social and psychological pressures, 8
study habits, 44
see also Curricula; Elementary school;
Middle school; Teachers and teaching;
Tests and testing
Stuyvesant High School, 91
Syllabi, 20, 89; see also Curricula
Systematics, 24, 29
Task Force on Women, Minorities, and the
Handicapped in Science and
Technology, 78
Teacher Assessment Project, 62, 63
Teacher Education Council of State Colleges
and Universities, 56
Teachers and teaching, 1, 4, 7, 26, 34
advanced-placement courses, 83, 84
assessment of, 61, 107
attitudes, 9, 11-12, 19
"capstone" courses, 88, 89
CEUs and CRUs, 64
continuing education and training, 3, 11,
12, 16-17, 18, 20, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39,
40, 45, 48, 53-71, 74, 75, 76, 77,
79-80, 83, 87, 89-90, 93, 95-101,
103, 106, 107, 108-109, 110-111, 114
criterion-referenced, 42-43, 44
fellowships and grants, 69, 76-77, 143
fundamental concepts, 10-11, 25
inservice education, 18, 6~71, 141-142
laboratory activities, 36-40
licensing and certification, 15, 18, 53, 54,
56, 59-64, 83, 87, 109
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152
mentors, 63~4, 66, 67-69, 71, 109,
142-143
minority groups, 56, 78-80, 111, 137-139
NABT, 38, 44, 47, S4, 60, 75
NCATE, 60
nonprofessional burdens, 49, 50
norm-referenced, 42-43, 44
NSTA, 19, 47, 54, 60, 62, 68, 101
pedagogical techniques, 56, 67
perspectives on life-science courses, 9
preservice education, 18, 53-59
recruitment, 3, 72-80, 104, 111-112
research opportunities, 75
salaries, 50, 52, 64, 65, 67, 70, 76, 79
as science specialists, 16-17
Scope, Sequence and Coordination project,
19
sex issues, 77
shortages, 60
stipends, 65
student evaluation, 45
student teaching, 55, 59
textbook evaluation, 11-12, 31, 32, 33, 95,
106
ACT, 46, 79
advanced-placement, 83-87, 101
criterion-referenced, 42, 43, 44
development and field-testing of, 45-46, 47
educational impact of, 43~5
educational materials, 20, 47
evaluation of, 45, 47, 114
grade-level readability, 31, 32, 33
grade-point average, 61, 76
LEA, 40
for laboratory and field work, 38-39, 106
multiple choice, 41, 43, 44, 45
NABT/NSTA High School Biology
Examination, 47
NAEP, 10, 40~1, 77-78
national and state, 101
National Teacher Examination, 63, 76
norm-referenced, 42, 44, 48
reform, 32, 43~9, 107
Scholastic Aptitude Test, 79
INDEX
standardized, 3, 41-43, 44, 45, 103, 104
student performance and, 40-41
teachers and, 43, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 114
textbooks and, 33, 97
Textbooks, 3, 4, 19, 26, 101
for advanced-placement, 83, 85
biological concepts and principles in, 33
Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, 31,
94-95
evaluation of, 27, 28, 29, 33, 99, 106
evolved by teachers, 58
factors affecting the development of, 30-34
future of, 32
generation of, 30, 31, 32, 33, 58
illustrations, 28-29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 106
influence on tests, 97
investigative, 36
for life-science courses, 9
present status of, 11-12, 27-30
reform, 31, 95, 106
review by scientists, 33, 106
social and religious values in, 30
standards for, 100, 114
surveys, 31
unions, 64 Textbooks, specific
university, 26 Cell in Development and Inheritance, 31
see also Curricula; Students; Tests and Molecular Biology of the Gene, 31
testing Nature of the Chemical Bond, 31
Technicians, recruitment of, 72-80, 111-112 Transportation, 14
Tests and testing, 1, 4, 19-20, 26, 30, 40-48
achievement, 15-16, 18, 29, 65, 105
Unions, 64, 97, 98
Universities, 12, 73-76, 97, 99
Wildlife management, 80
Women, 77, 78-80, 112, 114, 137-139
Representative terms from entire chapter:
elementary school
